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by / par ©François Lareau, 1998-, Ottawa, Canada
Selected Bibliography on Justification, Excuse
and the Tripartite Theory of the Offence
-------------------------
Bibliographie choisie sur la justification, l'excuse
et la théorie tripartite de l'infraction

 Table of Contents/Table des matières
 • Part /Partie I: Books and Theses/ Livres et thèses
 • Part / Partie II: Articles

"Even a first glance in the criminal law text books of countries such as Germany, England and France, which are all based upon long established individual legal traditions, reveal the multiplicity in the systemisation of the prerequisites of punishability.  While the breakdown of a crime into the 'definitional elements of the crime' (TatbestandsmäBigkeit), 'unlawfulness' (Rechtwidrigkeit) and 'culpability' (Schuld) appear to criminalists in Germany to have a quasi-natural law character, their English colleagues with their differentiation between actus reus and mens rea, and their French colleagues with their distinction between the éléments légal, matériel and moral maintain something similar." (Albin Eser, "The Importance of Comparative Legal Research for the Development of Criminal Sciences", infra, at  p. 514).

-----------
"Article 14
Definition of an Offense
    1.  An offense is an unjutified act imputable to the perpetrator" (Greek Penal Code, translated by Nicholas B. Lolis,  introduction by Giorgios Mangakis, South Hackensack, N.J. : Rothman, 1973, xii, 206 p. , at p. 42)

Alternative Draft of a Penal Code for the Federal Republic of  Germany, Translated and with an Introduction by Joseph J. Darby - Commentary by Jürgen  Baumann, Hackensack (N.J.)/London: Fred B. Rothman/Sweet & Maxwell, 1977, xvi, 160 p. (Series; The American Series of Foreign Penal Codes, vol. 21);
 

ANCEL, Marc, La défense sociale nouvelle (Un mouvement de politique criminelle humaniste), deuxième édition revue et augmentée (nouveau tirage), Paris: Éditions Cujas, 1971, 391 p., voir sur Hans Welzel, les pp. 160, 180 et 244 (Collection; Publications du Centre d'études de défense sociale de l'Institut de Droit comparé de l'Université de Paris; 1); copie à la bibliothèque générale de l'Université d'Ottawa, MRT, HV 6041 .A52 1971; aussi traduit en anglais / also translated in English: Social Defence.  A Modern Approach to Criminal Problems, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1965; Ancel écrit à la p. 244:

"Cet auteur [Hans Welzel] part en effet de la définition de l'infraction selon la dogmatique allemande avec ses trois éléments : typicité, antijuridicité, culpabilité; il confronte cette notion à la notion d'action envisagée en soi, et aboutit à la conclusion que le concept légal de délit doit être complété par celui d'acte humain, c'est-à-dire tendant à une fin déterminée.  L'auteur en arrive ainsi à rejeter une conception qu'on peut appeler technico-juridique qui se limite à la prise en considération du fait qualifié délit dans les termes légaux.  Il réintroduit donc l'idée du comportement de l'homme envisagée dans l'élément moteur qui lui donne sa véritable signification.  M. Welzel d'ailleurs, parti d'une réaction contre une notion quelque peu élargie, sinon imprécise, de positivisme, aboutit à une nouvelle métaphysique juridico-pénale assignant au droit criminel la fonction essentielle de protéger les valeurs éthico-sociales fondamentales."

ARISTOTLE, 384-322 B.C.,  The Ethics of Aristotle: The Nicomachean Ethics,  Translated by J.A.K. Thomson, Revised with notes and Appendices by Hugh Tredennick, Introduction and Bibliography by Jonathan Barnes,  Harmondsworth (England): Penguin Books, rev. ed. 1976 (1978 reprint), 383 p.; see:  "[Book] III - Moral Responsibility - Two Virtues" (parts i-v, pp. 111-126) and  "[Book] V Justice" (part viii, pp. 191-194);
 

ASWORTH, Andrew, Principles of Criminal Law, 2nd ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995, xxviii, 496 p., see "Justifiable Conduct" at pp. 132-143 and "Fault and Excuses" at pp. 239-253, ISBN: 0198763670 and 0198763689 (pbk.); there is now a 3rd edition:  New York : Oxford University Press, 1999, xxxiii, 534 p. (series; Clarendon law series), ISBN: 0198765576 and 0198765584;
 

BERMAN, Harold J., 1918-, Law and Revolution: The Formation of  the Western Legal Tradition, Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Press, 1983,  xii, 657 p., ISBN: 0674517741 (cloth) and 0674517768 (paper); see pp. 185-198 and notes at pp. 598-599; important contribution to the subject;  note de recherche: ce livre a été traduit en français : La formation de la tradition juridique occidentale, traduction par Raoul Audouin, Librairie de l'Université d'Aix-en-Provence, 2001, 684 p., ISBN: 290344966X;  these pages area available at http://books.google.com
/books?id=9-8fIBVgCQYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22law+and+revolution%22&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=ePnMR5nwB6juiQHr_5iQBA&sig=b6BAC957FhIIgPMBNt4bCWlAEhk#PPA198,M1 and
http://books.google.com/books?id=9-8fIBVgCQYC&dq=%22law+and+revolution%22&lr=&as_brr=0&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 (accessed on 4 March 2008);
 

BINDING, Karl, Droit pénal, traduction de Jean de Pury, [S.l.] : [s.n.], [1879], 288 p.,  note de recherche: il s'agit d'un manuscrit, une copie se trouve à l'Université de Neuchâtel en Suisse, ; ouvrage non consulté;
 

BLACKSTONE, William, 1723-1780, Commentaries on the Laws of  England: A Facsimile of the First Edition of 1765- 1769, Volume IV, Of  Public Wrongs  (1769) with an Introduction by Thomas A. Green, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979 (reprint of: Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1769 for vol. 4), xvi, 436,  [vii], [53]  p., see chapter 2, "Of the Persons Capable of committing Crimes", pp. 20-33; translated in French / traduit en français Commentaires sur les lois anglaises / par W. Blackstone ; avec des notes de M. Ed. Christian ; traduit de l'anglais sur la quinzième édition par N.M. Chompré, Paris : Bossange, Père, 1822-1823,   6 v.;
 

BRENNAN, Gerard Peter, A Philosopher Looks at the Insanity Defense, Ph.D. thesis, Temple University, 1986, 223 p.;
 

BUCHANAN, Alec, Psychiatric Aspects of Justification, Excuse and Mitigation in Anglo-American Criminal Law, Philadelphia: Jessica Kingley Publishers, 2000, 160 p. (series; Forensic focus; 17),  ISBN: 1853027979; Contents: Preface abd acknowledgements, p. 9; Chap. 1, Preliminaries, 11-21; Chap. 2, The Theory of Justification and Excuse, 22-42; Chap. 3, Psychiatric Aspects of Mitigation, 43-62; Chap. 4, How Can Mental States Excuse?, 63-83; Chap.5, What Does the Law Allow to Excuse?, 84-107; Chap. 6, Drawbacks of the Present Provision, 108-120; Chap. 7, Alternatives to the Present Provision, 121-132; Chap. 8, Summary, 133-134; Cases cited, 135-138; References, 139-150; Subject Index, 151-160; limited preview available at http://books.google.com/
books?id=f1YhHCOc1r0C&pg=PA150&dq=%22Compulsion+in+the+Criminal+Law%22&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=5QDNR6W_OqGMiQHX-fiYBA&sig=Rk6p3kbAK3Nv_YeAknvCx
ZIeoX4#PPP1,M1 and http://books.google.com/books?id=f1YhHCOc1r0C&dq=%22Compulsion+in+the+Criminal+Law%22&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 (accessed on 4 March 2008);
 

__________Psychiatric aspects of justification, excuse and mitigation in Anglo-American criminal law, University of Cambridge. Department of Criminology & Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge : Ph.D. Dissertation, BLDSC number: D207264, approved: 18 June 1996, Classmark: PhD.20412;
 

BURCHELL, Jonathan and John Milton, Principles of Criminal Law, Cape Town: Juta, 1991, xlvii, 669 p., see "Justification and Excuse: German Theory", pp. 146-148, ISBN: 07212639X; research note: there is now a 2nd ed,  Kenwyn: Juta, 1997,  li, 734 p., ISBN: 0702138541 which I have not consulted yet;
 

CANADA, House of Commons, Standing Committee on Public Safety and National Security, Rights, Limits, Security: A Comprehensive Review of the Anti-Terrorism Act and Related Issues -- Final Report of the Standing Committee on Public safety and National Security [and] Subcommitte on the Review of the Anti-terrorism Act, March 2007, xvi, 131 p;, and see recommandations 18 and 19 at pp. 23-24, available at http://cmte.parl.gc.ca/Content/HOC/committee/391/secu/reports/rp2798914/391_SECU_Rpt07_PDF/391_SECU_Rpt07-e.pdf (accessed on 28 March 2007);  also published in French / aussi publié en français:  CANADA, Chambre des communes, Comité permanent de la sécurité publique et nationale, Droits, restrictions et sécurité: un examen complet de la loi antiterroriste et des questions connexes -- Rapport final du Comité permanent de la sécurité publique et nationale [et du] Sous-comit/ sur la revue de la Loi antiterroriste, 2007, xvi, 149 p., et voir les recommenations 18 et 19 aux pp. 29-30, disponible à http://cmte.parl.gc.ca/Content/HOC/committee/391/secu/reports/rp2798914/391_SECU_Rpt07_PDF/391_SECU_Rpt07-f.pdf (site visité le 28 mars 2007); 
  

CANADA/PROVINCES, Report of the Working Group on Chapter 3 of the Law Reform Commission of Canada Report 30, Vol. 1,  "Recodifying Criminal Law", [Ottawa]: [Department of Justice Canada], December 1987, vii, 80 p., Research Note:  this report is cited in the Law Reform Commission of Canada, 1988-1989 - 18th Annual Report, Ottawa: Law Reform Commission of Canada, 1989 at p. 37, ISBN: 0662573013.  Chapter 3 of report 30  is entitled "Defences".  This report of the working group was submitted to the Federal-Provincial Coordination Committee of Senior Justice Officials.  Members of the Working Group were from: the Department of Justice Canada, and from the following provincial Attorney General departments or Ministries/Departments of Justice: Ontario, Québec, New Brunswick, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Manitoba and  British Columbia. This report is available from the Department of Justice Canada.  It was obtained by François Lareau in 1998 under Access to Information Request number A98-00185; also available in French / aussi disponible en français: CANADA/PROVINCES, Rapport du Groupe de travail chargé de l'étude du chapitre 3 du Rapport no 30 de la Commission de réforme du droit du Canada "Pour une nouvelle codification du droit pénal" (Volume I), [Ottawa]: [Ministère de la Justice Canada], décembre 1987, vii, 88 p.; Notes de recherche :  ce rapport est mentionné dans Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, 1988-1989, Dix-huitième Rapport annuel,  Ottawa : Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, 1989,  à la p. 40, ISBN: 0662573013.  Le chapitre 3 du rapport 30 a pour titre «Les moyens de défense».  Ce rapport du groupe de travail a été soumis au Comité fédéral-provincial de coordination composé de fonctionnaires de niveau supérieur de la justice.  Les membres du groupe de travail proviennent du Ministère de la Justice Canada et des ministères des proccureurs généraux /ministères provinciaux de la justice de: l'Ontario, Québec, Nouvelle-Écosse, Saskatchewan, Alberta et Columbie-Britannique. Ce rapport est disponible au Ministère de la Justice Canada.  Il a été obtenu par François Lareau en 1998 suite à une demande d'accès à l'information numéro A-98-00185;

"General Issues

    Justification and Excuses

    The first issue addressed by the Working Group was the necessity of maintaining a distinction between justifications and excuses.  This was discussed at length and revisited from time to time throughout the series of meetings.  The LRC (at p. 31) proposed no longer to categorize defences as one or the other, arguing that there is overlap, particularly on the defence of necessity.

    In one view, necessity can be considered an excuse where it rings about a state of moral involuntariness in the person claiming the defence, where in the circumstances he or she could not be expected to act differently; and as a justification where, viewed objectively, the harm resulting from the act complained of substantially outweighs the harm that would result from acting in any other way.  The latest elaboration of the defence of necessity in Canada, by the SCC in Perka, has not fully explored nor finally established the parameters and application of the defence.

    Whatever the practical difficulties may be of formulating the distinction, it became evident in the course of the discussions that the characterization of a defence as either excuse or justification is necessary in its application.  There are two significant practical effects of the distinction.  First excuses (such as mistake, duress, insanity, automatism) are personal to the accused and cannot be claimed by parties to the offence, whereas justifications (law enforcement, defence of the person) are determined by circumstances and may be claimed by third parties.

    Second, justifications bear on the wrongfulness of the act, and excuses on the blameworthiness of the actor.  The distinction is an important one.  A justified act (such as the application of force where necessary to effect a lawful arrest) is not an 'unlawful' act, whereas an excused act (such as the application of force by an insane person) is still unlawful, though the actor may not be convicted for it.  Thus one is justified in using force to defend himself against an insane attacker, but not against a lawful arrestor.  Unless the legal theory recognizes a distinction between justification and excuse, there is no basis for distinguishing between the position of a person attacked by a madman and the position of one subjected to necessary force by a police officer in execution of a lawful arrest.

    All members of the Working Group agree that the distinction (recognized in the law at present) should be maintained.  It is not clear whether the intention of the LRC is to eliminate the distinction or simply to cease to categorize the defences explicitly; but it is generally felt that the LRC treatment of this issue obscures rather than simplifies." (pp. 77-78)

CASSESE, Antonio, International criminal law, Oxford; New York : Oxford University Press, 2003, lvi, 472 p., see "The Distinction between justifications and excuses" at pp. 219-220 and "Customary international law: general" at pp. 221-222, ISBN:  0199261288 and  0199259119 (pbk); copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, K5000 C37 2003 c. 01;
 

CLARKSON, C.M.V., Understanding Criminal Law, 2nd ed., London: Fontana Press, 1995, x, 274 p., see "Lack Of  Defence" at pp. 72-74, "Justification" at pp. 74-75 and "Excuses" at p. 85, (series; Understanding Law; series editor: J.A.G. Griffith), ISBN: 0006862950;
 

COLVIN, Eric,  Principles of Criminal Law, 2nd ed., Carswell, 1991,  ISBN: 0459355619 (bound) and 0450355716 (pbk.), see pp. 195-211, 215, 222 and 228;

COLVIN, Eric, 1945 and Sanjeev Anand, Principles of Criminal Law, 3rd ed., Toronto: Thomson/Carswell, 2007, li, 599 p., ISBN: 978 0779813247; 
 

CORRADO, Michael L., Justification and Excuse in the Criminal Law: A Collection of Essays, New York, Garland Pub., 1994, ISBN: 0815308256 (series; vol. 831, Garland Reference Library of Social Science; vol. 1, Garland Studies in Applied Ehics), xvii, 625 p.;
 

COSBY, Gordon Grant, The Moral Reasons for Legal Excuses,  PhD. thesis (Philosophy), The University of Michigan, 1975, 441 p.; text not consulted; summary at Dissertation Abstracts International, vol. 36-4 at p. 2253A;
 

CÔTÉ-HARPER, Gisèle, 1942-, Pierre Rainville, 1964-, et Jean Turgeon, 1951-,  Traité de droit pénal canadien, 4^e édition refondue et augmentée, Cowansville: Éditions Yvon Blais, 1998, lv, 1458 p., voir : «Les causes de non-responsabilité pénale» aux pp. 871-876; «Excuses et justifications» aux pp. 1169-1170, ISBN: 2894512589; note de recherche: la première édition porte le tite: Principes de droit pénal général, 1981;  la deuxième édition en 1984 et la troisième édition en 1989 avec le supplément de 1994 portent le tite Droit pénal canadien;
 

CUTLER, Antony and David Nye, Justice and Predictability,  London: The MacMillan Press, 1983, xi, 169 p., ISBN: 0333315154, see chapter 3, "On Excuses and  Excusing", pp. 87-159;
 

DANDO, Shigemitsu, 1913-,  The Criminal Law of Japan: The General Part, Littleton (Colorado): Fred B. Rothman, 1997, xxiv, 521 p.  (Series; Publications of the Comparative Criminal  Law Project, vol. 19); important contribution to the subject; limited preview available at http://books.google.com/books?id=gN0QgcW4Td0C&pg=PR17&dq=%22german+criminal+law%22&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=fZvKR-WlBKGyiQGvjrgK&sig=OePFCBqZQ5B-pU7oaj7vYuuszHI and http://books.google.com/books?id=gN0QgcW4Td0C&dq=%22german+criminal+law%22&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 (accessed on 2 March 2008);
  

DARBELLAY, Jean, Théorie générale de l'illicéité en droit civil et en droit pénal, Fribourg (Switzerland), Éditions Universitaires, 1955, 190 p.; see: pp. 1-27,  44-47  and 86-190 (Collection; Arbeiten Aus Dem Iuristischen Seminar Der Universität Freiburg - Schweiz; 13);
 

D'ARCY, Eric, 1924-, Human Acts: An Essay in their Moral Evaluation, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963, xi, 176 p., chapter 2, "The Classification of Circumstances",  pp. 72-92;
 

DASKALAKIS, Élie, La notion d'unité ou de  pluralité d'infractions et son rôle dans le procès pénal, thèse de doctorat, Paris, 1969; texte non consulté mais cité par Daskalakis, infra;
 

___________Réflexions sur la responsabilité pénale, Paris : Presses Universitaires de France, 1975, 102 p. (Collection; Travaux et recherches de l'Université de droit d'économie et de sciences sociales de Paris série sciences criminelles; volume 3); contribution importante;
 

DERSHOWITZ, Alan M., The Abuse Excuse and other Cop-Outs, Sob Stories and Evasions of Responsibility, Boston: Little, Brown, 1994, x, 341 p., ISBN:  0316181358; Research Note: see severe book review by Singer, infra;

DESJARDINS, Arthur, Théorie des excuses en droit criminel,  Beauvais : impr. de A. Desjardins, 1858, 185 p.; disponible à  (vérifié le 25 août 2009); disponible à http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5695290k.f3.langEN.tableDesMatieres (vérifié le 25 août 2009); 
 

DINH-THUC, Joachim, Pour une théorie de la faute en philosophie du droit pénal allemand actuel, Fribourg (Switzerland): Éditions Valores et/and  Louvain: Éditions E. Nauwelaerts, 1966, 96 p., bibliographie / bibliography aux / at pp. 88-92 (collection/series; Publication de l'Institut International des Sciences Sociales et Politiques, Fribourg, Suissse);
 

DRESSLER, Joshua, Understanding Criminal Law, 3rd ed., New York : Matthew Bender, 2001, xliii, 598, [31] p., see see chapter 17, "Justifications and Excuses",  at pp. 205-219,  ISBN: 0820550272 (series; Understanding series); there is now a 4th edition, at Newark, NJ : LexisNexis, c2006, ISBN: 082057001X
 

DUFF, R.A., 1945-,  Intention, Agency & Criminal Liability: Philosophy  of Action and the Criminal Law, Cambridge, Mass. and Oxford, U.K.:Basil Blackwell, 1990, xii, 219 p., see in particular, "Intention and Responsibility" at pp.99-105, (Series; Philosophical introductions), ISBN: 063115311X and 0631153128 (pbk.);

The Dutch Penal Code, Translated by Louise Rayar and Stafford Wadsworth in collaboration with Mona Cheung, Gudule Geelen, Marjolein Heesbeen, Maike de Lange, Gert Van Slik, and Jolien Zwarts, Revision by Hans Lensing, Instructions by Grat Van Den Heuvel and Hans Lensing, Littleton (Colorado): Rothman, 1997, xxiii, 277 p., (The American series of penal codes; vol. 30), ISBN: 0837700507; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, K5001 A63 no. 30;

ERENIUS, Gillis, Criminal Negligence and Individuality, Stockholm: P.A. Norstedt & Söners Förlag, 1976, 282 p., see in particular "The concepts of Schuld and negligence in German criminal law" at pp. 73-80 (the title comes from the Table of Contents),  (series; Institutet för Rättsvetenskaplig Forskning (IFRF); vol. 85), ISBN: 9117670713; this book is distributed in the U.S.A. exclusively by Fred B. Rothman & Co., South Jackensack, N.J.;
 

ESER, Albin, George P. Fletcher, Karin Cornils, Barbara Huber, Ewa Weigend and Thomas Weigend, eds., Justification and Excuse: Comparative Perspectives,  2  volumes, Dobbs Ferry (N.Y.): Transnational Juris Publications, Inc., 1987, ISBN: 0929179226 (vol. 1) and 0929179269 (vol. 2), some of the articles cited in this bibliography; contains several articles in German with an English summary;   Note # 1: these books, Justification and Excuse: Comparative Perspectives, seem now to be distributed by Yonkers (New York), Juris Publishing; Note # 2: these two books are also published in Germany: Rechtfertigung und  Entschuldigung:  rechtsvergleichende Perspektiven,  Freiburg i. Br.: Max-Planck-Institut fur Auslandisches und  Internationales Strafrecht, 1987, ISBN: 3922498922 (series; Beiträge und Materialien aus dem Max-Planck-Institut für Ausländisches und Internationales Strafrecht Freiburg i. Br.; Bd. S 7);   ISBN: 392249895X (Series; Beiträge und Materialien aus dem Max-Planck-Institut für Ausländisches und Internationales Strafrecht Freiburg i. Br.;  Bd. S 7, S 26, S 48); Note # 3: a third volume was published by the Max-Planck-Institut in 1991, Rechtfertigung und  Entschuldigung III:  Deutsch-italienisch-Portugiesisch-Spanisches Strafrechtskolloquium 1990.  Hrsg. von Albin Eser und Walter Perron, Freiburg i. Br.: Max-Planck-Institut fur Auslandisches und  Internationales Strafrecht, 1991, xiv, 429 p., ISBN: 392249871X (series; Beiträge und Materialien aus dem Max-Planck-Institut für Ausländisches und Internationales Strafrecht Freiburg i. Br.; Bd. S 26);  Note # 4:  a fourth volume was published by the Max-Planck-Institut in 1995: Rechtfertigung und  Entschuldigung IV: Ostasiatisch-Deusches Strafrechtskolloquium Tokio 1993.  Hrsg. von Albin Eser und Haruo Nishirara unter Mitarbeit von Karl-Friedrich Lenz; Freiburg i. Br.: Max-Planck-Institut fur Auslandisches und  Internationales Strafrecht, 1995, xv, 493 p., ISBN: 3861139839 (series; Beiträge und Materialien aus dem Max-Planck-Institut für Ausländisches und Internationales Strafrecht Freiburg i. Br.; Bd. S 48);  Note # 4: The  Online Catalog of The New York Public Library indicates that volume 3 and 4 would contain texts in English.  I have not looked at vol. 3 and 4 as of 11 June 2001 as I have not found any library location for them in Canada;
 

FISHER, Howard D., German Legal System and Legal Language: A General Survey Together with Notes and a German Vocabulory, London (England): Cavendish Publish, 1996, xx, 334 p., see in particular, Chapter XV, Criminal Law, at pp. 133-273, ISBN: 1859412297;  there is now a 3rd ed.,  London: Cavendish Publishing, 2002, xxi, 573 p., ISBN: 185941706X, limited preview available at
http://books.google.com/books?id=bcolb-MvIIkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22German+Legal+System+and+Legal+Language%22&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=HibNR4mMK4rkiQHizpGRBA&sig=
S8v_eZQQ7JUIFYrVkV1tyClgWwc and http://books.google.com/books?id=bcolb-MvIIkC&dq=%22German+Legal+System+and+Legal+Language%22&lr=&as_brr=3&
source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 (accessed on 4 March 2008),
 

FLETCHER, George P., Basic Concepts of Criminal Law, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, xi, 223 p., ISBN: 0195121708 and 0195121716 (pbk.); for table of contents, see: Biddle Law catalogue, University of Pennsylvania;
 

___________Basic Concepts of Legal Thought, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, ix, 213 p., ISBN: 0195083350 and 0195083369 (pbk.); for Table of Contents, see  Biddle Law catalogue, University of Pennsylvania;
 

___________A Crime of Self-Defense: Bernhard Goetz and the Law on Trial, New York: Free Press, 1988, xi, 253 p., ISBN: 0029103118; has since been published in  paperback by the University of Chicago Press, 1990, ISBN: 0226253341;

___________The Grammar of Criminal Law: American, Comparative, and International, Volume 1 : Foundations, Oxford/New York:  Oxford University Press,  2007, xxv, 366 p., ISBN: 978 0195103106; see Table of Contents at http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0620/2006030367.html (accessed on 30 July 2007);
 

___________Rethinking Criminal Law, Boston: Little, Brown, 1978, xxviii, 898 p.; reprint in: Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN:  0195136950; important contribution; limited preview at http://books.google.com/books?id=lSnomFVuka8C&pg=PA322&dq=penal+code+france+%22criminal+law%22&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=hTTLR7HDA
4OEjAHWvugJ&sig=1H2dzcQ__krW9C1mZuJdhPXDH_o#PPA827,M1 and http://books.google.com/books?id=lSnomFVuka8C&dq=penal+code+france+%22criminal+law%22&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 (accessed on 2 March 2008);
 

___________With Justice for Some: Protecting Victims Rights in Criminal Trials, Reading (Massachusetts): Addison- Wesley Publishing Company, 1996 (first paperpack  printing), ix, 326 p., ISBN: 0201408228, chapter 8, pp. 245-247; originally published by the same company in 1994 or 1995?, hardcover or cloth?, ISBN:  0201622548;
 

FLETCHER, George P., 1939-, and  Steve Sheppard, 1963-, American law in a global context : the basics, New York : Oxford University Press, c2005, xii, 682 p., and see on the German tripartite system, pp. 40-42 and the concept of "wrongfulness" at pp. 54-57, ISBN: 0195167228 and 0195167236 (pbk.); copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX General, KF 380 .F59;

FOSTER, Nigel G., German Legal System & Laws, 2nd ed., London: Blackstone  Press, 1996, lvi, 419 p., ISBN: 1854314505, see chapter 7, "Public Law: Criminal Law", at pp. 201-212;
 

The German Draft Penal Code E 1962 With an Introduction by Dr. Eduard Dreher, Translated by Neville Ross, South Hackensack (New Jersey): Fred B. Rothman and London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1966, xiii, 253 p., (series: The American Series of Foreign Penal Codes, vol. 11);  see: "Editor's Preface (pp. xi-xiii),  "Introduction" (pp. 3-20) and the "General Part" (pp. 23-38);
 

The German penal code of 1871, Translated by Gerhard O. W. Mueller and Thomas Buergenthal, With an Introduction by Horst Schroder, South Hackensack  (New Jersey): F.B. Rothman, 1961, x, 177 p. (Series; The American Series of Foreign Penal Codes; vol. 4);
 

GISEL-BUGNION, Monique, L'individualisation d'une peine mesurée sur la culpabilité, Genève: Librairie de l'Université Georg et Cie, 1978, 215, [3] p., voir le chapitre 2, "La culpabilité",  pp. 33-56 et le chapitre 6, "La 'situation personnelle' ou l'individualisation de la mesure de la peine", pp. 107-126, (collection; Mémoires publiés par la Faculté de droit de Genève, numéro 56),  ISBN: 2825700401;
 

GIVANOVITCH, Thomas, 1884-1971,  Les problèmes fondamentaux du droit criminel, Paris: Rousseau, 1920, xi, 227 p.; see in particular: pp. 66-83;
 

GLASER, Stefan, Infraction internationale: ses éléments constitutifs et ses aspects juridiques - exposé sur la base du droit pénal comparé, Paris: Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 1957, 225 p. (Collection; Bibliothèque de droit international sous le patronage de l'Institut des hautes études internationales de l'Université de Paris; tome IV);
 

GONZALEZ LAGIER, Daniel, The paradoxes of action: human action, law and philosophy, Leiden/Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, c2003, ix, 136 p., (series; Law and philosophy; volume 67), ISBN: 1402016611; see "The Debate in Criminal Law", at pp. 39 to approx. 54;discusses Hans Welzel theory of action; copy at Saint Mary's University, Patrick Power Library (Nova Scotia), B 105 A35 G66 2003; limited preview at http://books.google.com/books?id=KOR65t3ivzsC&pg=PA44&dq=intention+Welzel+criminal+law&lr=
lang_fr&as_brr=3&sig=8SiwBiUy4JVsDI3oWDl6KC_cK-w#PPP1,M1 and http://books.google.com/books?id=KOR65t3ivzsC&dq=intention+Welzel+
criminal+law&lr=lang_fr&as_brr=3&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 (accessed on 9 March 2008);
 

GORDON, Gerald H., The Criminal Law of Scotland, 2nd ed., Edinburgh: W. Green, 1978, lxxix, 1174 p., ISBN: 041400618 (published under the auspices of the Scottish Universities' Law Institute); see  pp. 423- 440;
 

GRAVEN, Philippe, L'infraction pénale punissable, Berne: Éditions  Staemplfi, 1993, xv, 346 p., (Collection; Précis de droit Staempfli), ISBN: 372720978X; see pp. 14-21, 95-110 and 159-163;
 

HALL, Jerome, 1901-,  Law, Social Science and Criminal Theory, Littleton, Fred B. Rothman, 1982 (series; Publication of the Comparative Criminal Law Project; v. 14), xvi, 333 p.,  ISBN: 0837706408, see chapter 8, "American Penal Theory Vis à vis German Penal Theory", pp. 165-201;
 

HAMILTON, V. Lee and Joseph Sanders, Everyday Justice: Responsibility and the Individual in Japan and the United States, New Haven/London, Yale University Press, 1992, xiii, 290 p., see pp. 17-19, ISBN: 0300051409;
 

HART, H.L.A. (Herbert Lionel Adolphus), 1907-,  Punishment and Responsibility: Essays in the Philosophy of Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984 [1968 ed. but reprinted with revisions in 1984], ix, 277 p., ISBN:0198251815, see: chapter 1, "Prolegomenon to the Principles of Punishment", p. 13-24, chapter 2,  "Legal Responsibility and Excuses", pp. 28-53 and notes pp. 239-245; Research Notes:  chapter1 is also published in (1959) 60 Proceedings Aristotelian Society (n.s.);  chapter 2 is also published in Sidney Hook, ed., Determinism and Freedom in the Age of Modern Science: A philosophical symposium, [New York]:  New York University Press, 1958, xv, 237 p. at pp. 81-104; Michael Louis Corrado, ed., Justification and Excuse in the Criminal Law: A Collection of Essays, New York, Garland Pub., 1994, p. 31-52,  ISBN:  0815308256 (series; vol. 831 Garland Reference Library of Social Science; vol. 1, Garland Studies in Applied Ehics); in Kenneth Kipnis, ed., Philosophical Issues in Law - Cases and Materials, Englewood Cliffs (New Jersey): Prentice-Hall, 1977, xii, 337 p., at p. 10-28, ISBN: 0136622968; le chapitre 2 a aussi été traduit en français "Responsabilité juridique et excuses légales" traduction par Dominique Buysse dans La responsabilité: Questions philosophiques, sous la direction de Marc Neuberg, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1997, 286 p. aux pp. 65-93 (collection; Philosophie morale dirigée par Monique Canto-Sperber), ISBN: 2130486789;
 

HERLITZ, Carl Erik, Parties to a Crime and the Notion of a  Complicity Object: A Comparative Study of the Alternatives Provided by the Model Penal Code,  Sweedish Law and Claus Roxin, Uppsala (Sweden): Iustus Förlag, 1992, 600, [4] p., ISBN: 917678214X and ISSN: 02822040 (Distributor outside Sweden: Almqvist & Wiksell International), see chapter 2 - "The Concept of a Crime", pp. 22-39;
 

HERRMAN, Joachim, Some Problems of Mens Rea in American and German Criminal Law. A Comparative Study, Tulane University School of Law, New Orleans, 1960, vii, 99 p.; title noted in my research; not found in the Tulane University library catalogue; not consulted yet (8 March 2003);
 

HORDER, Jeremy, Excusing crime, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004,  xx, 295 p., (series; Oxford monographs on criminal law and justice),  ISBN: 0198264828; copy at the SCC Library, KF9235 H67 2004;
 

HURTADO POZO, José, Droit pénal - Partie générale, 2, Zurich: Schulthness Polygraphischer Verlag, 2002, xli, 396 p., ISBN: 3725544700; importante contribution à la théorie pénale;
 

HUSAK, Douglas, 1948-, Philosophy of Criminal Law, Totowa (New Jersey): Rowman & Littlefield, 1987, xi, 266 p., ISBN: 0847675505 and 0847675637 (pbk.);
 

JEANCLOS, Yves, éditeur scientifique et sous la direction de, Les circonstances atténuantes et les circonstances aggravantes dans le droit pénal du XVIème siècle à nos jours, Strasbourg : Université Robert Schuman, 2000, 305 p. (Collection; Dimensions historiques du droit européen, ISSN 1298-8243);
 

KATZ, Leo, Bad Acts and Guilty Minds: Conundrums of the Criminal Law, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, xii, 343 p., see pp. 125-126  for a discussion of Hans Welzel theory; ISBN: 0226425916 and 022642592 (pbk.);
 

KILLIAS, Martin en collaboration avec Bernard A. Dénéréaz, Précis de droit pénal général, Berne: Staempfli, 1998, xlv, 300 p., (collection; Précis de droit Staempfli),  ISBN:  3727209895;  notes de recherche:  le lexique de "Terminologie allemande" aux pp. xxix-xxxv et le lexique de "Terminologie juridique française" aux pp. xxxvi-xlii s'avèrent très utiles et comblent un vide;
 

KLINEBERG, Joanne, Moral Involuntariness as a Principle of Excusing Conditions : What's Choice Got to Do with It?, LL.M. thesis, University of British Columbia, 2002, v, 116 p.;

ABSTRACT
"The Supreme Court of Canada decision in R. v. Ruzic (2001) formulates a new principle of fundamental justice under section 7 of the Charter. This new  principle of fundamental justice holds that notwithstanding that a person committed a crime with the required guilty state of mind, they must not be punished if their actions were "morally involuntary", that is to say if their acts were not the "product of a free will...unhindered by external constraints". This principle relates to defences based on external circumstances. As a constitutional principle, it may result in the redefinition of existing defences such as a necessity, duress and self-defence, and may also lead to the development of new defences.

This thesis will examine the principle of moral involuntariness and evaluate its adequacy. The inquiry begins with a review of the philosophical underpinnings of the concept of responsibility, which brings to the fore notions such as freedom of the will. I will then review the theoretical basis for responsibility under the criminal law, the dominant theory of which considers the notion of choice to be fundamental. I ultimately conclude that the principle of moral involuntariness as developed by the Court is inadequate. It leads to many unanswered questions about how to measure choice and how to determine which kinds of external factors interfere with choice and which do not. Further, it does not appropriately or effectively capture the true nature of the inquiry  into external excuses. When individuals are excused for committing a crime on the basis of the surrounding circumstances, it is not truly on the ground that they were deprived of a realistic choice about what to do. Choice is possible, although admittedly difficult, and the real basis of excuse is the value of the choice made. This means that a moral evaluation of the situation and the available options must be made. However, choice theory cannot accommodate this evaluation because it is based on an objective, morally neutral assessment of the possibilities and the circumstances. This approach camouflages the   normative evaluation and thereby frustrates the responsibility inquiry."
(source:  http://www.library.ubc.ca/law/abstracts/klineberg.html)
 

LACEY, Nicola, Celia Wells, and Dirsk Meure, Reconstructing Criminal Law: Critical Perspectives on Crime and the Criminal Process, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1990, xxix, 528 p., see "Justification and Excuse", at pp. 38-40 and the index, ISBN: 0297820273 (cased) and 0297782028 (paperback);
 

LAREAU, François, Légitime défense et théorie, thèse LL.M., Université d'Ottawa, 1992, vi, 335 p.; directeur de thèse: André Jodouin;  voir en particulier les pp. 8-33, "Concept général de  l'infraction; analyse de l'acception de ce concept en droit canadien";
  • pdf format
         - Jury, sommaire (1 p.) et résumé (4 p.);
         - English Synopsis
         - pp. i-xii et 1-126;
         - pp.127-221;
         - pp.222-335
          ------
  • HTML format
         - Sommaire - Synopsis (translation)
         - Thèse/Thesis (in French) 
 

LAW REFORM COMMISSION OF CANADA, Criminal Law: The General Part: Liability and Defences, Ottawa: Law Reform Commission of Canada, 1982,  204 p., and see pp. 22-26 (series; Working Paper, vol. 29), ISBN: 0662514297; copy of the English version of this working paper is available in pdf format at my Digital Library -- Canadian Criminal Law; in French/en français: Commission de réforme du droit du Canada,  Droit pénal: Partie générale - responsabilité et  moyens de défense, Ottawa : Ministère des Approvisionnements et Services Canada, 1982, 239 p. (Collection:  Document de travail, vol. 29),  ISBN: 0662514297,  pp. 23-27;
 

__________Recodifying Criminal Law (Revised and Enlarged Edition of Report 30), Ottawa: Law Reform Commission of Canada, 1987, ISBN: 0662547578,  p. 34 (series; Report, vol. 31); copy of the English version of this report is available in pdf format at my Digital Library -- Canadian Criminal Law; in French/en français:  Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, Pour une nouvelle codification du droit pénal (Édition revisée et augmentée du rapport no 30), Ottawa: Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, 1987, ISBN: 0662547578, pp 37-38 (Collection: Rapport, vol. 31);
 

LEE, Orlan and T.A. Robertson, "Moral Order" and the Criminal Law: Reform Efforts in the United States and West Germany, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff,  1973,  xxiv, 266 p., ISBN: 9024715326; see Chapter iv - "Historical and Theoretical Problems: Issues in the General Part of the Code", pp. 169-203;
 

LUCAS, David, The Rule of Law and Defences of Justification and Excuse: Some Problem Areas, LL.M. thesis, University of Montreal, Faculty of Law,  July 1981, vi, 262 p.;
 

MANGAKIS, Giorgios (George A.), "Introduction" in Greek Penal Code, translated by Nicholas B. Lolis, introduction by Giorgios Mangakis, South Hackensack (New Jersey) : Rothman, 1973, xii, 205 p., at pp.1-33 and particularly, "An Offense in the Greek Penal Code" at pp. 11-33 (series; The American Series of Foreign Penal Codes; volume18), ISBN: 0837700388; copy at the library of the Supreme Court of Canada library, Ottawa, K 5001 A63 no. 18;
 

MOORE, Michael, S., 1943-,  Act and Crime: The Philosophy of Action and Its Implications for Criminal Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993, xiii, 413 p., (series;  Clarendon Law Series), ISBN: 0198257910, see pp. 177-183;
 

___________Law and Psychiatry: Rethinking the Relationship, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984, ix, 527 p., ISBN: 0521255988 (hard cover) and 0521319781  (paperback);
 

MOUSOURAKIS, George, Criminal Responsibility and Partial Excuses, Aldershoot (UK) and Brookfield (Vermont/USA): Ashgate Publishing Company, 1998, vi, 216 p., ISBN: 1855219433;
 

___________ Shifting grounds of criminal liability: justification and excuse in the theory of provocation, Thesis (Ph.D.), University of Edinburgh, 1991;
 

MÜELLER, Gerhard O.W., Mens Rea, and the Penal Law without It: A Study of the German Penal Law in Comparison to the Anglo-American Law, Parker School of  Foreign and Comparative Law, Columbia University, 1954-1955, submitted for the LL.M. degree, Columbia University, iv, 156 p.;
 

NATIONAL COMMISSION ON REFORM OF FEDERAL CRIMINAL LAWS, Final Report of the National Commission on Reform of Federal Criminal Laws - A Proposed New Federal Criminal Code (Title 18, United States Code), Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971, xxv, 364 p., see "§ 601. Justification" and the comment at pp. 43-44; the proposed code is available on the internet at the  Buffalo Criminal Law Center, at "Materials on Federal Criminal Code Reform" which includes also: "Selected Bibliography on Federal Criminal Code Reform", "Special Collection on Federal Criminal Code Reform" and "Conferences on Criminal Code Reform";
 

Les nouveaux codes pénaux de langue allemande: Autriche (1974), République démocratique allemande (1968) et République fédérale d'Allemagne (1975), Paris: La  Documentation française avec le concours du Centre français de droit comparé, 1981, 565 p., ISBN: 2110006579 (Collection des codes pénaux européens du Comité de législation étrangère et de droit international du Ministère de la Justice, sous la direction de Marc Ancel avec la collaboration de Yvonne Marx; tome 5);
 

NORRIE, Alan (Alan William),  1953-, Punishment, Responsibility, and Justice : A relational Critique, Oxford; New York Oxford University Press, 2000, [xiv], 242 p.,  see in particular, chapter 7, "Legalizing Blame I: the Quest for the General Part", at pp. 142-167, ISBN: 0198259565; limited preview available at http://books.google.com/books?id=M-MoqNt4CGcC&pg=PP1&dq=%22Punishment,+Responsibility,+and+Justice%22&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=WyjNR6HUAtC4igGA1_WhBA&sig
=dhXxpatxU1VvC_x87FIBP501iAI#PPA136,M1 and  http://books.google.com/books?id=M-MoqNt4CGcC&dq=%22Punishment,+Responsibility,+and+Justice%22&lr=&as_brr
=3&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 (accessed on 4 March 2008);
 

NUTTALL, Steven Richard, 1950-, An Essay on the Criminal Law Justification Defense Dissertation, The Ohio State University, 1991, vi, 271 p. (thesis for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University); see abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International, volume: 52-02, section: A, p.0662; Microfiche. Ann Arbor, MI : UMI, 1991. 3 microfiches, UMI order no.: 91-20706;
 

The Penal code of the Federal Republic of Germany, Translated  by Joseph J. Darby With an Introduction by Hans-Heinrich Jescheck, Littleton (Colorado):  F.B. Rothman and London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1987, xxvi, 257 p., (series; The American Series of Foreign Penal Codes; vol. 28), ISBN: 0837700485; Research Note/Note de recherche: available on the internet /disponible sur l'internet  Buffalo Criminal Law Center (and click on "Criminal Law Resources on the Internet");

PERSAK, Nina, Criminalising Harmful Conduct: The Harm Principle, Its Limits and Continental Counterparts, New York/London: Springer, 2007, 176 p., ISBN-10: 0387464034; ISBN-13: 978-0387464039; title noted in my research but document not consulted yet (21 July 2007);
 

PRICE, Terry L., 1966-,  Mistakes and Moral Blameworthiness: An Account of the Excusing Force of Faultless Mistakes of Fact and Faultless Mistakes of Morality, Ph.D. thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 1998, 233 p., Dissertation Director: Prof. Joel Feinberg,
 

RAMIREZ, Juan Bustos and  Manuel Valenzuela Bejas, Le système pénal des pays d'Amérique latine (avec référence au Code pénal type latino-américain),  Traduit de l'espagnol par Jacqueline Bernat De Celis, Paris: Éditions A. Pedone, 1983, 159 p., ISBN: 2233001184;

REIX, Marie, Le motif légitime en droit pénal: contribution à la théorie générale de la justification, thèse de doctorat en droit,  Université Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV, École doctorale de Droit (E.D. 41), 2012, 635 p. (source:  http://www.theses.fr/en/2012BOR40055, site visité le 11 novembre 2013);

RIPSTEIN, Arthur, Equality, Responsibility, and the Law, Cambridge and in New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999,  xii, 307 p., see "Justification and Excuses" at pp. 163-171 and "Unknown Justifications" at pp. 214-217; also deals with consent, mistakes, and self-defence; (Series; Cambridge studies in philosophy and law),  ISBN: 0521584523; limited preview available at http://books.google.com/books?id=3EnUmhMKclQC&pg=PP1&dq=%22+Equality,+Responsibility,+and+the+Law%22&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=FSnNR7mSCaOIiQGTmfibBA&sig
=ZjZyb1JEqQyGzYA1YAo5xfg0Gtg#PPA163,M1 and http://books.google.com/books?id=3EnUmhMKclQC&dq=%22+Equality,+Responsibility,
+and+the+Law%22&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 (accessed on 4 March 2008);
 

ROBINSON, Paul H., 1948-, and John M., Darley, Justice, Liability, and  Blame: Community Views and the Criminal Law, Boulder (Colorado, USA): Westview Press, 1995, xvii, 299 p., ISBN: 0813324505, (Series: New directions in social psychology); see in particular: Chapter 1,  "Community Standards and the Criminal Law", pp. 1-11; Chapter 3, "Doctrines of Justification:  When Should It Be Lawful for One to Engage in Conduct That Normally Would Constitute a Violation?", pp. 53-81; Chapter 5, "Doctrines of Excuse: When Is One's Rule Violation Blameless?", pp. 127-155; Appendix A: Research Methodology, pp. 217-228; part of Appendix B, pp. 240-271; Notes, pp. 285-291; and  References, pp. 297-299;  available at http://www.law.upenn.edu/fac/phrobins/books/jlb/ (accessed on 26 February 2008);
 

ROBINSON, Paul H., 1948-, Criminal Law Defences, 2 vol., St. Paul (Minnesota): West, 1984,  ISBN: 0314815139 (set);
 

___________Fundamentals of Criminal Law, Boston, Little, Brown, 1988, ISBN: 031675131, pp. 663-664 [note: there is a 2nd ed., Boston: Little, Brown, 1995];
 

__________Structure and Function in Criminal Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997, xxxc, 251 p., (series; Oxford monographs on criminal law and criminal  justice); see Chapter 5, "General Defences", pp. 68-124; limited preview available at http://books.google.com/books?id=fVclJRuiGj0C&pg=PP1&dq=%22Structure+and+Function+in+Criminal
+Law%22&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=DP_MR_mIHKeGiQHVkcicBA&sig=z7KRvl2HAm1dYm47Az18lwXyAJE#PPA79,M1 and http://books.google.com/books?id=fVclJRuiGj0C&dq=%22Structure+and+Function+in+Criminal+Law%22&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0(accessed on 4 March 2008);
 

ROODHOUSE, Ron, "Justifying and Excusing Action", Philosophy of Law paper (PHM 3400), University of Florida;
 

ROUQUETTE, Théophile, Des excuses légales et des faits justificatifs en matière criminelle,  Toulouse : Typogr. de Bonnal et Gibrac, 1866, 190 p.; Thèse doctorat : Droit : Toulouse: 1866; disponible à  http://books.google.com/books?id=D1kOAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:criminelle+date:1400-1899&lr=&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ei=prF1SavnDpyqMqWJ7LQM (vérifié le 20 janvier 2009);
 

SARRAU DE BOYNET, Aurélien de, Des Excuses légales en droit pénal,  Bordeaux : impr. de A. de Lanefranque, 1875, viii, 531 p.; disponible à http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5679930d.r=.langEN (vérifié le 10 octobre 2009);

SCHOPP, Robert F., Justification Defenses and Just Convictions, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998, x, [ii], 212 p., (series; Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Law), ISBN: 0521622115; limited preview available at http://books.google.com/books?id=5XnD0xXfPmQC&pg=PP1&dq=%22Justification+Defenses+and+Just+Convictions%22&lr=&as_brr=
3&ei=rCnNR6SIGpDIiQH7wriaBA&sig=5BuD5lRqNuY3Dxixrxf4UFNQs0E#PPR5,M1 and http://books.google.com/books?id=5XnD0xXfPmQC&dq=%22Justification+Defenses+
and+Just+Convictions%22&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 (accessed on 4 March 2008);
 

SILVING, Helen, Constituent Elements of Crime, Springfield (Illinois): Charles C. Thomas, 1967, xxiv, 458 p.; see pp. 361-369 and 381-389;
 

__________Criminal Justice, vol. 2, Buffalo/Rio Piedras (Puerto Rico): Hein/University of Puerto Rico, 1971; see vol. 2, pp. 583-587 and 787-800;
 

__________Essays on Mental Incapacity and Criminal Conduct, Springfield: Charles C. Thomas, 1967, xvi, 379 p., see for example the Introduction at pp. 3-50 which deals in part with Welzel;  the author wites at p. 3 that her introduction are reprinted from "Psychoanalysis and the Criminal Law, (1960) 51 Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science 19, aat 20-24 and other parts from "'Guilt': A Methodological Study", (1963) 32 Revista Juridica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico 11;
 

SLIEDREGT, Ellies van, The Criminal Responsibility of Individuals for Violations of International Humanitarian Law, The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2003, xxiv, 437 p., see "Justification and excuse", at pp. 229-231, ISBN: 9067041661; copy at Ottawa University, FTX General, K5064 .S53 2003;
 

SMITH, J.C., Justification and Excuse in the Criminal Law, London, Stevens, 1989, xii, 133 p. (series; vol. 40 Hamlyn Lectures), ISBN: 0420478108 and 0420478205  (pbk); available at http://law.exeter.ac.uk/hamlyn/Digital%20files/27-03-09/Justification%20and%20Excuse%20in%20the%20Criminal%20Law.pdf (accessed on 4 January 2010);
 

SNYMAN, C.R., Criminal Law, 4th ed., Durban: Butterworths, 2003, xii, 616 p., ISBN: 0409056278;
 

___________A Draft Criminal Code for South Africa with a Commentary,  Cape Town: Juta, 1995, xl, 133 p., ISBN: 0702133345;
 

STUART, Don, 1943-, Canadian Criminal Law, 4rd ed., Toronto, Carswell, 2001, liv, 733 p., ISBN: 0459553062 (bound) and 0459553089 (pbk.); see: chapter 7, "Justifications or Excuses", pp. 451-557;
 

___________Charter Justice in Canadian Criminal Law, 3rd ed., Scarborough: Carswell, A Thomson Company, 2001, lviii, 540 p., see in particular "'Moral Involuntariness' Becomes Charter Standard for Defences" at pp. 100-101, ISBN: 0459261134; see also 2nd ed., Scarborough: Carswell, 1996, lx, 541 p., in particular "Charter Standards for Justifications and Excuses" at pp. 103-105, ISBN: 0459253964 (bound) and 0459254022 (pbk.);
 

TEN, C.L., Crime, Guilt, and Punishment: A Philosophical Introduction, Oxford: Clarendon Press and New York: Oxford University Press, 1987, [viii], 175 p., see Chapter 5, "Treatment without the Excuses of Punishment",  part 5.1 "Hart's Rationale of Legal Excuses" at pp. 86-100, ISBN: 019875082X and 0198750811 (pbk.);
 

TZITZSIS, Stamatios, La philosophie pénale, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1996, 127 p., (Collection, Que sais-je?, numéro 3043), ISBN: 2130473490; note de recherche: discute de la Normentheorie de Karl Binding aux pp. 19-20;
 

UNIACKE, Suzanne, Permissible killing: The Self-defence justification of homicide, Cambridge (Great Britain): Cambridge University Press, 1994, ix, 244 p.,  (Series; Cambridge Studies in Philosophy of Law), ISBN: 0521454085 (hardback), see pp. 1-56 and 232-238; also in paperback, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, ix, 244 p., ISBN: 0521564581; limited preview available at http://books.google.com/books?id=mcMCOdLZxSMC&pg=PP1&dq=%22Permissible+killing:+The+Self-defence+justification+of+homicide%22&lr=&as_brr=3&ei=CADNR4bA
Do2CiQHzws2TBA&sig=DV9HiaWV-8yGecvAzjNQY5-1Wsw#PPA24,M1 and http://books.google.com/books?id=mcMCOdLZxSMC&dq=%22Permissible+killing:+The+Self-defence+justification+of+homicide%22&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 (accessed 4 March 2008);
 

VON LISZT, Franz, 1851-1919, Traité de droit pénal allemand, Tome Premier - Introduction - Partie générale, traduction de René Lobstein, Paris: Giard & E. Brière, 1911,  xiv, 417 p.; available at my Digital Library, http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibraryTwo.html;
 

WALLACE, R. Jay, Responsibility and the Moral Sentiments, Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Press, 1994, ix, 275 p., see chapter 5 "Blameworthiness and the Excuses" at pp. 118-153, ISBN: 0674766229;
 

WALTHER, Julien, 1970-, L'antijuridicité en droit pénal comparé franco-allemand: contribution à une théorie générale de l'illicéité, Thèse doctorat : Droit pénal : Université de Nancy II, Cotutelle avec l’Université de la Sarre/gemeinsame Betreuung mit der Universität des Saarlandes, 2003,  xvi, 513 p., directeurs de thèse:  Jean-François Seuvic et Heike Jung, 1942-; Président du jury: André Vitu; Prix de Thèse de Droit Privé de la Faculté de Droit 2003; contribution importante;
 

WILSON, William, 1953-,  Criminal Law: Doctrine and Theory, London and New York: Longman, 1998, xlv, 625 p., see pp. 206-219, ISBN: 0582297702 (series; Longman Law Series)
 

YEO, Stanley M.H. (Stanley Meng Heong),  Compulsion in the Criminal Law, Sydney: The Law Book Company, 1990, xxiv, 300 p., ISBN: 0455209944;
 

YOTOPOULOS-MARANGOPOULOS, Alice, Les mobiles du délit: Étude de Criminologie et de Droit Pénal, Paris:  Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 1973, xvi, 350 p., voir en particulier, le "Chapitre IV - Les mobiles et les causes de justification; les mobiles et les causes d'excuse.  A) Aperçu théorique" aux pp. 216-224 (Collection; Bibliothèque de sciences criminelles, sous la direction de G. Stefani et G. Levasseur, Professeurs à la Faculté de Droit et des Sciences Économiques de Paris; tome XVII); copie à la bubliothèque de droit de l'Université d'Ottawa, FTX Général, KJV 7972.3 .B52 V.17 1973;
 

Part /Partie II: Articles

ALEXANDER, Laurence A., (also as Larry), "Justification and Innocent Aggressors", (1987) 33 Wayne Law Review 1177-1189;
 

____________"A Unified Excuse of Premptive Self-Protection", (1999) 74 Notre Dame Law Review 1475-1505;
 

____________"Unknowingly Justified Actors and the Attempt/Sucess Distinction",  (Summer 2004) 38(4) Tulsa Law Review 851-859;
 

ALLDRIDGE, Peter, "The Coherence of Defences", [1983] Criminal Law Review 665-672;

____________"Making Criminal Law Known", in Stephen Shute, 1955-,  and A.P. Simester, eds., Criminal Law Theory : Doctrines of the General Part,  New York, N.Y. : Oxford University Press, c2002, 332 p. at pp. 103-120, and see in particular "How Should a Code of Behaviour Deal with Matters of Justification and Excuse?", at pp. 115-118, and "How Should a Code of Behaviour Deal with Justification and Rights?", at pp. 118-119, ISBN: 0199243492 (series; Oxford monographs; Oxford monographs on criminal law and justice); copy at the library of the Supreme Court of Canada, Ottawa, call number: K5018 C77 2002;
 

AMBOS, Kai, "Current Issues in International Criminal Law: Reviewing: M. Cherif Bassiouni, Crimes against Humanity in International Criminal  Law, 2nd revised ed., The Hague: Kluwer Law, 1999, 610 pages", (2003) 14 Criminal Law Forum 225-260, at pp. 247-249; available at http://lehrstuhl.jura.uni-goettingen.de/kambos/Person/doc/current_issues_ICL_-_CLF_14_(2003),_225.pdf (accessed on 15 October 2005);

___________"Remarks on the General Part of International Criminal Law", (2006) 4 Journal of International Criminal Justice 660-673;

___________"Toward a Universal System of Crime: Comments on George Fletcher's Grammar of Criminal Law",  (2007) 28 Cardozo Law Review 2647-2673; available at http://www.cardozolawreview.com/PastIssues/28.6_ambos.pdf (accessed on 5 March 2008);
 

AMIRTHALINGAM, Kumaralingam (Kumar)"Mens Rea and Mistake of Law in Criminal Cases: a Lesson from South Africa",  (1995) 18 University of New South Wales Law Journal 428-442;
 

____________"Mistake of Law: A Criminal Offence or a Reasonable Defence?", (1994) 18 Criminal Law Journal 271-283;
 

ANTONY, Louise, "Why We Excuse", (1979) 28 Tulane Studies in Philosophy 63-70;
 

APONTE, Luis Ernesto Chiesa, "Normative Gaps in the Criminal Law: A Reasons Theory of Wrongdoing", (2007) 10(1) New Criminal Law Review 102-141; abstract available at http://caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1525/nclr.2007.10.1.102?journalCode=nclr (accessed on 15 April 2008);

APPELBE, Dorothy, "The Theory of Justification and Excuse and Its Implications for the Battered Woman", [2005] Cork OnLine Law Review II; available at  http://colr.ucc.ie/2005ii.html (accessed on 22 May 2005);
 

ARCHIBALD, Bruce P., "The Constitutionalization of the General  Part", (1988) 67 Canadian Bar Review 403-454;
 

ARENELLA, Peter, "Character, Choice, and Moral Agency: The Relevance of Character to our Moral Culpability Judgments", (1990) 7 Social Philosophy & Policy 59-83.; also published in:  Ellen Frankel Paul, Fred D. (Fred Dycus) Miller, Jr., 1944-,  and Jeffrey Paul, eds., Crime, Culpability, and Remedy, Oxford and Cambridge (MA):  Basil Blackwell, 1990, [xii], 248 p. at pp. 59-83, ISBN: 0631173048; and in Michael Louis Corrado, ed., Justification and Excuse in the Criminal Law: A Collection of Essays, New York: Garland Pub., 1994, pp. 241-279 (series; vol.  831, Garland Reference Library of Social Science; vol. 1, Garland Studies in Applied Ehics), ISBN: 0815308256 with the caveat at p. 241: "Some footnotes [to the original article in Social Philosophy & Policy] have been omitted; the remainder have been renumbered";
 

ARZT, Gunther, "Book Review: Rethinking Criminal Law by George  P. Fletcher", (1981) 29 American Journal of Comparative Law 146-157;
 

___________"Ignorance or Mistake of Law", (1976) 24 American Journal of Comparative Law 646-679;
 

___________"The Problem of Mistake of Law", [1986] Brigham Young University Law Review 711-732; available at http://lawreview.byu.edu/archives/1986/3/arz.pdf (accessed on 24 March 2008);
 

AUSTIN, J.L. (John Langshaw), 1911-1960, "A Plea for Excuses", (1956-57) 57 Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 1-30;  also published in:  Herbert Morris, 1928-, ed., Freedom  and Responsibility: Readings in Philosophy and Law, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, [1961], ix, 547 p. at  pp. 6-19; in Alan R. White, ed., The Philosophy of Action, London: Oxford University Press, 1968, [4], 172 p. at pp. 19-42 (series; Oxford Readings in Philosophy); in Michael Louis Corrado, ed., Justification and Excuse in the Criminal Law: A Collection of Essays, New York: Garland Pub., 1994, pp. 3-30, (series; Garland Reference Library of Social Science; vol. 831;  Garland Studies in Applied Ehics; vol. 1);  in Peter A. French, ed., The Spectrum of Responsibility, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991, 327 p., at pp. 39-61, ISBN: 0312034962; in J.L. Austin - Philosophical Papers, edited by J.O. Urmson and G.J. Warnock, 3rd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979, vi, [ii], 306 p., essay 8 at pp. 175-204, ISBN: 0198246277 and 019283021X (pbk);  in Jules L. Coleman, ed., Crimes and Punishments, New York & London: Garland Publishing, 1994, xxiv, 560 p. at pp. 1-30 (series; Philosophy of Law), ISBN: 0815314000; and in V.C. Chappell, ed., Ordinary Language: Essays in Philosophical Method, Englewood Cliffs (New Jersey):  Prentice-Hall, 1964, viii, 115 p. at pp. 40-63;  translated in French / traduit en français : sous le titre "Plaidoyer pour les excuses" dans J.L. Austin, Écrits philosophiques, traduits de l'anglais par Lou Aubert et Anne-Lise Hacker, introduction de Lou Aubert, Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1994, [250] p., aux pp. 136-170, ISBN: 2020129566;
 

BADAR, Mohamed Elewa, "Mens Rea -- Mistake of Law & Mistake of Fact in German Criminal Law: A Survey for International Criminal Tribunals", (2005) 5 International Criminal Law Review 203-246;
 

BANTEKAS, Ilias, "Defences in International Criminal Law", in Dominic McGoldrick, Peter Rowe, and Eric Donnelly, eds., The Permanent International Criminal Court: Legal and Policy Issues, Oxford (England)/Portland (Oregon): Hart Publishing, xviii, 498 p., at pp. 263-284, and see "Justification and Excuse", at p. 266 (half a page only), (series; Studies in International Law; volume 5), ISBN: 1841132810; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, KZ 6310 P47 2004;
 

BARON, Marcia, "Excuses, excuses", (2007) 1 Criminal Law and Philosophy 21-39; available at http://www.springerlink.com/content/v8746752m85t11q7/fulltext.pdf (accessed on 23 March 2008);

___________"Is Justification (Somehow) Prior to Excuse?  A Reply to Douglas Husak", (November 2005) 26(4) Law and Philosophy 595-609;
 

___________"Justifications and Excuses", (2005) 2 Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 387-406; available at  http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/osjcl/issue2_articles/Baron-PDF3-17-05.pdf (accessed on 30 April 2005);
 

BAUMANN, Jürgen, "Problèmes réels et faux problèmes de la réforme du droit pénal en République fédérale d'Allemagne", (1970) 25 Revue de science criminelle et de droit pénal comparé 803-829;
 

BAYLES, Michael D., "Character, Purpose, and Criminal  Responsibility", (1982) 1 Law & Philosophy 5-20;
 

___________ "Hume on Blame and Excuse", (1976) 2 Hume Studies 17-35;
 

___________"Reconceptualizing Necessity and Duress" (1987) 33 Wayne Law Review 1191-1220; also published in Michael Louis Corrado, ed., Justification and Excuse in the Criminal Law: A Collection of Essays, New York: Garland Pub., 1994, p. 429-463, ISBN:  0815308256 (series; vol. 831 Garland  Reference  Library of Social Science; vol. 1, Garland Studies in Applied Ehics);
 

BEALE, Joseph H., "Justification for Injury", (1927-28) 41 Harvard Law Review 553-563; copy at Ottawa University, KFM 2469 .H457  Location, FTX Periodicals;
 

BEDAU, Hugo Adam, "Rough Justice: The Limits of Novel Defenses.  Excuses & Justifications, Mitigations & Exculpations",  Hastings Center Report, vol. 8, # 6, December 1978, pp. 8-11;

BEDI, Monu Singh, Excusing Behavior: Reclassifying the Federal Common Law Defenses of Duress and Necessity Relying on the Victim’s Role (January 17, 2011). Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Forthcoming. Available at SSRN: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1742647  (accessed on 20 March 2011);

BERGELSON, Vera, "Rights, Wrongs, and Comparative Justifications" , (2007) 28 Cardozo Law Review 2481-2503; available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=980692 (accessed on 25 April 2007); also available at http://www.cardozolawreview.com/PastIssues/28.6_bergelson.pdf (accessed on 8 April 2008);
 

BERGER, Benjamin L., "Emotions and the Veil of Voluntarism: The Loss of Judgment in Canadian Criminal Defences", (Spring 2006) 51(1) McGill Law Journal 99-128; available at http://www.law.uvic.ca/bberger/documents/LossofJudgment.pdf (accessed on 24 March 2008);
 

BERGER, Fred R., "Excuses and the Law", (1965) 31 Theoria 9-19; Research Note: Berger comments on H.L.A. Hart's, "Legal Responsibility and Excuses" in Sidney Hook, ed., Determinism and Freedom in the Age of Modern Science, New York: Crowell-Collier, 1950, pp. 95-116;
 

BERMAN, Mitchell N., "Justification and Excuse, Law and Morality", (October 2003) 53(1) Duke Law Journal 1-78; available at  http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/dlj/articles/dlj53p1.htm#FA0 (accessed on 11 March 2004);
 

BERTELSMANN, W., "The Essence of Mens Rea" [1974] Acta Juridica 34-51;

BINAVINCE, Emilio S., "The Doctrine of Mens Rea in Germany", in Travaux du quatrième colloque international de droit comparé tenu à Ottawa (Canada)  du  5 au 7 septembre 1966 sous les auspices du Centre canadien de droit comparé, de la faculté de droit de l'Université d'Ottawa, de l'Association  canadienne de droit comparé/Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Comparative Law held in Ottawa (Canada) September 5 to 7,  1966 under the patronage of The Canadian and Foreign Law Research Centre, The Faculty of Law of the University of Ottawa, The Canadian Association of Comparative Law, Ottawa: Éditions de l'Université d'Ottawa/University of Ottawa Press, 1967, (series; Collection des travaux de la Faculté de droit de l'Université d'Ottawa), pp. 143-163;
 

___________"The Structure and Theory of the German Penal Code",   (1976) 24 American Journal of Comparative Law 594- 601;

BLUMOFF, Theodore Y., "The Neuropsychology of Justifications and Excuses: Some Cases from Self-Defense, Duress, and Provocation",  (April 14, 2009). Jurimetrics, 2010. Available at SSRN: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1380081 (accessed on 8 November 2011);
 

BOLDT, Richard C., "Review Essay: Excuse Theory Through a Liberal Lens", (Winter-Spring 2006) 25(1) Criminal Justice Ethics 44-52, available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=952683, accessed on 12 March 2007; available also at http://digitalcommons.law.umaryland.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1204&context=fac_pubs (accessed on 26 January 2008);

BOTTERELL, Andrew,  "A Primer on the Distinction between Justification and Excuse", (March 24, 2009) Philosophy Compass, Vol. 4, pp. 172-196, 2009. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1367839; http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1367839  (accessed on 29 March 2009);

___________"Why We Ought to be (Reasonable) Subjectivists about Justification", (Winter/Spring 2007) 26(1) Criminal Justice Ethics 36-58;

BRANDT, Richard B., 1910-1997, "A Motivational Theory of Excuses" in Michael Louis Corrado, ed., Justification and Excuse in the Criminal Law: A Collection of Essays,  New York, Garland Pub., 1994, pp. 95-129, ISBN: 0815308256 (series; Garland Reference Library of Social Science; vol. 831 and Garland Studies in Applied Ehics, vol. 1);  originally published in (1985) 27 Nomos (Criminal Justice) 165-198; also published in  Richard B. Brandt, Morality, utilitarianism, and rights, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992,  viii, 393 p., Chapter 13, at pp. 235-262, ISBN:  0521415071 and  0521425271 (pbk.), this essay is also commented by Brandt in the same book, Morality, utilitarianism, and rights, in his introductory comments at pp. 12-13;
 

___________"A Utilitarian Theory of Excuses", (1969) 78 The Philosophical Review 337-361; also published in  Richard B. Brandt, Morality, utilitarianism, and rights, Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1992,  viii, 393 p., Chapter 12, at pp. 221-234,  ISBN:  0521415071 and  0521425271 (pbk.), this essay is also briefly commented by Brandt in the same book, Morality, utilitarianism, and rights,  in his introductory comments at p. 12;
 

BRONAUGH, Richard N., "Freedom as the Absence of an Excuse", (1964) 74 Ethics 161-173;
 

BRUDNER, Alan, "A Theory of Necessity", (1987) 7 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 339-368; also published in Thomas Morawetz, 1942-, ed., Criminal Law, 2nd ed., Aldershot (England): Darmouth, Ashgate, 2000, xvi, 478 p. at pp. 329-358 (series; The international library of essays in law and legal theory; 2nd ser.; volume 5), ISBN: 184014775X;
 

BURCHELL, Jonathan, "Heroes, poltroons and persons of reasonable fortitude - juristic perceptions on killing under compulsion", (1988) 1 South African Journal  of Criminal Justice 18-34;
 

BYRD, B. Sharon, "Putative Self-Defense and Rules of Imputation. In Defense of the Battered Woman" (1994) 2 Annual Review of Law and Ethics 283-306; pp. 291-304 are also published in Leo KATZ, Michael S. Moore and Stephen J. Morse, eds., Foundations of Criminal Law, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, ix, 352 p. at pp. 260-271 followed by "Notes and Questions" at pp. 271-272 (series; Interdisciplinary Readers in Law), ISBN: 0195094956 (cloth) and 0195094964 (paper);
 

___________"Till Death Do Us Part: A Comparative Law Approach to Justifying Lethal Self-Defense by Battered Women", (1991) Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law 169-211;
 

___________"Wrongdoing and Attribution: Implications Beyond the Justification-Excuse Distinction", (1987) 33 Wayne Law Review 1289-1342;
 

CAILLE, Catherine, «Le motif légitime en droit pénal», (1998) Revue pénitentiaire et de droit pénal 194-207;
 

CAMPBELL, Kenneth, "Offence and Defence" in I.H. Dennis, ed., Criminal Law and Justice: Essays from the W.G. Hart Workshop, 1986, London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1987, xviii, 253 p., at pp. 73-86, ISBN: 0421377704;

CANDEUB, Adam , "An Economic Theory of Criminal Excuse: A Commentary" (March 22, 2007), available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=975790 (accessed on 4 April 2007);

CASSESE, Antonio, "Justifications and Excuses in International Criminal Law",  in Antonio Cassese, Paola Gaeta and John R.W.D. Jones, eds., The Rome
Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary, volume I, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 2002, cxl, 1048 p., Chapter 24.1, at pp. 951-956, copy at Ottawa University, FTX General: KZ 6310 .R64 2002 v. 1;
 

CHAPMAN, Bruce, "A Theory of Criminal Law Excuses", (1988) 1 Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence 75-86;

CHIN, Gabriel J.,"The Justification/Excuse Distinction: An Argument for its Irrelevance to the Criminal Justice System", 28 January 2009, University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 2009; Arizona Legal Studies Discussion Paper No. 09-02, 30 p., available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1334291; see http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1334291 (accessed on 31 January 2009);

CHRISTOPHER, Russell, "Mistake of Fact in the Objective Theory of Justification: Do Two Rights Make Two Wrongs Make Two Rights...?", (1994) 85 Journal of  Criminal Law and Criminology 295-332;
 

___________"Symposium Foreword Symposium: Twenty-Five Years of George P. Fletcher's Rethinking Criminal Law: Symposium Foreword", (2003-2004) 39 Tulsa Law Review 737-754;

__________ "Tripartite Structures of Criminal Law in Germany and Other Civil Law Jurisdictions", (2007) 28 Cardozo Law Review 2675-2695; available at http://www.cardozolawreview.com/PastIssues/28.6_christopher.pdf (accessed on 5 April 2008); draft paper is available at  http://fletchersgrammar.com/speakersfromtheus.html  (accessed on 19 July 2007);
 

___________"Unknowing Justification and the Logical Necessity of the Dadson Principle in Self-Defence", (1995) 15 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 229-251;
 

CIAFARDINI, Mariano, "The Challenges of Criminal Liability: New Alternatives, Limits, Forms and Goals",  [2002] Cahiers de défense sociale; disponible à  http://www.defensesociale.org/revista2002/10.1.htm (accessed on 20 November 2005);
 

CLARKSON, C.M.V., "Necessary Action: A New Defence", [2004] Criminal Law Review 81-104, see "Justification and excuse", at pp. 82-88;
 

COLB, Sherry F., "Book Review - 'The Character of Freedom' [Reviewing] Evil or Ill^ Justifiying the Insanity Defense.  By Lawrie Reznek.  London: Routledge.  1997. 329 pp. $24.99", (1999) 52 Stanford Law Review 235-253;
 

COLVIN, Eric, "Exculpatory Defences in Criminal Law",  (1990) 10 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 381-407;
 

CONDE, Francisco Munoz, "'Rethinking' the Universal Structure of Criminal Law", (Summer 2004) 39(4) Tulsa Law Review 941-953;
 

COOPER, Simon, "Book Review of Justification and Excuse in the Criminal Law by J.C. Smith", (1989) 23 The Law Teacher 345-347;
 

COOPER, Simon and Alan Reed, "Informed Consent and the Transmission of Sexual Disease: Dadson Revivified", (October 2007) 71(5) The Journal of Criminal Law 461-474;

CORRADO, Michael, "Defenses"  in Christopher Berry Gray, ed., The Philosophy of Law: An Encyclopedia, New York Garland Publishing, 1999, 2 volumes (xxxviii, 950 p.), in vol. 1, at pp. 188-193 (series; Garland reference library of the humanities ; vol. 1743), ISBN: 0815313446;
 

___________ "Excuses" in  Philosophical problems in the law / [compiled by] David M. Adams, Belmont, CA : Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, c2000, 3rd ed., xiii, 650 p., at pp. 433 to approx. 442,  ISBN: 0534519032; copy at Laval University, KF 379 P5682 2000;
 

___________"Introduction" in Michael L. Corrado, ed., Justification and Excuse in the Criminal Law: A Collection of Essays, New York, Garland Pub., 1994, ISBN: 0815308256 (series; Garland Reference Library of Social Science, volume 831; and Garland Studies in Applied Ehics; volume 1), xvii, 625 p., at pp. vii-xxxiii;
 

___________"Is There an Act Requirement in the Criminal Law?", (1993-94) 142 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1529-1561;
 

___________"Notes on the Structure of a Theory of Excuses",  (1992) 82 The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 465-497;
 

CREACH, Donald L., "Notes: Partially Determined Imperfect  Self-Defense: The Battered Wife Kills and Tells Why", (1982) 34 Stanford Law Review 615-638;
 

CROCKER, Lawrence, "Justification and Bad Motives", (2008) 6 Ohio Journal of Criminal Law 277-297; available at http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/osjcl/Articles/Volume6_1/Crocker-PDF.pdf (accessed on 23 December 2008);

___________"Improving the Codes -- Reviewing: Pail H. Robinson, Structure and Function in the Criminal Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997, 239 p.", (1999) 10(1) Criminal Law Forum 151-160, and see "Justification" at pp. 153-157;
 

DALY, Francis, "Intoxication and Crime: A Comparative Approach",  (1978) 27 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 378-412;
 

DAN-COHEN, Meir, "Decision Rules and Conduct Rules: On Acoustic  Separation in Criminal Law", (1984) 97 Harvard Law Review 625-677; available at http://www.law.upenn.edu/cf/faculty/phrobins/conversations/papers/CohenAcousticSeparation.pdf (accessed on 25 March 2008); also published in  Jules L. Coleman, ed., Crimes and Punishments, New York & London: Garland Publishing, 1994, xxiv, 560 p. at pp. 327-379 (series; Philosophy of Law), ISBN: 0815314000;
 

DANNECKER, G. (Gerhard), "Justification and Excuses in the European  Community - Adjudication of the Court of Justice of the European Community and Tendencies of the National Legal Systems as a Basis for a Supranational Regulation", (1993) 1 European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 230-245;
 

DE SOUZA, Christopher, "Expanding the Boundaries of Suddent Fight the Tan Chun Seng Decision", (2003) 15 Singapore Academy of Law Journal 333-354, and see "Excuses and Justifications", at pp. 333-336;

DESJARDINS, Arthur, "Des excuses en droit criminel", (1859) Tome XIV -- 9^me année Revue Critique de Législation et de Jurisprudence 517-526, disponible à http://books.google.com/books?id=dY0NAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA179&dq=%22des+excuses+en+droit+criminel%22&as_brr=1#PPA517,M1 (vérifié le 19 novembre 2007) et Tome XV -- 9^me année 312-334, disponible à http://books.google.com/books?id=vY0NAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA319&dq=%22projet+de+code+p%C3%A9nal%22&as_brr=1#PPA312,M1 (vérifié le 19 novembre 2007);voici un passage remarquable si l'on tient compte qu'il a été écrit en 1859 :

    "Qu'est-ce qu'une excuse dans la langue du droit criminel?  Car il n'y a pas excuse, comme on pourrait le croire, toutes les fois que les tribunaux criminels atténuent ou suppriment la peine.

    Cet homme doit être emprisonné pour dettes; un officier public l'arrête.  La justice vient d'ordonner une saisie; un officier public l'exécute.  La Cour d'assises a condamné à mort un assassin, un parricide, un empoisonneur; le sang coule sur la place publique.  Il y a là violation de la liberté, violation de la propriété, homicide; mais quel homicide et quelle violation?  La loi parle, et l'agent de l'autorité s'avance pour obéir.  Est-ce une excuse, cet ordre de la loi? Non, sans doute, car cet agent de l'autorité c'est la loi vivante, et la loi n'a pas besoin de s'excuser.  La société ne peut pas dire à ses agents: Vous m'avez obéi, donc je vous excuse.  Elle leur dit : Vous qui m'avez obéi, je vous justifie.  De même pour la légitime défense.  La légitimité de la défense est-elle hors de doute?  L'acte commis en état de légitime défense est conforme au droit.  Voilà une première classe de faits qu'on peut appeler justificatifs.  Descendons d'un degré.  Des faits justificatifs passons aux faits non imputables.  L'imputabilité peut disparaître sans que la loi justifie l'acte.  Voici un vol, un viol, un meurtre; c'est un fou qui l'a commis.  Le fou n'a plus la conscience de son action, mais la loi ne la déclare pas conforme au droit.  Cet homme n'est pas coupable, parce qu'il n'avait ni sa raison morale ni sa liberté; mais il n'est pas justifié.  Même remarque pour les actes commis en état d'ivresse, si l'ivresse est accidentelle et altère complètement la liberté, ou pour les actes commis en état de somnambulisme, puisque la justice humaine n'a ni les moyens, ni le besoin, ni le droit de s'enquérir des actions commises pendant le sommeil.

    Dans ces diverses hypothèses, il n'y a pas encore d'excuse.  J'ai procédé par élimination.  Pourquoi mettre à part les cas de non-imputabilité?  Ma réponse est simple : L'excuse suppose l'imputabilité.  Mais parmi les circonstances qui peuvent entraîner soit une diminution, soit une exemption de peine, les unes sont déterminées par la loi, les autres par le juge.  Or, si la langue du droit criminel est bien faite, la diversité des mots marque la diversité des idées.  On réserve le nom d'excuses aux circonstances absolutoires ou atténuantes prévues et déterminées par la loi.  C'est le language de notre droit pénal français, et ce langage est parfaitement conforme aux données de la science."  (pp. 517-518)

DIAMOND, John L., "An Ideological Approach to Excuse in Criminal Law", (winter 1999) 25(1) New England Journal on Criminal and Civil Confinement 1-29; available at  http://www.nesl.edu/journal/ (viewed 25 May 2002);
 

DILLOF, Anthony M., "Unraveling Unknowing Justification", (2002) 77 Notre Dame Law Review 1547-1600;
 

DORÉ, Laurie Kratky, "Review Essay / The Scope and Limits of Criminal Justifications", (1999) 18(3) Criminal Justice Ethics 41-51; review of Robert F. Schopp's book, Justification Defenses and Just Convictions, supra;
 

DRESSLER, Joshua, "Battered Women, Sleeping Abusers and Criminal Responsibility", Chicago Policy Review 2:1 Fall 1997, pp. 1-16;
 

___________"Exegesis of the Law of Duress: Justifying  the Excuse and Searching for its Proper Limits" (1989) 62 Southern California Law Review 1331-1386;  also published in Michael Louis Corrado, ed., Justification and Excuse in the Criminal Law: A Collection of Essays, New York, Garland Pub., 1994,  pp. 379-427, ISBN: 0815308256 (series; vol. 831, Garland Reference Library of Social Science; vol. 1, Garland Studies in Applied Ehics); also published in Thomas Morawetz, 1942-, ed., Criminal Law, 2nd ed., Aldershot (England): Darmouth, Ashgate, 2000, xvi, 478 p. at pp. 273-328 (series; The international library of essays in law and legal theory; 2nd ser.; volume 5), ISBN: 184014775X;excerpt in Leo KATZ, Michael S. Moore and Stephen J. Morse, eds., Foundations of Criminal Law, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, ix, 352 p. at pp. 302-305 (series; Interdisciplinary Readers in Law), ISBN: 0195094956 (cloth) and 0195094964 (paper);
 

___________"Foreword - Justifications and Excuses: A Brief  Review of the Concepts and the Literature", (1987) 33 Wayne Law Review 1155-1167;
 

___________Justification versus excuse theory [sound recording],  Alexandria (Virginia) : Instant Replay, [1987], 1 sound cassette: 1 7/8 ips, mono. (series;  Association of American Law School (AALS); HP-06.); speakers: Joshua Dressler and R. Kent Greenawalt, recorded at the AALS Conference on Criminal Law and Criminal  Procedure, May 16-21, 1987, Chapel Hill, N.C.;  Research Note: cassette not listened to; information from the on-line catalogue of Columbia University.
 

___________"New Thoughts About The Concept Of Justification In The Criminal Law: A Critique of Fletcher's Thinking and Rethinking", (1984) 32 University of  California  at Los Angeles Law Review 61-99;
 

___________"Reflections on Excusing Wrongdoers: Moral Theory, New Excuses and the Model Penal Code", (1988) 19 Rutgers Law Journal 671-716;
 

___________"Rethinking Heat of Passion", (1982) 73 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology  421-470;

DRIPPS, Donald A., "Rehabilitating Bentham's Theory of Excuses", September, 24 2009, forthcoming in  Texas Tech Law Review, San Diego Legal Studies, 30 p., available at SSRN:  http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1478194#  (accessed on 1 October 2009);

DUBBER, Markus Dirk, "The Historical Analysis of Criminal Codes", (2000) 18(2) Law and History Review 433-444 (comment, part of the "Forum: Codifying Crime, Finding Government"); Dubber discusses Binding's Normen theorie (theory of norms) at pp. 438-439 (Eser explains the importance of this theory, infra, "Justification and Excuse" at p. 625);
 

___________"The Promise of German Criminal Law: A Science of Crime and Punishment", (July 2005) 6 German Law Journal No. 7; available at http://www.germanlawjournal.com/article.php?id=613 (accessed on 20 November 2005);
 

___________"The Style and Science of German Criminal Law", draft, working Paper, 23 September 2002, 15 p.; available in word format at the author's web site,  http://wings.buffalo.edu/law/bclc/web/publications.htm (accessed on 17 November 2002);
 

___________"Theories of Crime and Punishment in German Criminal Law", 24 p., University at Buffalo Law School,  Buffalo Legal Studies Research Paper Series, Paper number 2005-02; available at  http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=829226 (accessed on 13 November 2005);
 

DUBIN, Gary V., 1965-,  "Mens Rea Reconsidered: A Plea for a Due Process Concept of Criminal Responsibility", (1965-66) 18 Stanford Law Review 322-395; Research Note: article deals with the concept of excuse at length;
 

DUFF, R.A., "Choice, Character, and Criminal Liability", (1993) 12 Law and Philosophy 345-383;

___________"Excuses, moral and legal: a comment on Marcia Baron's 'excuses, excuses", (2007) 1 Criminal Law and Philosophy 49-55; available at  http://www.springerlink.com/content/l7n13778582285g6/fulltext.pdf (accessed on 17 February 2007);
 

__________"Rethinking Justifications", (Summer 2004) 38(4) Tulsa Law Review 829-850;
 

DU PLESSIS, J.R., "Hans Welzel's Final-Conduct Doctrine - An Importation from Germany We Could Well Do Without", (1984) 101 South African Law Journal  301-323;
 

DURHAM, W. Cole, "Book Review: Rethinking Criminal Law by George  P. Fletcher", [1979] Utah Law Review 628-643;
 

____________"Forerword: Notes on the Dialogue of German and American Criminal Theory", [1986] Brigham Young University Law Review 523-533; available at http://lawreview.byu.edu/archives/1986/3/dur.pdf (accessed on 24 March 2008);
 

____________"Reminiscence of Dialogue: Beyond the Papers of  the Freiburg Conference" in A. Eser et al., eds.,  Justification and Excuse: Comparative Perspectives, vol. 2, Dobbs Ferry (New York), Transnational  Publications, 1987, ISBN: 0929179229, pp. 1489-1554;
 

ELLIOTT, Ian D., "The Use of Deadly Force in Arrest: Proposals for Reform", (1979) 3 Criminal Law Journal  50-88;
 

ESER, Albin, "A Century of Penal Legislation in Germany -  Development and Trends" in Albin Eser and Jonatan Thormundsson, eds., Old Ways and New Needs in Criminal Legislation: Documentation of a Germanic- Icelandic Colloquium on the Development of Penal Law in General and Economic Crime in particular, Freiburg i. Br: Eigenverlag Max-Planck-Instut für auslaändisches und Internationales Strafrecht, 1989, x, 324p.,  pp. 1-26 ( SERIES: Beitrage und Materialien aus dem Max-Planck-Institut fur Auslandisches und Internationales Strafrecht Freiburg i. Br; Bd. S 16), ISBN 3922498817; available at http://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/3756/pdf/Eser_A_century_of_penal_legislation.pdf (accessed on 24 March 2008);
 

___________"Concluding Remarks", (1996) 30 Israel Law Review 347-349;
 

__________"'Defences' in War Crime Trials", (1994) 24 Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 201-222, see in particular "1. Introduction - General Observations" at pp. 201-203 and "III. Summary - Outlook" at pp. 220-222; available at http://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/3734/pdf/Eser_Defences_in_war_crime_trials.pdf (accessed on 21 January 2008);
 

___________"Die Unterscheidung von Rechtfertigung und  Entschuldigung: Ein Schlüsselproblem des Verbrechensbegriffs" in Raimo Lahti and Kimmo Nuotio, eds., Criminal Law Theory in Transition: Finnish and Comparative Perspectives/Strafrechtstheorie Im Umbruch Finnische und vergleichendePerspektiven, Helsinki:  Finish Lawyers' Publishing Company, 1992, xiv, 604 p., at pp. 301-317, ISBN: 9516405940, see in particular the Appendix in English at pp. 316-317 for the  "Scheme of the General Structure of the Offense" with comments; available at http://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/3383/pdf/Eser_Die_Unterscheidung_von_Rechtfertigung_und_Entschuldigung.pdf (accessed on 5 April 2008);
 

___________"Germany", (1973) 21 American Journal of Comparative Law 245-262;

__________"The Importance of Comparative Legal Research for the Development of Criminal Sciences" in World Law Conference (1st : 1996 : Brussels, Belgium), Law in motion : recent developments in civil procedure, constitutional, contract, criminal, environmental, family & succession, intellectual property, labour, medical, social security, transport law / Roger Blanpain, (editor), The Hague : Kluwer Law International, 1997, xxi, 1137 p., at pp. 491-517, ISBN: 9041103864;  Note: At head of title: "International encyclopaedia of laws"; copy at Ottawa University, Law Library, FTX, K555 .W67 1996; with the same title in Les systèmes comparés de justice pénale: De la diversité au rapprochement/ Comparative Criminal Justice Systems: From Diversity to Rapprochment,  Toulouse:  Editions Érès, Toulouse 1998, aux pp. 77-108, and see in particular, p. 98  (Collection; Nouvelles Etudes Pénales No. 17);  available at http://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/3759/pdf/Eser_The_importance_of_comparative_legal_research.pdf (accessed on 28 January 2008);
 

___________"Justification and Excuse", (1976) 24 American Journal of Comparative Law 621-637; important contribution to the subject for the reader curious to learn about the subject; available at http://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/3765/pdf/Eser_Justification_and_excuse_1976.pdf (accessed on 28 January 2008);
 

___________"Justification and Excuse: A Key Issue in the Concept of Crime" in Albin Eser et al., eds., Justification and Excuse: Comparative Perspectives, vol. 1, Dobbs  Ferry (New York), Transnational Juris Publications, 1987, ISBN: 0929179226, pp. 17-65; available at http://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/3906/pdf/Eser_Justification_and_excuse_2.pdf (accessed on 28 January 2008); important contribution to the subject for the reader curious to learn about the subject;
 

___________"The Principle of ‘Harm' in the Concept of Crime: A Comparative Analysis of the Criminally Protected Legal Interests", (1964-65) Duquesne University Law Review 345-417; available at http://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/3655/pdf/Eser_The_Principle_of_harm.pdf  (accessed on 24 March 2008);
 

___________"Reform of the Defences: A German View", article presented at the Conference of The Society for the Reform of the Criminal Law: "Reform of the Criminal Law", London (England), July 26-29, 1987, 17 p. [unpublished but cited in (1989) 1 Criminal Law Forum 93];
 

FERZAN, Kimberly Kessler, "Foreword", (November 2005) 24(6) Law and Philosophy 547-555;
 

FINGARETTE, Herbert, "Book Review: Rethinking Criminal Law by  George Fletcher", (1980) 89 Yale Law Journal 1002- 1016;
 

FINKELSTEIN, Claire O., "Duress: A Philosophical Account of the  Defense in Law", (1995) 37 Arizona Law Review 251- 283;
 

___________"Excuses and Dispositions in Criminal Law", (2003) 6(1) Buffalo Criminal Law Review 317-359; available at  http://wings.buffalo.edu/law/bclc/bclrarticles/6/1/finkelstein.pdf (accessed on 31 December 2003);
 

___________"Self-Defense as a Rational Excuse", (1996) 57 University of Pittsburgh Law Review 621-649;
 

FISCHER, Benedikt and Jürgen Rehm, "Alcohol consumption and the liability of offenders in the German criminal system", (1996) 23 Contemporary Drug Problems 707-729; discusses the Daviault case;
 

FLETCHER, George P., "Criminal Theory as an International Discipline" in Albin Eser et al., eds., Justification and Excuse: Comparative Perspectives, vol. 2, Dobbs Ferry (New York), Transnational Juris Publications, 1987, ISBN: 0929179229, pp. 1595-1621 and the same article as it appeared "in a slightly different version" in (Winter/Spring 1985) 4 Criminal Justice Ethics 60- 77;
 

___________"Criminal Theory in the Twentieth Century", (January 2001) 2(1) Theoretical Inquiries in Law; summary at http://www.bepress.com/til/default/vol2/iss1/art9/;  "Theoretical Inquiries in Law is an English-language biannual law journal published by the Cegla Supercenter for Comparative and Private International Law of the Tel Aviv University Faculty of Law" (source: http://www.tau.ac.il/law/cegla/journal.htm); copy at McGill University, Nahum Gelber Law Library/Université McGill, Bibliothèque de droit Nahum Gelber;
 

__________ "Dogmas of the Model Penal Code", (1998) 2 Buffalo Criminal Law Review 1-24 (Symposium: "Toward a New Federal Criminal Code");
 

___________"Domination in the Theory of Justification and  Excuse", (1996) 57 University of Pittsburgh Law Review 621-649;
 

___________"Excuse: Theory", in Joshua Dressler, editor in chief, Encyclopedia of crime & justice, 2nd ed., New York : Macmillan Reference USA, c2002,  4 v. (xxxvi, 1780 p.),  in vol. 2, at pp. 637-643, ISBN : 002865319X (for set of 4 volumes) and 0028653211 (vol. 2); important contribution to the subject for the curious reader wanting to learn about the subject;
 

___________"Excuse: 1. Theory", in Sanford H. Kadish, ed.,  Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice, vol. 2, New York: Free Press, 1983, pp. 724-729, ISBN: 0029181110; important contribution to the subject for the curious reader wanting to learn about the subject;
 

___________"Fairness and Utility in Tort Theory", (1972) 85 Harvard Law Review 537-573;
 

___________"The Individualization of Excusing Conditions", (1974) 47 Southern California Law Review 1269-1309; also published in Michael Louis Corrado, ed., Justification and Excuse in the Criminal Law: A Collection of Essays, New York, Garland Pub., 1994, pp. 53-94, ISBN: 0815308256 (series; vol. 831,  Garland  Reference Library of Social Science; vol. 1, Garland Studies in Applied Ehics); also published in Jules L. Coleman, ed., Crimes and Punishments, New York & London: Garland Publishing, 1994, xxiv, 560 p. at pp. 137-177 (series; Philosophy of Law), ISBN: 0815314000;
 

___________"Internationalizing Criminal Law", (2004) 39(4) Tulsa Law Review 979-994;
 

___________"Introduction from a Common Law Scholar's Point of View" in A. Eser et al., eds.,  Justification and Excuse: Comparative Perspectives, vol. 1, Dobbs Ferry  (New York): Transnational Juris Publications, 1987, pp. 9-13, ISBN: 0929179226;
 

___________"Justification: Theory", in Joshua Dressler, editor in chief, Encyclopedia of crime & justice, 2nd ed., New York : Macmillan Reference USA, c2002,  4 v. (xxxvi, 1780 p.), in vol. 2, at pp. 883-889, ISBN : 002865319X (for set of 4 volumes) and 0028653211 (vol. 2); important contribution to the subject for the curious reader wanting to learn about the subject;
 

__________"Justification: 1. Theory", in Sanford H. Kadish, ed., Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice, vol. 3, New York: Free Press, 1983, pp. 941-946, ISBN:  0029181110; important contribution to the subject for the curious reader wanting to learn about the subject;
 

___________"Legality as Privacy" in Robert L. Cunningham, ed., Liberty and the Rule of Law, College Station (Texas): Texas A&M University Press, 1979, xi, 349 p., at pp. 182-207 (series; The Texas A&M University economics series; no.3), ISBN: 0890960569;
 

___________"The Meaning of Innocence", (1998) 48 University of Toronto Law Journal 157-174;
 

___________"Mistake in the Model Penal Code: A False False Problem", (1988) 19 Rutgers Law Journal 649-670;
 

___________"The Nature of Justification", in Stephen Shute, John Gardner amd Jeremy Horder, eds., Action and Value in Criminal Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993,  pp. 175-186, ISBN: 0198258062;
 

___________"Paradoxes in Legal Thought", (1985) 85 Columbia Law Review 1263-1292;
 

___________"Parochial versus Universal Criminal Law", (2005) 3 Journal of International Criminal Justice 20-34, and see p. 34;
 

___________"Proportionality and the Psychotic Aggressor: A Vignette in Comparative Criminal Theory", (1973) 8 Israel Law Review 367-390; also published in Edward M. Wise and Gerhard O.W. Mueller, eds., Studies in Comparative Criminal Law, Springfield (Illinois): Charles C. Thomas, 1975, x, 328 p., at pp. 123-152,  (series; Publications of the Criminal Law Education and Research Center; vol. 11), ISBN: 0398031681;
 

___________"The Psychotic Aggressor - A Generation Later", (1993) 27 Israel Law Review 227-246;
 

___________"The Right and the Reasonable", (1985) 98 Harvard Law Review 949-982; also published in in A. Eser et al., eds., Justification and Excuse: Comparative Perspectives, vol. 1, Dobbs Ferry (New York), Transnational Juris Publications, 1987, ISBN: 0929179226, p. 67;
 

___________"The Right Deed for the Wrong Reason: A Reply to Mr. Robinson", (1975) 23 University of California at Los Angeles Law Review 293-321;  also published in Michael Louis Corrado, ed., Justification and Excuse in the Criminal Law: A Collection of Essays, New York, Garland Pub., 1994, pp. 305-339 (series; vol. 831, Garland Reference Library of Social Science; vol. 1, Garland Studies in Applied Ehics), ISBN:  0815308256;
 

___________"The Right to Life", (1979) 13 Georgia Law Review 1371-1394;
 

___________"Rights and Excuses", (Summer/Fall 1984) 3(2) Criminal Justice Ethics 17-27;
 

___________"Should Intolerable Prison Conditions Generate a Justification or an Excuse for Escape?", (1979) 26 University of California at Los Angeles Law Review 1355-1309;
 

___________"Statutory Appendix", [1986] Brigham Young University Law Review 793-807 [includes translations and notes by Professor Fletcher of some sections of the 1871 and 1975 German Penal Code]; available at http://lawreview.byu.edu/archives/1986/3/appendix.pdf (accessed on 24 March 2008);
 

___________"The Theory of Criminal Negligence: A Comparative Analysis", (1971) 119 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 401-438;
 

___________"Truth in Codification", (1998) 31 University of California, Davis 745-763;
 

___________"Two Kinds of Legal Rules: A Comparative Study of Burden-of-Persuasion Practices in Criminal Cases", (1968) 77 Yale Law Journal 880-935;
 

___________"Two Modes of Legal Thought", (1981) 90 Yale Law Journal 970-1003;
 

___________"The Unmet Challenge of Criminal Theory" (1987) 33 Wayne Law Review 1439-1444;
 

___________"What Is Punishment Imposed For?", (1994) 5 Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues 101-111;

    "The significant feature of culpability, as it bears on punishment, is that it comes in degrees. The person who kills under provocation or while suffering from diminished capacity acts with partial culpability. In sentencing, the presumptively reduced culpability of those who are contrite or who have made amends has the impact of reducing punishment. This, as I pointed out earlier, is the feature that renders criminal liability different from tort liability.

    The intersection of two factors, then, determines the level of punishment that justly fits the crime. One is the scale of the wrongdoing; the other is the degree of culpability. They come together in this formula devised by Robert Nozick: P = r.H. The level of punishment equals the degree of responsibility (varying from 0 to 1) times the scale of wrongdoing. Causing rather than just risking harm increases the scale of the wrongdoing. Bringing about the harm negligently rather than intentionally reduces the "r" factor.

    Punishment is imposed, therefore, for wrongdoing as reduced by the extent to which culpability is diminished. This way of understanding punishment is lost on those who think of culpability as an independent factor or even as the central factor in structuring criminal liability." (p. 109)

FUNK, T. Markus, "Justifying Justifications", (1999) 19 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 631-647; the article reviews Schopp's book, Justification Defenses and Just Convictions, supra;
 

GALLANT, Kenneth S., "Is Tragedy Possible?: A Comment on George Fletcher's ‘The Right and the Reasonable'", (1989) 37 American Journal of Comparative Law 595-602;
 

GARDNER, John, "In Defence of Defences", in Flores Juris et Legum: Festskrift till Nils Jareborg, Uppsala: Iustus Forlag,  2002; available at http://users.ox.ac.uk/~lawf0081/explorer/defences.pdf (accessed on 21 April 2003);
 

___________"Fletcher on Offences and Defences", (2004) 39(4) Tulsa Law Review 817-827; copy at Ottawa University, FTX Periodicals; available at  http://users.ox.ac.uk/~lawf0081/fletcher.pdf (accessed on 12 November 2004);
 

___________"The Gist of Excuses", (1998) 1 Buffalo Criminal Law Review 575-598; see critique of article in Tadros, infra;

___________"Justification under Authority", (January 2010) 23(1) The Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 71-98;
 

___________"Justifications and Reasons" in A.P. Simester and  A.T.H. Smith, eds., Harms and Culpability, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996, viii, 280 p., at pp. 103-129  (series; Oxford monographs in criminal law and justice), ISBN: 0198260571;

___________"The Logic of Excuses and the Rationality of Emotions", Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper No 35/2008, September 2008; available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1261764 (accessed on 13 September 2008);
 

___________"Wrongs and Faults", forthcoming in in A.P. Simester, ed., Appraising Strict Liability (OUP 2005); available at  http://users.ox.ac.uk/~lawf0081/fault.pdf  (accessed on 12 November 2004);
 

GARDNER, Martin R., "Review Essay/Self-Defense Theory - Suzanne Uniacke, Permissible Killing: The Self-Defense Justification of Homicide Cambridge University  Press, 231 pp." (Winter/Spring 1995) 14(1) Criminal Justice Ethics 72-79;

GAUVARD, Claude, "Les oppositions à la peine de mort dans le royaume de France : théorie et pratique (xii^e-xv^e siècle)", (2007) numéro 4 Clio & Crimen 22-46; disponible à   http://www.durango-udala.net/portal/RecursosWeb/FTP/KHZ/clio4aldizkaria2007/claude_gauvard_6.pdf   (visité le 19 janvier 2009);

"Le juge, la Loi et la mort
Pour justifier l’action du juge, il restait cependant un point particulièrement délicat: comment concilier le principe divin du Non occides avec l’application de la peine de mort? Autrement dit, un juge qui condamne à mort est-il coupable d’homicide? La question est rapidement évacuée par Alain de Lille qui se réfugie derrière l’existence de la Loi. En jugeant, le juge applique la loi, et pour reprendre la belle formule de Christine Thouzellier paraphrasant le théologien, «ce n’est pas le juge qui tue mais la loi»⁴⁰.
[...]
______
40. THOUZELLIER, Christiane: Catharisme et valdéisme…, op. cit. supra n. 2, p. 103. (pp. 34-35)

GLABE, Scott, "Necessary Conditions for Justification: Actor Knowledge and a Causal Link Between Belief and Action", (2004) 11(3) Dartmouth College Undergraduate Journal of Law 19-25; available at http://rockefeller.dartmouth.edu/assets/pdf/dcujlglabe.pdf  (accessed on 9 September 2007); 
 

GLASER, Stefan, "Les infractions d'omission et le problème de culpabilité", (1961-62) 42 Revue de droit pénal et de criminologie 897-952; copie à l'Université d'Ottawa, K 21 .D725  Location FTX Periodicals;
 

GOLDING, Martin P., "Responsibility" in Martin P. Golding, 1930-,  and William A. Edmundson, 1948-, eds., The Blackwell guide to the philosophy of law and legal theory, Malden, MA : Blackwell Pub., 2005, ix, 355 p., at Chapter 15, pp. 221-235, and see "The General Rationale of Excuses: H.L.A. Hart", at pp. 233-234 (series; Blackwell philosophy guides; 18), ISBN: 0631228314 and 0631228322 (pbk); copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX General,  FTX General, K 235 .B433 2005;
 

GORLÉ, Frits, "Criminal Law" in F.J.M. (Ferdinand Joseph Maria)  Feldbrugge, 1933-,  ed., The Distinctiveness of Soviet Law, Dordrecht/Boston/Lancaster: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987, xix, 272 p., at pp. 227-268, see in particular "Guilt" at pp. 246-251 (series; Law in Eastern Europe; vol. 34), ISBN: 9024735769;
 

GRAFF, Sunny, "Battered Women, Dead Husbands: A Comparative Study  of Justification and Excuse in American and West German Law", (1988) 10 Loyola of Los  Angeles International and Comparative Law Journal 1-55;
 

GREENAWALT, Kent, "Distinguishing Justifications from Excuses",  (1986) 49 Law & Contemporary Problems 89-108;
 

___________"Justifications, Excuses, and a Model Penal Code for Democratic Societies", (Winter/Spring 1998) 17 Criminal Justice Ethics 14-28;
 

___________Law and Objectivity, New York: Oxford University Press, 1992, x, 288 p., ISBN: 019506741X; see pp. 104-107;
 

___________"The Perplexing Borders of Justification and  Excuse", (1984) 84 Columbia Law Review 1897-1927; available at http://scholar.library.csi.cuny.edu/~white/greenawalt.pdf (accessed on 27 January 2008); also published in Michael Louis Corrado, ed., Justification  and Excuse in the Criminal Law: A Collection of Essays, New York, Garland Pub., 1994, pp. 341-376, ISBN: 0815308256 (series; Garland  Reference Library of Social Science, vol. 831;  and Garland Studies in Applied Ehics, vol. 1);  in A. Eser et al., eds.,  Justification and Excuse: Comparative Perspectives, vol. 1, Dobbs Ferry (New York), Transnational Juris Publications, 1987, at p. 263, ISBN: 0929179226;  and in Leo KATZ, Michael S. Moore and  Stephen J. Morse, eds., Foundations of Criminal Law, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, ix, 352 p. at pp. 249-259, followed by "Notes and Questions" at pp. 259-260 (series; Interdisciplinary Readers in Law), ISBN: 0195094956 (cloth) and 0195094964 (paper);
 

GROSS, Hyman, "Some Unacceptable Excuses", (1972-73) 19 Wayne Law Review 997-1005;
 

GUR-ARYE, Miriam, "Should a Criminal Code Distinguish Between  Justification and Excuse", (1992) 5 Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 215-235;
 

___________"Should the Criminal Law Distinguish Between Necessity as a Justification and Necessity as an Excuse?", (1986) 102 Law Quarterly Review 71-89;
 

HALL, Jerome, 1901-, "Comment on Error Juris", (1976) 24 American Journal of Comparative Law 680-688;
 

___________"Comment on Justification and Excuse", (1976) 24 American Journal of Comparative Law 638-645;
 

___________"Comment on Structure and Theory", (1976) 24 American Journal of Comparative Law 615-620;
 

HASSEMER, Winifried, "German Legal Philosophy and the Criminal Law", (1990) 10 Tel Aviv Studies in Law 187-194;
 

___________"Justification and Excuse in Criminal Law:  Theses and Comments", [1986] Brigham Young University Law Review 573-609; one of the best articles on the subject!; available at http://lawreview.byu.edu/archives/1986/3/has.pdf (accessed on 24 March 2008);
 

HEINTZ, Lawrence, "Excuses and 'Ought' Implies 'Can'", (1975) 5 Canadian Journal of Philosophy 449-462;
 

___________"The Logic of Defenses", (1981) 18 American Philosophical Quarterly 243-248;

HEMMENS, Craig, "Defenses to Criminal Liability: Justifications and Excuses", in Richard A. Wright and J. Mitchell Miller, eds., Encyclopedia of Criminology, Scarborough: Routledge/Taylor & Francis, 2004, vol. 1, at p. 377-380, ISBN: 1579584659 for vol. 1 and 1579583873 (for the set of 3 volumes); copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, HV 61017 E53 2005 REF;
 

HERMANN, Joachim, "Causing the Conditions of One's Own Defense: The Multifaceted Approach of German Law", [1986] Brigham Young UniversityLaw Review 747-767; available at http://lawreview.byu.edu/archives/1986/3/her.pdf (accessed on 24 March 2008); also published  in A. Eser et al., eds., Justification and Excuse: Comparative Perspectives, vol. 1, Dobbs Ferry (New York), Transnational Juris Publications, 1987, at p. 745, ISBN: 0929179226;
 

___________"The Federal Republic of Germany" in  Major Criminal Justice Systems : A Comparative Survey edited by George F. Cole, 1935-, Stanislaw J. Frankowski, Marc G. Gertz ;  foreword by Gerhard O.W. Mueller, 2nd ed.,  Newbury Park, Calif. : Sage Publications, c1987,  288 p. at pp. 106-133  (series; Sage focus editions ; vol. 32),  ISBN: 0803925964 ; 0803925972 (pbk.);

HERMIDA, Dr. Julian, "Convergence of Civil Law and Common Law in the Criminal Theory Realm" (2005) 13 University of Miami International & Comparative Law Review 163-232, available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1419262; see
http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1419262  (accessed on 6 August 2009);
 

HOLDCROFT, David, "A Plea for Excuses?", (1969) 44 Philosophy 314-330;
 

HORDER, Jeremy, "Criminal Culpability: The Possibility of a General Theory", (1993) 12 Law and Philosophy 193-215;

____________"Excuses in law and in morality: a response to Marcia Baron", (2006) 1 Criminal Law and Philosophy 41-47; available at http://www.springerlink.com/content/c10l1626748p5346/fulltext.pdf (accessed on 17 February 2007);
 

___________"On the Irrelevance of Motive in Criminal Law" in Jeremy Horder, ed., Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence, Fourth Series, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, [ix], 270 p., Essay 9 at pp. 173-191, ISBN: 0198268580;
 

HÖRNLE, Tatjana, "Social Expectations in the Criminal Law: The “Reasonable Person” in a Comparative Perspective", (2008) 11 New Criminal Law Review 1-32;

HOROWITZ, Donald L., "Justification and Excuse in the Program of  the Criminal Law", (1986) 49 Law and Contemporary Problems 109-126; available at http://eprints.law.duke.edu/archive/00000916/01/49_Law_%26_Contemp._Probs._109_(1986).pdf (accessed on 28 January 2008);
 

HOSNI, Naguib, "L'erreur de droit et son influence sur la responsabilité pénale", [1999]  Revue de science criminelle et de droit pénal comparé 711-727;
 

HOULGATE, Laurence D., "Excuses and the Criminal Law", (1975) 13 Southern Journal of Philosophy 187-195;
 

HRUSCHKA, Joachim, "Imputation", [1986] Brigham Young University Law Review 669-710; available at http://lawreview.byu.edu/archives/1986/3/hru.pdf (accessed on 24 March 2008); also published in in A. Eser et al., eds., Justification and Excuse: Comparative Perspectives, vol. 1, Dobbs Ferry (New York), Transnational Juris Publications, 1987, ISBN: 0929179226, p. 121;
 

___________"Justifictions and Excuses: A Systematic Approach", (2005) 2 Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 407-413; available at http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/osjcl/issue2_articles/Hruschka-PDF-3-22-05.pdf (accessed on 30 April 2005);
 

___________"On the History of Justification and Excuse in Cases of Necessity", in Werner Krawietz, Neil MacCormick and Georg Henrik von Wright, eds., Prescriptive, Normality and Normative Rationality in Modern Legal Systems: Festschrift for Robert S. Summers, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1994, xxx, 705 p. at pp. 337-349, ISBN: 3428078950;
 

HUBER, B. and G. Restle, “Developments of Criminal Law in Europe”, (1994) 2(3) European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 291-306, see “Justification and Excuse” at pp. 300-303;
 

HUBER, B., “Developments of Criminal Law in Europe: an Overview”, (1993) 1(1) European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 57-80, see “Justification and Excuse” at  pp. 67-70;
 

HUIGENS, Kyron, "The Continuity of Justification Defences", (2009) University of Illinois Law Review 627-695; available at http://home.law.uiuc.edu/lrev/publications/2000s/2009/2009_3/Huigens.pdf (accessed on 29 August 2009);

___________"Virtue and Inculpation", (1995) 108 Harvard Law Review 1423-1480;
 

HUGHES, Graham, "How to Define Crime [Book review of George P. Fletcher, Rethinking Criminal Law, supra]", The New York Review of Books, 17 May 1979, vol. 36, # 8, pp. 36-38;
 

HÜNERFELD, Peter, «La perception de la faute dans la responsabilité pénale et la responsabilité civile en droit allemand», (1994) 74 Revue de droit pénal et de criminologie 305-312;
 

HURD, Heidi M., "Justification and Excuse, Wrongdoing and Culpability", (1999) 74 Notre Dame Law Review 1551-1573;
 

HUSAK, Douglas N., 1948-, "Beyond the Justification/Excuse Dichotomy", in M. Reiff, M. Kramer and C. Cruft, eds., Crime, Punishment and Responsibility, Oxford: Ocford University Press, 2011, 408 p., ISBN: 978-0-19-959281-4; title noted in my research but article not consulted yet, 1 November 2011; 

___________"The 'But-Everyone-Does-That' Defense", (1996) 10 Public Affairs Quarterly 307-334;
 

___________"Conflicts of Justifications", (1999) 18 Law and Philosophy 41-68;
 

___________"Justification and the Criminal Liability of  Accessories", (1989) 80 Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 491-520;
 

___________"A Liberal Theory of Excuses -- JEREMY HORDER, EXCUSING CRIME (OXFORD: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS) (2004)", (2005) 3 Ohio State Law Journal of Criminal Law 287-299; available at  http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/osjcl/Articles/Volume3_1/Review/Husak_3-1.pdf (accessed on 10 December 2005);
 

___________"On the Supposed Priority of Justification to Excuse", available at  http://www.lawandphil.rutgers.edu/husak.pdf (accessed on 17 October 2004); now published in (November 2005) 24(6) Law and Philosophy 557-594;
 

___________"Partial Defenses", (1998) 11 Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence 167-192;
 

___________"The Serial View of Criminal Law Defenses", (1992) 3 Criminal Law Forum 369-400;
 

HUSAK, Douglas N. and Andrew Von Hirsch, "Culpability and Mistake of Law" in Stephen Shute, John Gardner and Jeremy Horder, eds., Action and Value in Criminal Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press and New York: Oxford University Press, 1993, viii, 314 p., ISBN: 0198258062, at pp. 157-174;
 

JACKSON, Bernard S., "Towards an Integrated Approach to Criminal Law: Fletcher's Rethinking Criminal Law", [1979] Criminal Law Review 621-629;  research note: a review of Fletcher's book, Rethinking Criminal Law;
 

JAKOBS, Günther, "Imputation in Criminal Law and the Conditions for Norm Validity", (2003-2004) 7 Buffalo Criminal Law Review 491-511;
 

JAREBORG, Nils, 1938-, "Justification and Excuse in Swedish Criminal Law", (1987) 31 Scandinavian Studies in Law 159-174 (this law review is from Stockholm and is edited by Anders Victorin), available at http://sisl.juridicum.su.se/  (accessed on 5 September 2007); alaos available at http://www.cenneth.com/sisl/pdf/31-7.pdf (accessed on 14 January 2009);  also published with a "few editorial changes made" in Nils Jareborg, Essays in Criminal Law, Uppsala: Iustus Förlag, 1988,  151 p., ISBN: 9176781186, chapter 1, pp. 11-27;
 

JESCHECK, Hans-Heinrich, «La conscience humaine et la  responsabilité pénale de l'individu» dans La responsabilité pénale, Travaux du Colloque de philosophie  pénale (12 au 21 janvier 1959), présentés par J. Léauté, Paris: Dalloz, 1961, (Collection :  Annales de la Faculté de droit et des sciences politiques et économiques  de Strasbourg VIII; Travaux de l'Institut de Sciences criminelles et pénitentiaires), pp. 415-429;
 

___________"Criminal Law" in The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed., Chicago, 1995, pp. 817-821, ISBN: 0852296053;
 

___________"The doctrine of mens rea in German criminal law - its historical background and present state" (1975) 8 Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa 112-120;
 

___________"Droit pénal - Procédure pénale", traduction et adaptation par Alfred Rieg, in Michel Fromont and Alfred Rieg, eds., Introduction au droit allemand: République fédérale, tome 2, Droit  public -  Droit pénal, Paris : Éditions Cujas, 1984, pp. 251- 411 et voir les pp. 253-293, ISBN: 2254840308;  importante contribution au sujet;
 

___________"The General Principles of International Criminal Law Set Out in Nuremberg, as Mirrored in the ICC Statute", (2004) 2(1) Journal of International Criminal Justice 38-55,

"The Principle of Culpability

According to the principle of culpability -- if we take it to mean more than the requirement of mens rea in Anglo-American law -- means and measures of punishment must be based on a court's conviction that the defendant is personally reproachable for the crime he or she has committed.  In Germany, culpability exists as a constitutional principle (nulla poena sine culpa).  Abroad, as well, it has become widely accepted because what is at stake is not a theoretical argument, but an essential guarantee of criminal justice." (p. 21)

___________"German Criminal Law Reform: Its Development and Cultural-Historical Background" in Gerhard O. Mueller, ed., Essays in Criminal Science, South Hackensack (N.J.): Fred B. Rothman and London: Sweet  & Maxwell, 1961, xvi, 460 p. at chapter 15, pp. 395-405 (series; Publications of the Comparative Criminal Law Project; volume 1);
 

___________"Histoire, principes et réalisation de la réforme du droit pénal allemand", (1976) Revue de science criminelle et de droit pénal comparé (nouvelle série) 647-659;
 

___________"The New German Criminal Law in the International Context", (1975) 12 Law and State 85-94;
 

___________"Politique criminelle moderne en Allemagne et en France", (1968) 23 Revue de science criminelle et de droit pénal comparé 519-546;
 

___________"Les principes de la réforme actuelle du droit pénal allemand" (1959) Revue de science criminelle et de droit pénal comparé 67-82;
 

___________"Les principes de politique criminelle du Projet d'un code pénal allemand en comparaison avec l'évolution du Droit pénal en Belgique", (1964-65) 45 Revue de droit pénal et de criminologie 205-233;
 

___________"Principes du nouveau droit allemand en comparaison avec les dispositions générales du projet de loi portant réforme du code pénal français", (1987) Revue de science criminelle et de droit pénal comparé 95-103;
 

___________"La structure juridique de la négligence et son régime en Droit pénal moderne", (1965) 36 Revue internationale de droit pénal 21-51;
 

JIMENEZ DE ASUA, Luis, 1889-1970,  «L'antijuridicité», (1951) 22 Revue internationale de droit pénal 273-318;
 

___________"Les problèmes modernes de la culpabilité" in En Hommage à Jean Constant, [Liège, Belgique]: Faculté de droit de Liège, 1971, xliii, 416 p. at pp. 147-155;
 

___________«Théorie normative et Jugement de culpabilité», (1960) 8 Travaux et conférences / Université libre de Bruxelles, Faculté de droit 155-169; copy of this publication, ISSN: 0524-7977,  can be found at Université Laval, Canada;
 

JOLOWICZ, J.A., "Grounds of Justification -- English  Law", in Journées d'études sur le droit de la responsabilité (1984: Gand, Belgique), Limpens, Jean, 1910-1979, Centre interuniversitaire de droit comparé, In  memoriam Jean Limpens : Studiedagen aansprakelijkheidsrecht, Gent, 23-24 maart 1984 = In memoriam Jean Limpens : Journées d'études sur le droit de la responsabilité, Gent, 23-24 mars 1984 = In memoriam Jean Limpens : Symposium on Civil Liability, Gent, 23-24 March 1984, Antwerpen : Kluwer rechtswetenschappen, 1987, xxvii, 311 p., at pp. 223-248 (series; Interuniversitair Centrum voor Rechtsvergelijking; 12), (Collection; Centre interuniversitaire de droit comparé; 12), ISBN: 9063212879; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, K923 Z9 I56 1987; civil law but useful for researchers;
 

"Justification and Excuse  5.1 Distinguishing Justification and Excuse"  in Leo KATZ, Michael S. Moore and Stephen J. Morse,  eds., Foundations of Criminal Law,  New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, ix, 352 p. at pp. 249-250 (series; Interdisciplinary Readers in Law), ISBN: 0195094956 (cloth) and 0195094964 (paper); Research Note: the text is probably written by the three editors, although there is no indication as to the author(s) is;  this book also contains other short parts entitled "Notes and Questions" which deal with justifications and excuses, see at pp. 259-260 and 300-302;
 

KADISH, Sanford H., "Excusing Crime", in Blame and Punishment: Essays in the Criminal Law, New York: MacMillan and London: Collier MacMillan, 1987, viii, 328 p., at chapter 6, pp. 81-106 and 271-276 (notes), ISBN: 0029166918; also published in (1987) 75 California Law Review 257-289;
 

___________"Moral Excess in the Law", (2000-2001) 32  McGeorge Law Review, 63-76, and see "Excuses", at pp. 72-76;
 

KAUFMANN, Armin, "Le rôle de la notion d'acte dans le droit pénal allemand", (1973) 21 Annales de l'Université des sciences sociales de Toulouse 11-26;
 

___________"Problems of Cognition in Legal Science with Reference to Penal Law", (1970) 1 Law and State 18-29;
 

KAYE, Anders, "Resurrecting the Casual Theory of Excuses", Thomas Jefferson School of Law, 2004 Research Paper Series, Public Law and Legal Theory, 59 p.; available at  http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=598543 (accessed on 14 December 2005); published in (2005) 83(4) Nebraska Law Review 1116-1177;
 

KNEALE, W.C. (William Calvert), The Responsibility of Criminals, Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1967, 32 p. (series; Marett memorial lecture, 1967); also with the same title in James Rachels, 1941-, ed., Moral Problems: a collection of philosophical essays, 2nd ed., New York: Harper & Row, 1975, ix, 437 p., at pp. 228-251, ISBN: 0060453079; copy at Ottawa University, MRT General, HM 665 .R235 1975; I have decided to put this entry in the tripartite bibliography because of the following part:

"We often use the word 'blame' to mean the same as 'fix responsibility on'. But if we take 'responsibility' here in a moral sense, it looks as though we were going round in circles.  For in this sense we say that to hold a man responsible is to consider him blameworthy and then that to blame him is to fix responsibility on him.  It is easy, however, to escape from the circle.  In its basic use 'blame' does not mean 'fix responsibility on,' but rather 'speak ill of,' 'censure,' 'find fault with.'  If the blame is expressed to the person blamed, it may also be called reproach, reproof, reprimand, chiding, or scolding according to the relation of the speaker to the person addressed and the manner he adopts.  In all cases it is assumed that the person blamed could have chosen to act otherwise, but it is not essential that blame should be expressed to the person blamed for the purpose of influencing his behaviour in future, or indeed that it should be made known to anyone.  We can blame dead men in our hearts." (pp. 245-246);

KÖHLER, Michaël, "Le droit pénal entre public et privé" dans Archives de philosophie du droit, Tome 41,  Le privé et le public, Paris: Sirey, 1997, 585 p. aux pp. 199-206; note à la p. 199: "Trad. Seminär für Rechtsphilosophie (Hambourg), révision Centre Phil. Droit Université Montesquieu (Bordeaux)";
 

KREMNITZER, Mordechai, "Proportionality and the Psychotic Agressor: Another View", (1983) 18 Israel Law Review 178-214;
 

KUGLER, Itzhak, "On the Possibility of a Criminal Law Defence for Conscientious Objection", (1997) 10 The Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence 387-439, and see on justification and excuse, pp. 391-398;
 

LACEY, Nicola, "Partial Defences to Homicide: Questions of Power and Principle in Imperfect and Less Imperfect Worlds", in Andrew Ashworth and Barry Mitchell, eds., Rethinking English Homicide Law, Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2000, xx, 205 p., at pp. 107131, ISBN: 0198299044 and 019829915X (pbk);  copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, Ottawa, KF9305 R48 2000;
 

LACKNER, Karl, "Insanity and Prevention: On Linking Culpability and Prevention in the Concept of Insanity", [1986] Brigham Young University Law Review 769-807;  available at http://lawreview.byu.edu/archives/1986/3/lac.pdf (accessed on 24 March 2008);
 

LAGODNY, Otto, "Human Dignity and Its Impact on German Substantive Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure", (1999) 33(3) Israel Law Review 575-591, see the "Principle of Guilt" at p. 586;
 

LAPPI-SEPPÄLÄ, Tapio, "The Doctrine of Criminal Liability and the Draft Criminal Code for Finland" in Raimo Lahti and Kimmo Nuotio, eds., Criminal Law Theory in Transition: Finnish and Comparative Perspectives/Strafrechtstheorie Im Umbruch Finnische und vergleichendePerspektiven, Helsinki:  Finish Lawyers' Publishing Company, 1992, xiv, 604 p., at pp. 214-246, ISBN: 9516405940;
 

LAREAU, François,  "Le dualisme et un contre courant dans l'infraction de commission intentionnelle", 1989, revu 2001;

___________ "Notes sur l'article 35 du Code pénal de la République fédérale d'Allemagne -- état de nécessité en tant qu'excuse", [Ottawa], 1990, 13 p.;

__________"La théorie tripartite de l'infraction", 2000, mise à jour 2006;
 

___________"The Tripartite Theory of the Offence", 2000, updated 2006;

___________"Why It Is Important To Continue Distinguishing Between Excuses and Justifications, 1986, reviewed 1987;
 

LEBLOIS-HAPPE, Jocelyne, Éric Mathias, Xavier Pin et Julien Walther, "Chronique de droit pénal allemand", (2002) 73(3-4) Revue internationale de droit pénal 1229-1259;

"La théorie de l'infraction allemande (Verbrechenslehre) est d'ailleurs un bel exemple de la complexité atteinte parfois par les auteurs allemands dans leurs constructions conceptuelles.  Pour simplifier, on notera que l'infraction est 'un comportement punissable, typique, illicite (ou antijuridique) et coupable'³⁵.  Ce que le droit français regroupe sous les éléments matériels et intellectuels se retrouve partiellement sous la rubrique 'typicité objective et subjective'; le type ou Tatbestand correspondant à la description du comportement prohibé, dans son aspect matériel et moral.  Quant à l'illicéité allemande, elle est plus que l'élément injuste' du droit français; elle a un contenu positif et matériel propre, en ce sens qu'elle consiste en une atteinte à la valeur juridique protégée par l'incriminaton, une lésion du bien juridique (Rechtsgut).  En conséquence, l'incrimination allemande est une interdiction dont la détermination procède d'abord d'un choix de valeurs (les biens juridiques) dont la lésion implique l'illicéité de l'acte incriminé (Rechtswidrigkeit).  L'incrimination procède ensuite d'un commandement légal comportant une prohibition ou une prescription (Tatbestand) visant précisément à protéger les biens juridiques.  Dès lors, si un comportement est contraire à ce commandement et qu'il n'est pas justifié, il constitue un acte illicite (Unrecht) et peut être imputé à un auteur.  La question de l'imputation subjective relève de l'examen de la culpabilité (Schuld)." (pp. 1235-1236)

LEIGH, L.H., "Book Review of Justification and Excuse in the Criminal Law by J.C. Smith", (1989) 52 Modern Law Review 868-869;
 

LELLING, Andrew E., "A Psychological Critique of Character-Based Theories of Criminal Excuse", (1998) 49 Syracuse Law Review 35-97;
 

LENCKNER, Theodor, "The Principle of Interest Balancing as a Basis of Justification", [1986] Brigham Young University Law Review 645-668; available at http://lawreview.byu.edu/archives/1986/3/len.pdf (accessed on 24 March 2008); also published in in A. Eser et al., eds., Justification and Excuse: Comparative Perspectives, vol. 1, Dobbs Ferry (New York): Transnational Juris Publications, 1987, ISBN: 0929179226, p. 493;
 

LICCI, Giorgio, "Quelques remarques sur les racines allemandes du droit pénal italien", (avril-juin 2003) 55(2) Revue internationale de droit comparé 309-330;
 

LINDGREN, J. Ralph, "Criminal Responsibility Reconsidered", (1987) 6 Law and Philosophy 89-114;
 

LYONS, Daniel, "Is Hart's Rationale for Legal Excuses Workable?", (1969-70) 8 Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review 496-502; Research Note: see the article of Todd, infra, commenting on Lyons' article;
 

___________"Unobvious Excuses in the Criminal Law", (1972-73) 19 Wayne Law Review 925-945;
 

LYONS, David, "On Sanctioning Excuses", (1969) 66 Journal of Philosophy 646-660; Research Notes: for articles commenting on this article, see Nowell-Smith, infra and Siegler, infra;
 

MANACORDA, Stefano, "La théorie générale de l'infraction pénale en France: lacunes ou spécificités de la science pénale", (1999) 79 Revue de droit pénal et de criminologie 35-53;
 

MANNHEIM, Hermann, "Mens Rea in German and English Criminal Law  [Part I, II and III]", (1935) 17 Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law (3rd series) 82-101 and 236-250; and (1936) vol. 18, pp. 78- 93;
 

MAYER, Helmuth, "Les fondements du droit pénal allemand actuel", (1967) 38 Revue internationale de droit pénal 61-76;
 

McAULEY, Finbarr, "The Theory of Justification and Excuse: Some Italian Lessons", (1987) 35 American Journal of Comparative Law 359-380;
 

McGILLIVRAY, Anne, "Reconciling the Defences: A Response to the White Paper", [Ottawa]: The Department of Justice Canada, Law Reform Division, 1994, 14 p., see "Justification and Excuse", at pp. 10-12; copy available at the National Library, Ottawa; available at http://web.archive.org/web/20001001083403/http://129.128.19.162/docs/recondoj.html  and at my Digital Library; (accessed on 8 July 2008); also published in French / aussi publié en français: "L'harmonisation des moyens de défense une réponse au livre blanc, 24 p., voir "La justification et l'excuse" aux pp. 18-22; copie disponible à la Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, Ottawa, disponible à ma Bibliothèque numérique;
 

MILHIZER, Eugene R., "Group Status and Criminal Defenses: Logical  Relationship  or Marriage of  Convenience?",  (Summer 2006)  71(3) Missouri Law Review 547-635; available at http://law.missouri.edu/lawreview/docs/71-3/Milhizer.pdf (accessed on 26 February 2008); deals with battered woman syndrome as justification/excuse; also available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1499800  (accessed on 8 November 2009);

___________"Justification and excuse: what they were, what they are, and what they ought to be", (Summer 2004) 78 St. John's Law Review 725-895; important contribution; available at  http://new.stjohns.edu/media/3/d0d98389221a4f0b9956ce8ae1f107ad.pdf, (accessed on 10 December 2005);
 

MOORE, Michael S., 1943-, "Causation and the Excuses", (1985) 73 California Law Review 1091-1149; also published by the same author in Placing Blame: A General  Theory of the Criminal Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997, xxi, 849 p., ISBN:0198254172, chapter 12, pp. 481-547;
 

___________"Choice, Character, and Excuse" (1990) 7(2) Social Philosophy and Policy 29-58; this article is also published in: Ellen Frankel Paul, Fred D. Miller Jr, and Jeffrey Paul, eds.,  Crime, Culpability and Remedy, Oxford and Cambridge (MA): Basil  Blackwell, 1990, ISBN: 0631173048 at pp. 29-58; Michael Louis Corrado, ed., Justification and Excuse in the Criminal Law: A Collection of Essays, New York, Garland Pub., 1994, pp. 197-240, ISBN:  0815308256 (series; vol. 831, Garland Reference Library of Social Science; vol. 1, Garland Studies in Applied Ehics); in Placing Blame: A General Theory of the Criminal Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997, xxi, 849 p.,  at chapter 13, pp. 548-592, available at http://www.law.upenn.edu/cf/faculty/phrobins/conversations/papers/MooreChoiceCharacterandExcuse.pdf; (accessed on 25 March 2008), ISBN:0198254172; finally, pp. 29, 31, 33, 35, 37-41, 43-51, 53-58 of the article in Social Philosophy and Policy are also published  in Leo KATZ, Michael S. Moore and Stephen J. Morse, eds., Foundations of Criminal Law, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, ix, 352 p. at pp. 290-300 (series; Interdisciplinary Readers in Law), ISBN: 0195094956 (cloth) and 0195094964 (paper);
 

___________"A Theory of Criminal Law Theories", (1990) 10 Tel Aviv University Studies in Law 115-185;
 

MORAWETZ, Thomas, 1942-, "Book Review: Rethinking Criminal Law. By George Fletcher. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1978, Pp. 898", (1978-79) 13 Georgia Law Review 1558-1564;
 

___________"Introduction" in Thomas Morawetz, ed., Criminal Law, 2nd ed., Aldershot (England): Darmouth, Ashgate, 2000, xvi, 478 p. at pp. xi-xvi, see in particular "Doctrinal Issues: The Limits of Responsibility" at pp. xiii-xiv (series; The international library of essays in law and legal theory; 2nd ser.; volume 5), ISBN: 184014775X;
 

___________"Reconstructing the Criminal Defenses: The  Significance of Justification", (1986) 77 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 277-307; article also found in Thomas Morawetz, Law's premises, law's promise : jurisprudence after Wittgenstein, Aldershot, Hampshire, England ; Burlington, Vt. : Ashgate/Dartmouth, c2000, xiv, 334 p., at p. 301 (Essay 8), ISBN: 0754620131;
 

MORISON, John, "Hart's Excuses: problems with a Compromise Theory of Punishment" in  Philip Leith, 1954-,  and Peter Ingram, eds., The Jurisprudence of orthodoxy : Queen's University essays on H.L.A. Hart, London : Routledge, 1988, 216 p., at pp. 117-146, ISBN: 0415003059;
 

MORKEL, Dan W., "On the Distinction Between Recklessness and Concious Negligence", (1982) 30 American Journal of Comparative Law 325-333;
 

MORSE, Stephen, J., "Brain and Blame" (1996) 84 The Georgetown Law Journal 527-549; also published in part  in Leo Katz, Michael S. Moore and Stephen J. Morse,  eds., Foundations of Criminal Law, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, ix, 352 p. at pp. 277-285 (series; Interdisciplinary Readers in Law), ISBN: 0195094956 (cloth) and 0195094964 (paper);

___________"Criminal Responsibility and the Disappearing Person", (2007) 28(6) Cardozo Law Review 2544-2575; available at http://www.cardozolawreview.com/PastIssues/28.6_morse.pdf (accessed on 15 march 2008);
 

___________"Culpability and Control", (1993-94) University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1587-1660;
 

___________"Excusing and the New Excuse Defenses: A Legal and Conceptual Review", (1998) 23 Crime and Justice: A Review of Research 329-406;
 

___________"Immaturity and Irresponsability", (1997-98) 88 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 15-67;
 

___________"The ‘New Syndrome Excuse Syndrome'",  (Winter/Spring 1995) 14(1) Criminal Justice Ethics 3-15;
 

___________"Reason, Results, and Criminal Responsibility", (2004) Illinois Law Review 363-444, and see "Justification", at pp. 405-409;
 

MOSKAL,  James, "Justification, excuse, and resisting unlawful arrest", (1987) 33(4) Wayne Law Review 1471-1495;
 

MOUSOURAKIS, George, "Character, Choice and Criminal Responsibility", (1998) 39  Les Cahiers de Droit  51-73;
 

___________"Criminal Responsibility, Character and the Excuses", (1998) 19 Obiter 1-17;  Obiter is a legal periodical published under the auspices of the Faculty of Law of the University of Port Elizabeth, South Africa;
 

___________"Distinguishing Between Justifications and Excuses in the Criminal Law", (1998) 9 Stellenbosch Law Review 165-181;
 

___________"Justification and Excuse", (1998) 7(1) Tilburg Foreign Law Review; this periodical is published by Tilburg University, The Netherlands; not consulted yet;

"Anglo-American criminal law doctrine proceeds from the principle that a person cannot be found guilty of an offence unless two basic elements are established: the conduct or state of affairs which a particular offence prohibits and the state of mind which a person must have at the time of such conduct or state of affairs. Criminal liability and punishment depend, moreover, upon the absence of certain excusing or justifying conditions." (source: http://stuwww.kub.nl/tflr/index2.htm, accessed on 18 January 2003)

MÜELLER, Gerhard O.W., "Causing Criminal Harm" in Gerhard O.W. Mueller, ed., Essays in Criminal Science, South Hackensack (New Jersey): Fred B. Rothman  and London (England): Sweet & Maxwell, 1961, pp. 169-214;
 

___________"The German Draft Criminal Code 1960- An Evaluation in Terms of American Criminal Law", (1961) Current Problems in Criminal Law 25-77; also published in [1961] University of Illinois Law Forum 25-77;

MUÑOZ-CONDE, Francisco and  Luis Ernesto Chiesa, "The Act Requirement as a Basic Concept of Criminal Law", (2007) 28 Cardozo Law Review 2461-2480; available at http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1407&context=lawfaculty and  http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/lawfaculty/408/ (accessed on 24 May 2008);

MURPHY, Jeffrie G., "Forgiveness and Resentment" in Peter A. Finch, Theodore E. Uhling and Howard K. Wetterstein, eds., Social and Political Philosophy, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982, 546 p., at pp. 503-516; at pp. 506 determines that forgiveness is not a justification, an excuse nor is it mercy; moral philosophy; (series; Midwest Studies in Philosophy; volume 7), ISBN: 0816611300 and 0816611297 (pbk.); copy at the University of Ottawa, JC 571 .S57 1982 MRT;
 

NAUCKE, Professor Dr. Wolfgang, "An Insider's Perspective on the  Significance of the German Criminal Theory's General System for Analyzing Criminal Acts",  [1984] Brigham Young University Law Review 305-321; available at http://lawreview.byu.edu/archives/1984/3/german.pdf (accessed on 24 March 2008);
 

NEUMANN, K., "Part V - Criminal Law" in Manual of German Law,  Volume II - Private International Law, Civil Procedure, Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1952, see in particular pp. 72-96;
 

NEUMANN, Ulfrid, "Mistake of Law", (1996) 30  Israel Law Review  207-213;
 

NORRIE, Alan W. (Alan William), 1953-, "Legal and Moral Judgment in the 'General Part'" in Peter Rush, Shaun McVeigh, 1947-, and Alison Young, eds., Criminal Legal Doctrine, Aldershot: Dartmouth Publishing, 1997, xi, 222 p., Essay 1 at pp. 1-27, see in particular, "Intention, Justification and Excuse" at pp. 13-16, ISBN: 1855219697; copy at the Library of the Suprme Court of Canada, K5018 C75 1997;
 

NOURSE, Victoria, "The New Normativity: The Abuse Excuse and the Resurgence of Judgment in the Criminal Law", (1998) 50 Stanford Law Review1435-1470; Research Note: the author reviews the book by James Q. Wilson, Moral Judgment: Does the Abuse Excuse Threaten Our Legal System?, New York: Harper Collins, 1997, ix, 134 p.;
 

NOWELL-SMITH, P.H., "Comments and Criticism: On Sanctioning Excuses", (1970) 67 The Journal of Philosophy 609-619; Research Note: the author comments on Lyons' article, supra;
 

OEHLER, Dietrich, «La conception juridique allemande de la culpabilité», (1976) 24 Annales de l'Université des Sciences Sociales de Toulouse  73-84 (Travaux du Colloque international du cinquantenaire de l'Institut de criminologie et des sciences pénales de Toulouse, Toulouse, France, 22-27 septembre 1975);
 

PAIZES, Andrew, "Unreasonable Conduct and Fault in the Criminal Law", (1996) 113 The South African Law Journal 237-266;
 

PILLSBURY, Samuel H., "The Meaning of Deserved Punishment: An Essay on Choice, Character, and Responsibilty", (1991-92) 67 Indiana Law Journal 719-752;
 

PIOTET, Paul, "La doctrine dite finaliste de l'infraction (‘finale Handlungslehre'): étude critique", (1956) 71 Revue pénale suisse/Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Strafrecht 385-414;
 

PIN, Xavier, "La théorie du consentement de la victime en droit pénal allemand" (avril-juin 2003) Revue de science criminelle et de droit pénal comparé 259-276; importante contribution, sur la notion de bien juridique etc.;
 

___________"La traduction des concepts de droit pénal -- L'exemple franco-allemand", in Sprache und Identität in frankophonen Kulturen -- Langues, identité et francophonie, Jahbuch des Frankreichzentrums der Universität des Saarlandes, Band 4/2001-2003, pp. 149-172;  titre noté dans mes recherches mais article non consulté; aucune copie dans les université canadiennes comprises dans le catalogue AMICUS de Bibliothèque et Archives Canada (vérification du 9 septembre 2004);
 

POZO, José Hurtado, «Le principe de la légalité, le rapport de causalité et la culpabilité: réflexions sur la dogmatique pénale», (1987) 104 Revue  pénale suisse/Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Strafrecht  23-56;
 
"Preliminary Report of the Criminal Law Commissionners of Massachusetts",  (1843) 3 Law Magazine 287-339; available at http://books.google.com/books?id=2KgsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA327&dq=homicide&as_brr=1  and http://books.google.com/books?id=2KgsAAAAIAAJ&dq=homicide&as_brr=1 (accessed on 2 December 2007);

PRICE, Terry L., 1966-,  "Faultless Mistake of Fact: Justification or Excuse?", (Summer/Fall 1993) 12(2) Criminal Justice Ethics 14-28;
 

QUIGLEY, John, "The Common Law's Theory of Criminal Liability: A  Challenge From Across The Atlantic", (1989) 11 Whittier Law Review 479-509;
 

QUIGLEY, Tim, "R. v. Latimer: Hard Cases Make Interesting Law",  (1995) 41 Criminal Reports (4th) 89-99;
 

R. v. Langlois (1993) 19 Criminal Reports (4th) 87 (Quebec Court  of Appeal); also reported at 80 Canadian Criminal Cases (3d) 28 and Revue de jurisprudence du  Québec 675 [this decision deals with s. 17 of the Criminal Code of Canada, compulsion by threats / cette décision traite de l'article 17 du Code criminel, la contrainte par menaces];
 

R. v. Ruzic, [2001] Supreme Court of Canada Reports 687 on appeal from R.. v. Ruzic (1998) 18 C.R (5th) 58-95 (Ont. C.A.); Ruzic is available on the internet at http://www.ontariocourts.on.ca/decisions/1998/august/ruzic.htm (as noticed on 1 June 1999) [this decision deals with s. 17 of the Criminal Code of Canada, compulsion by threats / cette décision traite de l'article 17 du Code criminel, la contrainte par menaces];
 

RADBRUCH, G.L., (Gustav L.), 1878-1949, "Jurisprudence in the Criminal Law", (1936) 18 Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law (3rd series) 212-225;
 

RAJCZI, Alexander James, Blame and the Scope of Moral Requirement, Ph.D. (Philosophy), University of California, Los Angeles, 2000, 173 p., see Chapter 6, "Excuses and Justifications"; thesis advisor:  Barbara Herman;
 

RICO, M. José, "L'intention criminelle en droit comparé" in Travaux du quatrième colloque international de droit comparé tenu à Ottawa (Canada)  du  5 au 7 septembre 1966 sous les auspices du Centre canadien de droit comparé, de la faculté de droit de l'Université d'Ottawa, de l'Association  canadienne de droit comparé/Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Comparative Law held in Ottawa (Canada) September 5 to 7,  1966 under the patronage of The Canadian and Foreign Law Research Centre, The Faculty of Law of the University of Ottawa, The Canadian Association of Comparative Law, Ottawa: Éditions de l'Université d'Ottawa/University of Ottawa Press, 1967, (series; Collection des travaux de la Faculté de droit de l'Université d'Ottawa), pp. 164-183, see in particular pp. 164-167;
 

ROBERT, Jacques-Henri, "L'histoire des éléments de l'infraction", (1977) Revue de science criminelle et de droit pénal comparé 269-284;
 

ROBINSON, Paul H., 1948-, "The Bomb Thief and the Theory of Justification Defences", (1997) 8 Criminal Law Forum 387-409; also with the same title in (1999) 22 Tel Aviv University Law Review 65;  available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=136989 (accessed on 14 October 2007);
 

___________"Competing Theories of Justification: Deeds Versus Reasons", in A.P. Simester and  A.T.H. Smith, eds., Harm and Culpability, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996, viii, 280 p., at pp. 44-70 (series; Oxford monographs in criminal law and justice), ISBN: 0198260571; available at  http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID10142_code030114560.pdf?abstractid=10142 (accessed on 18 January 2003); 

___________"Criminal Law Defenses: A Systematic  Analysis", (1982) 82 Columbia Law Review 199-291; available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=662043  (accessed on 14 October 2007);

 
___________"A Functional Analysis of Criminal Law", (1994) 88 Northwestern University Law Review 857-913; also published in Thomas Morawetz, 1942-, ed., Criminal Law, 2nd ed., Aldershot (England): Darmouth, Ashgate, 2000, xvi, 478 p. at pp. 3-59 (series; The international library of essays in law and legal theory; 2nd ser.; volume 5), ISBN: 184014775X;  available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=662024 (accessed on 26 March 2008);
  

___________"In Defense of the Model Penal Code: A Reply to Professor Fletcher", (1998) 2 Buffalo Criminal Law Review 25-43 (Symposium "Toward a New Federal Criminal Code");  available at  SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=137130 or DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.137130 (accessed on 26 March 2008);
 

___________"Justification Defenses in Situations of Unavoidable Uncertainty: A Reply to Professor Ferzan", (November 2005) 24(6) Law and Philosophy 775-784;  also with the same title at at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=969820 (accessed on 15 March 2007);
 

_ __________"Objective Versus Subjective Justification: A Case Study in Function and Form in Constructing a System of Criminal Law Theory",  Robinson, Ferzan & Garvey, eds., Criminal Law Conversions, 2009; also Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series Research Paper No. #08-23; available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1141982* (accessed on 11 June 2008);

___________"Rules of Conduct and Principles of Adjudication", (1990) 57 University of Chicago Law Review 729-771; available at at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=662044 (accessed on 26 March 2008);
 

___________"Structuring Criminal Codes to Perform Their Function", (2000) 4(1) Buffalo Criminal Law Review 1-11; available on the internet at  http://wings.buffalo.edu/law/bclc/bclrarticles/4(1)/robinsonpdf.pdf;
 

___________"A Theory of Justification: Societal Harm as a  Prerequisite for Criminal Liability", (1975) 23 University of California at Los Angeles Law Review 266-292; also published in Michael Louis Corrado, ed., Justification and Excuse in the Criminal Law: A Collection of Essays, New York,  Garland Pub., 1994, pp. 283-304, ISBN: 0815308256 (series; vol. 831, Garland Reference Library of Social Science; vol. 1, Garland Studies in Applied Ehics);
 

___________"Why Does the Criminal Law Care What the Layperson Thinks Is Just? Coercive Versus Normative Crime Control", (2000) 86 Virginia Law Review 1839-1869; see "Recognizing Excuse Defenses" at pp. 1842-1845; available at at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=184735  or DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.184735 (accessed on 26 March 2008);

ROBINSON, Paul H. et al., "Objective Versus Subjective Justification: A Case Study in Function and Form in Constructing a System of Criminal Law Theory" in Paul H. Robinson, Stephen P. Garvey and Kimberly Kessler Ferzan, eds., Criminal Law Conversations, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 2009, xxvii, 732 p., Chapter 16, at pp. 343-363, ISBN: 9780195391633 and 0195391632; copy at Fauteux, K5018 .C753 2009;

ROBINSON, Paul H., 1948-, and John M., Darley, "The Role of Deterrence in the Formulation of Criminal Law Rules: At Its Worst When Doing Its Best", (2003) 91(5) The Georgetown Law Journal 949-1002, see "Justification Defenses", at pp. 969-971; available at at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=661101 (accessed on 26 March 2008);
 

___________"Testing Competing Theories of Justification", (1998) 76 North Carolina Law Review 1095-1143; available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=136811 (accessed on 14 October 2007);
 

ROBINSON, Paul H., 1948-, and Jane A. Grall, "Element Analysis in  Defining Criminal Liability: The Model Penal Code and Beyond", (1983) 35 Stanford Law Review 681-762; available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=662025  (accessed on 26 March 2008);

ROMMENEY,  "Les troubles de la conscience sous l'influence de  l'alcool", in La responsabilité pénale, Travaux du Colloque de philosophie pénale (12 au 21  janvier 1959), J. Léauté, ed., Paris: Dalloz, 1961, (Annales de la Faculté de droit et des sciences politiques et économiques de Strasbourg VIII; Travaux de l'Institut de Sciences criminelles et pénitentiaires), pp. 205-215;
 

ROSEN, Cathryn Jo, "The Excuse of Self-Defense: Correcting A Historical Accident On Behalf Of Battered Women Who Kill", (1986) 36 American University Law  Review 11- 56;
 

ROXIN, Claus, "Crime Policy and the Criminal Law System", (1972) 6 Law and State 32-59;
 

___________"The Dogmatic Structure of Criminal Liability in  the General Part of the Draft Israeli Penal Code - A Compararison with German Law", (1996) 30  Israel Law Review  60-81; see in particular pp. 60-61 and 63-66;
 

RYU, Paul K., "Causation in Criminal Law", (1958) 106 University  of Pennsylvania Law Review 773-805;
 

___________"Discussion of Structure and Theory", (1976) 24  American Journal of Comparative Law 602-613;
 

___________"The New Korean Criminal Code of October 3, 1953.  An Analysis of Ideologies Embedded in It", (1957) 48 Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and  Political Science 275-295;
 

RYU, Paul K. and SILVING, Helen, "Comment on Error Juris", (1976) 24 American Journal of Comparative Law 689-693;
 

___________"Error Juris: A Comparative Study", (1957) 24 University of Chicago Law Review 421-471;
 

___________"Misleading Issues in Criminal Law", (1974) 8 Israel Law Review 311-324;
 

___________"Toward a Rational System of Criminal Law", (1963) 32 University of Puerto Rico Law Review (Revista Juridica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico) 119-145  (also published in the Seoul National University Law Review, Korea circa 1962 or 1963);

SCHNEIDER, Eric, "Justifications and Excuses" in  J. Stone and R. Woetzel, eds., Toward a Feasible International Cruiminal Court, Geneva: World Peace Through Law Center, 1970, pp. 233-241, available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1939410 (accessed on 16 October 2011);
 

SCHOOP, Robert F., "Justification Defenses and Just Convictions",  (1993) 24 Pacifist Law Journal 1233-1321;
 

SCHOOP, Robert F., Barbara J. Sturgis and Megan Sullivan, "Battered Woman Syndrome, Expert Testimony, and the Distinction Between  Justification and Excuse",  [1994] University of Illinois Law Review 45-113;
 

SCHREIBER, Hans-Ludwig, "Definitions of Criminal responsibility and of psychological and Pathological Factors which May Mitigate or Exclude Such Responsibility", in Criminological Colloquium (7th : 1985), Studies on criminal responsibility and psychiatric treatment of mentally ill offenders : reports presented to the seventh Criminological Colloquium (1985),  Strasbourg : Council of Europe, 1986, 103 p., at pp. 27-45  (series;  Collected studies in criminological research; volume 24), ISBN:  9287108994; also published in French / aussi publié en français dans: Colloque criminologique (7me : 1985 : Strasbourg), Études sur la responsabilité pénale et le traitement psychiatrique des délinquants malades mentaux : rapports/ présentés au septième Colloque criminologique (1985), Strasbourg : Conseil de l'Europe, Comité européen pour les problèmes criminels, c1986, 109 p. (Collection; études relatives à la recherche criminologique; volume 24), ISBN: 9287108986;

"A so-called pragmatic conception of guilt which is detached from the insolvable controversy of determination and indermination is gaining ground.  According to this conception, guilt means the principle of individual attribution of behaviour that deviates from rules.  This attribution requires it 'being someone's fault'.  A person can only be held responsible under criminal law if he could have acted (behaved) in a different way, for example, if it was his fault, and not just because damage occurred.  This 'being able to act (behave) in a different way' is of course not to be seen in the meaning of the indeterministic understanding of freedom.  It only means that somebody else in a comparable situation would normally have been able to act differently, according to the rules, for example, in the sense that, judging by our experience, he had full scope for acting (behaving) as he did.  For that reason, a basic requirement for the reproach of guilt is not the ethical freedom of choice but the normal ability to be motivated by social rules." (p. 29)

___________"Problems of Justification and Excuse in  the Setting of Accessorial Conduct", [1986] Brigham Young University Law Review 611-643; available at http://lawreview.byu.edu/archives/1986/3/sch.pdf (accessed on 24 March 2008);
 

SCHRÖDER, Horst, "German Criminal Law and Its Reform", (1965) 4 Duquesne University Law Review 97-113;
 

SCHULTZ, Hans, "Un tournant nouveau de la réforme du droit pénal allemand", (1968) 20 Revue internationale de droit comparé 493-509;
 

SCHUMANN, Heribert, Prof. Dr., "Criminal Law", in Werner F. Ebke and Matthew  W. Finkin, eds., Introduction to German Law, The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1996, chapter 14, pp. 383-412, ISBN: 9041101977;
 

SCHÜNEMANN, Bernd, "The System of Criminal Wrongs: The Concept of Legal Goods and Victim-based Jurisprudence as a Bridge between the General and Special Parts of the Criminal Code", (2003-2004) 7 Buffalo Criminal Law Review 551-582;
 

SCHWENK, Edmund H., "Criminal Codification and General Principles of Criminal Law in Germany and the United States - A Comparative Study" (1941) 15 Tulane Law Review 541-566;
 

SENDOR, Benjamin B., "Mistakes of Fact: A Study in the Structure of Criminal Conduct", in Michael Louis Corrado, ed., Justification and Excuse in the Criminal Law: A Collection of Essays, New York, Garland Pub., 1994, pp. 163-196 (series; vol. 831, Garland Reference Library of Social Science;  vol. 1, Garland  Studies in Applied Ehics), ISBN: 0815308256; originally published in (1990) 25 Wake Forest Law Review 707- 782;
 

___________"The Relevance of Conduct and Character to Guilt and Punishment", (1996) 10 Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy 99-136;
 

SHTEIR, Vicki, "Positivist Roots of Criminal Law and the West German Criminal Law Reform", (1978-79) 10 Rutgers Camden Law Journal 613-641;
 

SIEGLER, Frederick Adrian, "Lyons on Sanctioning Excuses", (1970) 67 The Journal of Philosophy 620-628; Research Note: the author comments on Lyons' article, supra;
 

SILVING, Helen, "‘Guilt': A Methodological Study", (1963) 32 Revista Juridica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico / University of Puerto Rico Law Review 11-40 [reproduced with modifications from Helen Silving, Essays on Mental  Incapacity and Criminal Conduct, Springfield (Illinois): Charles C. Thomas, 1967, xvi, 379 p.];
 

___________"‘Rule of Law' in Criminal Justice", in Gerhard O. Mueller, ed., Essays in Criminal Science, London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1961, chapter 5, pp. 77-154,  see pp.  98-121;
 

SINGER, Richard G., "No Excuse for a Law Professor - Book Review of Alan M. Dershowitz, The Abuse Excuse And Other Cop-outs, Sob Stories,  and Evasions of  Responsibility", (1995) 6 Criminal Law Forum 121- 128;
 

SMITH, A.T.H., "On Actus Reus and Mens Rea" in P.R. Glazebrook, ed., Reshaping the Criminal Law, London: Stevens & Sons, 1978, xii, 492 p., at pp. 95-107, ISBN: 042045540;
 

SMITH, Holly M., "Excuses" in  Lawrence Becker and Charlotte B. Becker, 1944-,  eds., Encyclopedia of  Ethics, 2nd ed., New York and London: Routledge, 2001, vol. 1 at pp. 506-508, ISBN: 0415936721 (for the set of 3 volumes); copy at Carleton University, Ottawa,  Floor 2 Reference, BJ63.E45 2001;
 

SMITH, K.J.M., and William Wilson, "Impaired Voluntariness and Criminal Responsibility: Reworking Hart's Theory of Excuses - The English Judicial response",  (1993) 13 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 69-98;
 

SNYMAN, C.R., "Confusion Concerning the Defence of Ignorance of Law", (1994) 11 South African Law Journal 1-5;
 

___________"The Definition of the Proscription and the Structure of Criminal Liability", (1994) 111 South African Law Journal 65-79;
 

___________"The ‘Finalistic' theory of an act in criminal law (part one)" and "The ‘Finalistic' theory of an act in criminal law (part two)" (1979) 3 South African  Journal of  Criminal Law and Criminology 3-11 and 136-144; deals with the theory of Hans Welzel; very important contribution to the subject;
 

___________"The Normative Concept of Mens Rea - A New Development in Germany", (1979) 28 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 211-220;
 

___________"Notes and Comments: The Attack on German Criminal Legal Theory - A Retort", (1985) 102 South African Law Journal 120-132;
 

SOOTAK, Jaan, "The Civil Law Institutes as Part of Criminal Law (Uniformity of the Legal Order and the Criminal Law Reform in Estonia)", (2001) Juridica International 178-183; available at http://www.juridica.ee/international_en.php?document=en/international/2001/1/24240.SUM.php  (accessed on 11 February 2006);

___________"The definition and structure of offence in the Penal Code [of Estonia]", (2002) issue II Juridica 447-455; ISSN: 1406-1074; title noted in my research but article not consulted;  abstract available athttp://www.juridica.ee/juridica_en.php?document=en/articles/2001/7/7421.SUM.php (accessed on 11 February 2006);  in Estonian and summary in English;

___________"Guilt Capacity in the Penal Code", (2002) issue II Juridica 82-88; ISSN: 1406-1074; title noted in my research but article not consulted yet (11 February 2006); in Estonian and summary in English;

STRATENWERTH, Günther, "The Problem of Mistake in Self-Defense",  [1986] Brigham Young University Law Review 733-767; available at http://lawreview.byu.edu/archives/1986/3/str.pdf (accessed on 24 March 2008);
 

STOCKER, Michael, "Responsibility and the Abuse Excuse", (1999) 16(2) Social Philosophy and Policy 175-200;
 

STOLL, Hans, "Grounds of Justification as a Defence to Liability -- German Law", in Journées d'études sur le droit de la responsabilité (1984: Gand, Belgique), Limpens, Jean, 1910-1979, Centre interuniversitaire de droit comparé, In  memoriam Jean Limpens : Studiedagen aansprakelijkheidsrecht, Gent, 23-24 maart 1984 = In memoriam Jean Limpens : Journées d'études sur le droit de la responsabilité, Gent, 23-24 mars 1984 = In memoriam Jean Limpens : Symposium on Civil Liability, Gent, 23-24 March 1984, Antwerpen : Kluwer rechtswetenschappen, 1987, xxvii, 311 p., at pp. 207-221 (series; Interuniversitair Centrum voor Rechtsvergelijking; 12), (Collection; Centre interuniversitaire de droit comparé; 12), ISBN: 9063212879; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, K923 Z9 I56 1987; civil law but useful for researchers;  

STRAUSS, S.A., "Book Reviews - South African Criminal Law and Procedure...Vol. I: General Principles of Criminal Law.  By E.M. Burchell and P.M.A. Hunt...Juta & Co., Ltd. 1970..."(1970) 87 South African Law Journal 471-484:

"Next there is the question whether an infant or a lunatic can act unlawfully.  It is categorically maintained by the authors [i.e. Burchell and Hunt in their book being reviewed by Srauss] (at pp. 181 and 186) that such persons are exempt from criminal liability because, apart from their being incapable of mens rea, their acts are not regarded as unlawful.  With respect, this seems to be based upon the outdated notion that the precepts of law are directed only to responsible human beiings.  As long ago as 1878, Thon (Rechtsnorm und Subjektives Recht, pp. 76 ff.) convincingly argued against that proposition and pointed out that although the law could not regulate or determine the conduct of lunatics, the law none the less did attach certain legal consequences to the actions of such persons; that in effect the law did direct its norms to all people, and that in effect insane persons can act contrary to the law.  Thon's views gained wide acceptance and the modern view is that a lunatic, as a legal subject, can act unlawfully, although punishment will of course be excluded by application of the principle of nulla poena sine culpa." (pp. 476-477)

STUART, Don, 1943-, "Annotation:  Perka et al. v. R. (1984) 42 C.R. (3d) 113 (S.C.C.)", (1984) 42 C.R. (3d) 115-117;

__________Canadian Criminal Law: A Treatise, 5th ed., Toronto: Thomson/Carswell, 2007, xix, 815 p., ISBN: 978 0779812950;

___________"'Moral Involuntariness' Becomes Charter Standard for Defences", (2001) 41 C.R. (5th) 37-43; discusses Supreme Court of Canada decision of Ruzic (2001);
 

SULLIVAN, G.R., "Making Excuses" in A.P. Simester and A.T.H.  Smith, eds.,  Harms and Culpability, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996, chapter 6, pp.131-152, ISBN: 0198260571;
 

SUPREME COURT OF CANADA DECISIONS:
 

• Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law v. Canada (Attorney General), 2004 SCC 4, decision of 30 January 2004; available in English / disponible en français: http://www.lexum.umontreal.ca/csc-scc/en/index.html (accessed on 1 February 2004);

"64     The Foundation argues that this is not the original purpose of the law and does not reflect its actual effects. In the Foundation's view, s. 43 was  intended, and continues, to promote the view that the use of corrective force against children is not simply permitted for the purposes of the criminal law, but laudable because it is "good for children". In making this argument, the Foundation relies upon s. 43's statement that parents and teachers are "justified" in the use of reasonable corrective force. Considering "justification" in Ogg-Moss, supra, Dickson J. (as he then was) stated that s. 43  exculpates force in the correction of the child "because it considers such an action not a wrongful, but a rightful, one" (p.193) (emphasis in original). The Foundation submits that as a "justification", s. 43 necessarily identifies praise-worthy conduct.

65     In my view, this position is overstated. We cannot conclude that Parliament intended to endorse using force against children from a single word,  without also considering the history and context of the provision. In our first Criminal Code, enacted in 1892, Parliament used "lawful" instead of "justified" in the analogous provision:

55. It is lawful for every parent, or person in the place of a parent, schoolmaster or master, to use force by way of correction towards any child, pupil or apprentice under his care, provided that such force is reasonable under the circumstances.

It did so even though the term "justified" appeared in other defences such as the use of force to prevent the commission of a major offence (s. 44) and self-defence (s. 45) - defences that we classically associate with moral approval. So at this time, it is clear that Parliament was not asserting the exempted force was moral or good. It was not until the 1953-54 re-enactment of the Criminal Code that Parliament replaced "it is lawful" with "justified". We do not know why it did so. We do know that the change was not discussed in Parliament, and that there is no indication that Parliament suddenly felt that the reasonable force in the correction of children now demanded the state's explicit moral approval. Finally, we know that the government has adopted a program designed to educate parents and caregivers on the potentially negative effects of using corporal punishment against children. Viewing s. 43 in light of its history and the larger legislative and policy context, it is difficult to conclude that Parliament intended by using the word "justify" to send the message that using force against children is "right" or "good". The essence of s. 43 is not Parliament's endorsement of the use of force against children; it is the exemption from criminal sanction for their parents and teachers in the course of reasonable correction." [Per McLachlin C.J. and Gonthier, Iacobucci, Major, Bastarache and LeBel JJ.]

 
• Perka v. The Queen, [1984] 2 Canada Supreme Court Reports / 2 Recueil  des arrêts de la Cour suprême du Canada 232-279 ( judgment in French and in English); also  reported but in English only at 14 Canadian Criminal Cases (3d) 385; 42 Criminal Reports (3d) 113 [this decision deals with the defence of necessity / cet arrêt traite de l'état de nécessité comme moyen de défense];

TADROS, Victor, "The Characters of Excuse", (2001) 21(3) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 495-519; critique of Gardner, "The Gist of Excuses", supra;
 

TASLITZ, Andrew E. , "Why Did Tinkerbell Get Off so Easy?: The Roles of Imagination and Social Norms in Excusing Human Weakness" (2009) 42 Texas Tech Law Review, available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1730864;

TAYLOR, GREG, "Concepts of Intention in German Criminal Law", (2004) 24(1) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 99-127;
 

THONISSEN, Jean-Joseph, 1817-1891, Études sur l'histoire du droit criminel; une controverse du treizième siècle sur la legitimité de la peine de mort, [Bruxelles, M. Hayez, 186-?], 16 p.; note: à côté du titre: Académie royale de Belgique; extrait des Bulletins de l'Académie royale de Belgique, 2ième série, t. XXI, no. 3, aux pp. 259-;

THORBURN, Malcolm Bruce, "The Constitution of Criminal Law: Justifications, Policing and the State's Fiduciary Duties", 28 p., PRELIMINARY DRAFT, available at http://law.huji.ac.il/upload/Thorburn_-_THE_CONSTITUTION_OF_CRIMINAL_LAW.pdf (accessed on 28 June 2009), international symposium, "Criminal Law in Times of Emergency", Djanogly Hall, Mishkenot Sha'ananim, Jerusalem, 21-22 May 2008;

___________The gist of justifications, Columbia University, LL.M. thesis, 2003, 38 leaves (Collection; CU Theses T39 2003); title noted in my research but thesis not consulted yet;

___________ "Justifications, Powers and Authority", (Sprimg 2008) 117 Yale Law Journal; 1070; available at http://yalelawjournal.org/117/6/thorburn.html (accessed on 5 March 2009); available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1024764  (accessed on 31 October 2007); also in  in  Anthony Duff and Christoffer Wong, eds., Foundational Issues in the Philosophy of Criminal Law, Special Workshop at the 23rd IVR Congress, 1-6 August 2007, Krakow, Poland, at pp. 169-204; available at http://cracow.nordstraff.net/omnes_02.pdf (accessed on 24 February 2008); available at http://www.law.upenn.edu/cf/faculty/phrobins/conversations/papers/ThorburnJustifications.pdf  (accessed on 25 March 2008);
 

TODD, George, "Lyons on Hart's Rationale for Legal Excuses", (1971) 10 Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review 109-112; Research Note: Todd comments on Daniel Lyons' article, supra;
 

TYLER, Tom R., "Public Attitudes on Criminal Justice Reviewing Paul H. Robinson and John M. Darley, Justice, Liability, and Blame: Community Views and  the Criminal Law, Boulder: Westview, 1995, 324 pp." (1997) 7 Criminal Law Forum 697-701;
 

UNIACKE, Suzanne, "What Are Partial Excuses to Murder?", in Stanley Meng Heong Yeo, ed., Partial Excuses to Murder, Leichardt (New South Wales, Australia): The Federation Press, 1991, xvii, 287 p., at pp. 1-18, ISBN: 1862870470;

VAN OOSTEN, F.F.W.(Ferdinand Friedrich William), “The psychological fault concept versus the normative fault concept : quo vadis South African criminal law?”, (1995)  58 Tydskrif vir Hedendaagse Romeins-Hollandse Re. (THRHR) = Contemporary Roman-Dutch  Law 361-* and 568-584; texte noté dans ma recherche mais non consulté car ce numéro n'est pas disponible dans les bibliothèques canadiennes;  
 

VITU, André, "De l'illicéité en droit criminel français", (1984) Bulletin de la société de législation comparée 127; disponible au site web du Professeur Doucet à http://ledroitcriminel.free.fr/morceaux_choisis/la_loi_penale/vitu_illiceite.htm (visionné le 29 mars 2003);
 

VON HIRSCH, Andrew and Nils Jareborg, 1938-, "Provocation and culpability" in Ferdinand Schoeman, ed., Responsibility, Character and the Emotions: New Essays  in Moral Psychology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, x, 358 p., ISBN: 0521327202 (hardcover) and 0521339510 (paperback) being  chapter 10, pp. 241-255;
 

VUOSO, George, "Background, Responsibility, and Excuse", (1987) 96 The Yale Law Journal 1661-1686;
 

WAIBLINGER, Max, «Actes Licites I», Les Fiches juridiques suisses, documentation fédérale et cantonale de pratique juridique, économique, sociale et  fiscale, publiés sur fiches constamment tenues à jour, no 1204, mise au point 1er mars 1958, Genève (Suisse), Fiches juridiques suisses, 1941-, 16 p.; note de recherche: il y a certainement une mise à jour plus récente, à vérifier;
 

WALLACE, R. Jay, Responsibility and the Moral Sentiments, Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1994, xii, 275 p., see Chapter 5 "Blameworthiness and the Excuses" at pp. 118-153 , ISBN: 0674766229; copy at the University of Ottawa;
 

WALTHER, Julien, 1970-,  "De deux illustrations de la théorie de l'infraction : l'erreur et les faits justificatifs extra-pénaux", aux pp. 133 à approx. 146 dans Jocelyne Leblois-Happe, Directeur de la publication, Vers un nouveau procèsd pénal =

WASIK, Martin, "Partial Excuses in the Criminal Law", (1982) 45  Modern Law Review 516-533;
 

WEIGEND, Thomas, "Book Review of Rethinking Criminal Law by George P. Fletcher", (1979) 13 Journal of International Law and Economics 519-523;
 

WEINBERGER, Ota, Law, Institution, and legal politics : fundamental problems of legal theory and social philosophy, Dordrecht/ Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, c1991, xviii, 276 p.,and see "The Formal-teleological Theory of Action and Criminal Law", at pp. 133 to approx. 147,  ISBN: 0792311434; available at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada;  K370 W4513 1991 and at the University of Ottawa, K 370 .W39513 1991; important contribution; limited preview at http://books.google.com/books?id=ZYP2udA1T1gC&pg=PA145&dq=
dolus+intention&lr=lang_fr&as_brr=3&sig=8QRHI7CxMfghI-7i_hkJcrH7HP8#PPR7,M1 and http://books.google.com/books?id=ZYP2udA1T1gC&dq=dolus+intention&lr=lang_fr&as_brr=3&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 (accessed on 9 March 2008);

WEINREB, Lloyd L., "Desert, Punishment, and Criminal Responsibility", (1986) 49 Law and Contemporary Problems 47-80; also published in Thomas Morawetz, 1942-, ed., Criminal Law, 2nd ed., Aldershot (England): Darmouth, Ashgate, 2000, xvi, 478 p. at pp. 61-94 (series; The international library of essays in law and legal theory; 2nd ser.; volume 5), ISBN: 184014775X;
 

WEISBERG, Mark, "The Not So Secret Lives of George Fletcher", (1982) 7 Queen's Law Journal 209-231;
 

WESTEN, Peter, "An Attitudinal Theory of Excuse in Criminal Law", (2006), 25 Law and Philosophy 289-375, available at  http://www.law.upenn.edu/cf/faculty/phrobins/conversations/papers/WestenAttitudinalTheoryOfExcuse.pdf (accessed on 25 March 2008); also  ExpressO Preprint series, paper 341, 2004, 81 p.,  available at  http://law.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1826&context=expresso (accessed on 13 July 2005); see also  http://law.bepress.com/expresso/eps/341/ (accessed on 13 July 2005); see also  http://www.thattechnicalbookstore.com/b019926922X.htm (accessed on 23 December 2005);

WIKIPEDIA, "Excuse (legal)", available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excuse_(legal)  (accessed on 21 January 2010); 
 

WILLIAMS, Glanville (Glanville Llewelyn Williams),  1911- , "Book Review: Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice by Sanford H. Kadish, ed.", (1984) 72 California Law Review 1347-1357, see Professor Williams comments on justifications and excuses at pp. 1349 and 1351-1352 ;
 

___________"Offences and Defences", (1982) 2 Legal  Studies 233-256;
 

___________"The Theory of Excuses", [1982] Criminal Law Review 732-742;
 

WILSON, Williams, Central Issues in Criminal Theory, Oxford (England)/Portland (Oregon): Hart Publishing, 2002, ix, 380 p., see Chapter 9, "Packaging Criminal Liability", at pp. 259-292 and Chapter 11, "Excusing", at pp. 325-361, ISBN: 1841130621; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada K5018 W55 2002 c. 01;
 

___________"The Filtering Role of Crisis in the Constitution of Criminal Excuses", (July 2004) 17(2) The Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 387-416;
 

___________"The Structure of Criminal Defences", [2005] Criminal Law Review 108-121;
 

WOLHUTER, Lorraine, "Excuse them though they do know what they do--the distinction between justification and excuse in the context of battered women who kill", (1996) 9(2)  South African Journal of Criminal Justice 151-166; important contribution on the German element of guilt/schuld;

WURTENBERGER, Thomas, «La doctrine de Frantz Von Liszt de la culpabilité et de la responsabilité pénale» in La responsabilté pénale: Travaux du Colloque  de philosophie pénale (12 au 21 janvier 1959), J. Léauté, éd., Paris: Librairie Dalloz, 1961 (Annales de la Faculté de droit et des sciences politiques et  économiques de Strasbourg VIII; Travaux de l'Institut de Sciences criminelles et pénitentiaires), pp. 327-347;
 

YEO, Stanley, "Challenging Moral Involuntariness as a Principle of Fundamental Justice", (2002) Queen's Law Journal 335-351; deals with R. v. Ruzic , [2001] 1 Supreme Court Reports 687;
 

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