bibliographie on mistakeof law in criminal law // L'erreur de droit comme moyen de défense en droit péna

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Selected Bibliography on
Mistake or Ignorance of Law in
Canadian Law
Writings in French and English only
-------------------------
Bibliographie choisie sur l'erreur
de droit ou l'ignorance de la loi en
droit canadien comme moyen de défense
Écrits en anglais et français seulement

ABELL, J. (Jennie), 1951-, and Elizabeth Sheehy, Criminal Law and Procedure: Proof, Defences, and Beyond, 2nd ed., North York (Ontario): Captus Press, c.1998, vii, 463 p., ISBN: 6896691374, see in particular, Chapter 9 "Mistake of Law" at pp. 231-236;

A.D.G. [Alan D. GOLD], "Notes and Comments. Mistake - Fact or Law", (1979-80) 22 The Criminal Law Quarterly 40-44;

___________, "Notes and Comments: Offences - Wilful Breach of Probation - Mens Rea - Mistake of Law" (1989-90) 32 Criminal Law Quarterly 435-439 ; Research Note: discusses R. v. Docherty, (1989) 51 Canadian Criminal Cases (3d) 1, 72 Criminal Reports (3d) 1, [1989] 2 Supreme Court Reports 941;

ANAND, Sanjeev .S., "Criminal Law Course -- Class Notes -- Mistake of Law --3 Lectures ", Faculty of Law, University of Alberta, these 3 lectures are available at http://www.law.ualberta.ca/courses/anand/criminal/index.htm (accessed on 28 March 2003);

ARNOLD, Terence, "State-Induced Error of Law, Criminal Liability and Dunn v. The Queen: A Recent Non-Development in Criminal Law", (1977-78) 4 Dalhousie Law Journal 559- 585;

ARCHIBALD, Todd, Kenneth Jull and Kent Roach, Regulatory and corporate liability : from due dilligence to risk management, Aurora, Ont. : Canada Law Book, c2004-, loose-leaf, see "Officially Induced Error", at pp. 4-21 to 4-25 (pagination as of February 2005), ISBN: 0888044208; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, KF1418 A6 A73 2004;

BARNHORST, Sherrie-1948 and Richard Barnhorst, 1947, Criminal Law and the Canadian Criminal Code, 3rd ed., Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1996, xxxii, 414 p., see "Mistake of Law" at pp. 91-93, ISBN: 007552757X;

BARTON, P.G., "Officially Induced Error as a Criminal Defence: A Preliminary Look", (1979-80) 22 The Criminal Law Quarterly 314-333;

BILODEAU, Steven, "A New Criminal Law Defence, Mistake of Law and Officially Induced Error", 1989, unpublished, U.B.C, Law Faculty, mentioned in Sharon Samuels and Gil D. McKinnon, "Mistake of Law", December 16, 1991, 35 p. at p. 33, note 113 (series; Working Paper, Canadian Bar Association, National Criminal Justice Section, Committee on Criminal Code Refor; number 7), text of Bilodeau not consulted; discussion paper mentioned in The Canadian Bar Association Task Force Report, Principles of Criminal Liability: Proposals for a New General Part of the Criminal Code, Ottawa: Canadian Bar Association, [1992], x, 190 p., at p. 189, ISBN: 0920742335; Research Note: Paper can be purchased at the Canadian Bar Office in Ottawa; paper was prepared for the Task Force; also available from the Université de Montréal, Library of the Faculty of Law, call number: HAAD W926 v. 07 1991;

BOISVERT, Anne-Marie, "Innocence morale, diligence et erreur de droit", (1995) 41 Criminal Reports (4th) 243-248;

___________"La responsabilité versant acteurs: vers une redécouverte en droit canadien, de la notion d'imputabilité", (2003) 33 Revue générale de droit 271-292, voir les pp. 285-287;

BOURQUE, Sophie, "Les moyens de défense" dans Droit pénal (Infractions, moyens de défense et sentence) volume 11, Cowansville: Éditions Yvon Blais, 2000, aux pp. 163-188, voir sur l'erreur de droit, les pp. 173-174, (Collection; Collection de droit 1999-2000, vol. 11), ISBN: 289451333X;

__________"Les moyens de défense", Barreau du Québec, École, Droit pénal: Infractions, moyens de défense et peine, Cowansville: Éditions Yvon Blais, 2007, aux pp. 175-207, voir sur l'erreur de droit, les pp. 187-188 (Collection; Collection de droit 2007-2008; vol. 12), ISBN: 9782896350322; copie à la Bibliothèque de la Cour suprême du Canada, KF 385 ZB5 C681 v. 12 1007-08;

BOYLE, Christine and Sam de Groot, "The Responsible Citizen in the City of Lévis: Due Diligence and Officially Induced Error", (2006) 36(2) Criminal Reports (6th) 249-257;

BURBIDGE, George Wheelock, A Digest of the Criminal Law of Canada (Crimes and Punishments) Founded By Permission on Sir James Fitzjames Stephen's Digest of the Criminal Law, Toronto: Carswell, 1890. lxii, 588 p; Research Note: see article 33 "Ignorance of Law" at pp. 38-39;

CAIRNS WAY, Rosemary, "Developments in Criminal Law: the 1995-96 Term", (1997) The Supreme Court Law Review (2nd series) 181-232, see the discussion of R. v. Jorgensen, [1995] 3 S.C.R. 44 at pp. 210-217 but in particular at p. 217; see also "R. v. Pontes: Absolute Liability, Mistake of Law and Regulatory Offences" at pp. 221-232 discussing R. v. Pontes, [1995] 4 Supreme Court Reports 55;

CANADA, Department of Justice Canada, Brian Jarvis and Darren Littlejohn, Reforming the General Part of the Criminal Code: A Summary and Analysis of the Responses to the Consultation Paper, [Ottawa]: Department of Justice Canada, Communications and Consultation Branch, 1995, 123 p., and see "Question 10 -- Mistake of law", at pp. 86-91; document obtained by François Lareau with letter from Department of Justice Canada, Access to Information and Privacy Office, dated 22 February 1999, Request file A98-00147, released pages 000731-000853; this document is available at my Digital Library on Canadian criminal law at, http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html; there are also two shorter versions of that document also available at my Digital Library: Reforming the General Part of the Criminal Code: Analysis of the Responses to the Consultation Paper, 51 p., and Analysis of Responses to the Consultation Paper on Reforming the General Part of the Criminal Code -- Executive Summary, 15 p; on these three documents, see Background Document;

CANADA, Department of Justice Canada and James W. O'Reilly, Toward a New General Part of the Criminal Code of Canada - Details on Reform Options-, [Ottawa]: [Department of Justice Canada], [December 1994], ii, 50 p., see p. 48; available at my Digital Library, at http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html; also published in French/aussi publié en français: Ministère de la Justice Canada et James W. O'Reilly, Pour une nouvelle codification de la Partie générale du Code criminel du Canada - Options de réforme -, [Ottawa]: [Ministère de la Justice Canada], [décembre 1994], ii, 51 p., voir la p. 49; disponible à ma bibliothèque digitale à http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html;

___________[Department of Justice Canada], Toward a New General Part for the Criminal Code of Canada: A Framework Document on the Proposed New General Part of the Criminal Code for the Consideration of the House of Commons Standing Committee on Justice and the Solicitor General, [Ottawa]: [Department of Justice Canada], [1991], 137 p., see "Mistake or Ignorance of Law" at pp. 93-95; available at my Digital Library, at http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html; also published in French/aussi publié en français: [Ministère de la Justice Canada], Pour une nouvelle codification de la Partie générale du Code criminel du Canada : document cadre sur la nouvelle partie générale proposée du Code criminel présenté pour examen au comité permanent de la justice et du solliciteur général, [Ottawa]: [Ministère de la Justice], [1991], 144 p., voir "Erreur de droit ou ignorance de la loi" aux pp. 96-98; disponible à ma bibliothèque digitale à http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html;

CANADA, Department of Justice Canada, Reforming the General Part of the Criminal Code: A Consultation Paper, [Ottawa]; [Department of Justice Canada], [November 1994], v, 35 p., see "Mistake of Law" at pp. 20-21; available at my Digital Library, at http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html; also published in French/aussi publié en français: Ministère de la Justice Canada, Projet de réforme de la Partie générale du Code criminel, [Ottawa], [Ministère de la Justice Canada], [Novembre 1994], v, 39 p., voir "l'erreur de droit" aux pp. 24-25; disponible à ma bibliothèque digitale à http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html;

CANADA, Environment Canada, Environmental Protection Branch, Office of Enforcement, "Notes on Possible Due Diligence Defence", and see "Officially Induced Error", available at http://www.ns.ec.gc.ca/enforcement/due_diligence.html, (accessed on 22 January 2006); also published in French/aussi publié en français: CANADA, Environnement Canada, La direction de la protection de l'environnement, Application de la loi, "Moyens Éventuels De Défense Basée Sur La Diligence Raisonnable", disponible à http://www.ns.ec.gc.ca/enforcement/due_diligence_f.html, (visionné le 22 janvier 2006);

"Officially Induced Error

Also known as "mistake of law", this defence is to be distinguished from mistake of fact. This defence may be available if information or advice is provided by a person responsible for administration of the law which leads the defendant to believe that the law does not apply to their particular situation.

1. the actor must advert to his legal position
2. the actor must seek legal advice from an official
3. that official must be one who is involved in the administration of the law in question
4. the official must give erroneous advice
5. the erroneous advice must be apparently reasonable
6. the error of law must arise because of this erroneous advice
7. the actor must be innocently misled by the erroneous advice - that is, he or she must act in good faith and without reason to believe that the advice is erroneous
(R. v. Johnson and Wilson (1978(, 78 N.B.R. (2d) 411(Prov. Ct.); R. v. Imperial Oil Ltd. (August 12, 1988) (Man. Prov. Ct.) [unreported], summarized in (1988), 6 W.C.B. (2d)11.)"

"Erreur provoquée par un fonctionnaire

Ce moyen de défense, appelée également erreur de droit, se distingue de l'erreur de fait. Il est possible d'y avoir recours si c'est un fonctionnaire responsable de l'application de la loi qui donne des informations ou des conseils laissant croire à l'accusé que la loi ne s'applique pas dans son cas particulier.

1. L'auteur de l'acte doit avoir parlé de sa situation juridique.
2. L'auteur de l'acte doit demander avis à un fonctionnaire.
3. Ce fonctionnaire doit être celui qui s'occupe de l'application de la loi en question.
4. Le fonctionnaire doit donner un avis erroné.
5. L'avis erroné doit sembler raisonnable en apparence.
6. L'erreur de droit doit provenir de cet avis erroné.
7. L'auteur de l'acte doit être innocemment induit en erreur par l'avis erroné, c.-à-d. qu'il doit agir de bonne foi et sans raison de croire que l'avis est effectivement erroné.
(Sa Majesté la Reine contre Wilson (1987), 78 R.N.-B. (2e) 411 (Cour provinciale); Sa Majesté la Reine contre Imperial Oil Ltd. (12 août 1988) (Cour provinciale du Manitoba) [décision non publiée], condensée en (1988), 6 W.C.B. (2d)11.)"

CANADA, House of Commons, Minutes of Proceedings and Evidence of the Sub-Committee on the recodification of the General Part of the Criminal Code of the Standing Committee on Justice and the Solicitor General, [Ottawa]: Queen's Printer for Canada, 1992-1993, 11 Issues: no. 1: 25, 26, 30 March 1992, 12 May and 8 June 1992; no. 2: 15 June 1992; no. 3: 16 June 1992; no. 4: 16 June 1992; no. 5: 2 and 18 November. 1991; no. 6: 19 November 1992; no. 7: 23 November 1992; no. 8: 24 November 1992; no. 9: 26 November. 1992; no. 10: 8 December 1992; no. 11: 10 December 1992 and 2, 4, and 16 February 1993; note that the 11 th issue consists of the report: First Principles: Recodifying the General Part of the Criminal Code of Canada: Report of the Sub-Committee on the Recodification of the General part of the Criminal Code of the Standing Committee on Justice and the Sollicitor General; in the report, see on "Mistake of Law", pp. 70-11; also published in French/aussi publié en français: Chambre des Communes, Procès-verbaux et témoignages du Sous-comité sur la Recodification de la Partie générale du Code criminel du Comité permanent de la justice et du Solliciteur général, [Ottawa]: I'Imprimeur de la Reine pour le Canada, 1992-1993, 11 fasicules : 1: 25, 26, 30 mars 1992, 12 mai, 8 juin 1992; 2: 15 juin 1992; 3: 16 juin 1992; 4: 16 juin 1992; 5: 2 et 18 novembre 1991; 6: 19 novembre 1992; 7: 23 novembre 1992; 8: 24 novembre 1992; 9: 26 novembre 1992; 10: 8 décembre 1992; 11: 10 décembre 1992 et 2,4,16 février 1993; noter que le 11e fasicule contient le rapport : Principes de base: recodification de la Partie générale du Code criminel du Canada. Rapport du Sous-comité sur la recodification de la Partie générale du Code criminel du Canada du Comité permanent de la justice et du Solliciteur général; dans le rapport, voir "l'erreur de droit" à la p. 75;

CANADA, The Minister of Justice of Canada, Proposals to Amend the Criminal Code (general principles), [Ottawa], [Department of Justice Canada], 28 June 1993, 17 p., see Clause 34, "Ignorance of the law, mistake of law" at pp. 9-10; available at my Digital Library, at http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html; / information in French (bilingual publication) /informations en français (publication bilingue): Ministre de la Justice du Canda, Proposition de modification du Code criminel (principes généraux), [Ottawa], [MInistère de la Justice Canada], 28 ¸juin 1993, 17 p., voir l'article 34, "Ignorance de la loi et erreur de droit" aux pp. 9-10; disponible à ma bibliothèque digitale à http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html;

CANADA, Officials of the Department of Justice Canada and Members of the Law Reform Commission of Canada, Toward a New General Part for the Criminal Code of Canada: A Framework Document on the Proposed New General Part of the Criminal Code for the Consideration of the House of Commons Standing Committee on Justice and the Solicitor General, [Ottawa]: [Department of Justice Canada], [1990], 137 p., see "Mistake or Ignorance of Law" at pp. 93-95; available at my Digital Library, at http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html; also published in French/aussi publié en français: Fonctionnaires du Ministère de la Justice Canada et des membres de la Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, Pour une nouvelle codification de la Partie générale du Code criminel du Canada : document cadre sur la nouvelle partie générale proposée du Code criminel présenté pour examen au comité permanent de la justice et du solliciteur général, [Ottawa]: [Ministère de la Justice], [1990], 144 p., voir "Erreur de droit ou ignorance de la loi" aux pp. 96-98; disponible à ma bibliothèque digitale à http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html;

CANADA/PROVINCES, Report of the Working Group on Chapter 3 of the Law Reform Commission of Canada Report 30, Vol. 1, "Recodifying Criminal Law", [Ottawa]: [Department of Justice Canada], December 1987, vii, 80 p., see the discussion of "Clause 3(7) Mistake or Ignorance of Law" at pp. 16-23.; Research Note: this report is cited in the Law Reform Commission of Canada, 1988-1989 - 18th Annual Report, Ottawa: Law Reform Commission of Canada, 1989 at p. 37, ISBN: 0662573013. Chapter 3 of report 30 is entitled "Defences" and includes a provision, clause 3(7), on "Mistake or Ignorance of Law". This report of the working group was submitted to the Federal-Provincial Coordination Committee of Senior Justice Officials. Members of the Working Group were from: the Department of Justice Canada, and from the following provincial Attorney General departments or Ministries/Departments of Justice: Ontario, Québec, New Brunswick, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Manitoba and British Columbia. This report is available from the Department of Justice Canada. It was obtained by François Lareau in 1998 under Access to Information Request number A98-00185; available at my Digital Library, at http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html; also available in French / aussi disponible en français: CANADA/PROVINCES, Rapport du Groupe de travail chargé de l'étude du chapitre 3 du Rapport no 30 de la Commission de réforme du droit du Canada "Pour une nouvelle codification du droit pénal" (Volume I), [Ottawa]: [Ministère de la Justice Canada], décembre 1987, vii, 88 p., voir la discussion sur le "Paragraphe 3(7) L'erreur de droit ou l'ignorance de la loi"; Notes de recherche : ce rapport est mentionné dans Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, 1988-1989, Dix-huitième Rapport annuel, Ottawa : Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, 1989, à la p. 40, ISBN: 0662573013. Le chapitre 3 du rapport 30 a pour titre «Les moyens de défense» et comprend une disposition, le paragraphe 3(7), sur «[l']erreur de droit ou ignorance de la loi». Ce rapport du groupe de travail a été soumis au Comité fédéral-provincial de coordination composé de fonctionnaires de niveau supérieur de la justice. Les membres du groupe de travail proviennent du Ministère de la Justice Canada et des ministères des procuereurs généraux /ministères provinciaux de la justice de: l'Ontario, Québec, Nouvelle-Écosse, Saskatchewan, Alberta et Columbie-Britannique. Ce rapport est disponible au Ministère de la Justice Canada. Il a été obtenu par François Lareau en 1998 suite à une demande d'accès à l'information numéro A-98-00185;

CANADIAN ASSOCIATION OF POLICE CHIEFS, [Law Amendment Committee], An Evaluation of Volume I of the Report 30 Published by the Law Reform Commission Canada and titled "Recodifying Criminal Law", [Ottawa?]: The Canadian Association of Police Chiefs, 1987, 112 p., see the discussion on mistake of law at pp. 27-30; Research Note: this report was submitted by the Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police to the Minister of Justice Canada in September 1987;

CANADIAN BAR ASSOCIATION, CRIMINAL RECODIFICATION TASK FORCE, Principles of Criminal Liability: Proposals for a New General Part of the Criminal Code - Report of the Criminal Recodification Task Force, Ottawa: Canadian Bar Association, [1992], x, 190 p., see "Mistake of Law" at pp. 108-115, ISBN: 0920742335; Research Note: This book is also published in CANADA, House of Commons, Minutes of Proceedings and Evidence of the Sub-Committee on the Recodification of the General Part of the Criminal Code of the Standing Committee on Justice and the Solicitor General, supra, Issue 5 of 2 and 18 November 1992 at pp. 5A:1-5A:194; also published in French / aussi publié en français: ASSOCIATION DU BARREAU CANADIEN, GROUPE DE TRAVAIL SUR LA NOUVELLE CODIFICATION DU DROIT PÉNAL, Principes de responsabilité pénale: proposition de nouvelles dispositions générales du Code criminel du Canada: Rapport du Groupe de travail sur la nouvelle codification du droit pénal, Ottawa : Association du Barreau canadien, [1992], xiii, 206 p., ISBN: 0920742351; Note de recherche : aussi publié dans CANADA, Chambre des Communes, Procès-verbaux et témoignages du Sous-comité sur la Recodification de la Partie générale du Code criminel du Comité permanent de la justice et du Solliciteur général, supra, fasicule 5 du 2 et 18 novembre 1992 aux pp. 5A:224-5A:434;

CANADIAN BAR ASSOCIATION, Submission to the Minister of Justice on the Proposals to Amend the Criminal Code (General Principles), [Ottawa]: [The Canadian Bar Association], January 1994, 12 p. (series; Legislative and Law Reform Submissions); infomation on the French version/informations sur la version française: L'Association du Barreau canadien, Mémoire au Ministre de la justice sur la proposition de modification du Code criminel (Principes généraux), [Ottawa]: [L'Association du Barreau canadien], janvier 1994, 12 p. (Collection; Mémoires - Législation et réforme du droit);

CAMPBELL, Kenneth L., "Notes and Comments. Mistake of Law - Reasonable Excuse", (1983-84) 26 The Criminal Law Quarterly 400-401;

COCKBURN, A.E., "Copy ‘of Letter from the Lord Chief Justice of England PDF

dated the 12th day of June 1879, containing Comments and Suggestions in relation to the Criminal Code (Indictable Offences) Bill’”, Sessional Papers (Parliamentary Papers), (1878-79), vol. 59, pp. 233-252, paper number 232, 20 p., and see p. 17 on ignorance of the law; to situate Cockburn's letter, see François Lareau, "Notes on the English Draft Code (1878-1883)" PDF

, [Ottawa], August 1990, 11 p.;

COLVIN, Eric, 1945-, Principles of Criminal Law, 2nd ed., Scarborough: Carswell, 1991, xxxvi, 399 p., on "Mens Rea and Mistake of Law", see pp. 159-170 and on "Mistake of Law as an Excuse", see pp. 261-272, ISBN: 0459355619 (bound) and 0459355716 (pbk.).

COLVIN, Eric, 1945 and Sanjeev Anand, Principles of Criminal Law, 3rd ed., Toronto: Thomson/Carswell, 2007, li, 599 p., ISBN: 978 0779813247;

COMISKEY, Marie and Matthew Sullivan, "Avoidance, Deception and Mistake of Law: The Mens Rea of Tax Evasion", (2006) 51(3) The Criminal Law Quarterly 303-341;

COMMISSION OF INQUIRY CONCERNING CERTAIN ACTIVITIES OF THE ROYAL CANADIAN MOUNTED POLICE, Freedom and Security under the Law, Second Report -- Volume 1, [Ottawa]: The Commission, 1981, xxii, 664 p., and see "Mistake of law", at pp. 367-370, ISBN: 0660109514 and 0660109506 (vol. 1 and 2) (Chairman: Mr. Justice D.C. McDonald); also published in French/aussi publié en français: COMMISSION D'ENQUÊTE SUR CERTAINES ACTIVITÉS DE LA GENDARMERIE ROYALE DU CANADA, Liberté et la sécurité devant la loi: deuxième rapport -- volume 1, [Ottawa]: La Commission, 1981, ISBN: 0660907682 (vol.1 et 2) (Président: D.C. McDonald);

CÔTÉ-HARPER, Gisèle, 1942-, Pierre Rainville, 1964-, et Jean Turgeon, 1951-, Traité de droit pénal canadien, 4^e édition refondue et augmentée, Cowansville (Québec): Éditions Yvon Blais, 1998, lv, 1458 p., voir le chapitre 3 sur «L'erreur» et en particulier les pp. 1071-1100 sur l'erreur de droit, ISBN: 2894512589; note de recherche: la première édition porte le tite: Principes de droit pénal général, 1981; la deuxième édition en 1984 et la troisième édition en 1989 avec le supplément de 1994 portent le tite Droit pénal canadien;

Criminal Code, Revised Statutes oif Canada 1985, c. C-46 / Code criminel, Statuts Revisés du Canada1985, ch. C-46

CURRAN, Christopher Patrick, Ignorance of the law is not a defence : legal handbook for students, St. John's, Nfld : Council of the Students' Union, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1990, viii, 84 p., ISBN: 0920769829; Research Notes: title noted during my research; copy at the National Library in Ottawa; book not consulted;

DUBBER, Markus Dirk, "Commentary" in Don Stuart, 1943-, R.J. Delisle and Allan Manson, eds., Towards a Clear and Just Criminal Law: A Criminal Reports Forum, Scarborough (Ontario): Carswell, Thomson Professional Publishing, 1999, v, 574 p., at pp. 156-182, see "Mistake or Ignorance of Law" at p. 177, ISBN: 045927077X; Research Note: commentary on Stuart, Don's proposals on the General Part in his article "A Case for a General Part", infra;

DUMAIS, Catherine, "La Cour suprême du Canada et l'imprécision: quand l'avertissement raisonnable devient sympolique", (2005-2206) 36(1-2) Revue de droit Université de Sherbrooke 289-307, et voir en particulier "Analyse critique de la norme de l'intelligibilité judiciaire", aux pp. 296-303;

"La présomption mise en place par l'article 19 est cependant beaucoup plus large. En effet, la codification de la maxime voulant que nul n'est censé ignorer la loi entraîne une présomption de connaissance complète de la disposition au niveau du fond. Dans le contexte d'une disposition floue, les justifiables sont ainsi présumés connaître le texte de la loi et son interprétation par les tribunaux, interprétation dégagée à l'aide de toutes les méthodes d'interprétation juridique. Le juge Gonthier semble en accord avec cette proposition puisqu'il soutient que ce n'est qu'une fois toutes les méthodes d'interprétation épuisées qu'un tribunal pourra décider qu'une disposition est d'une imprécision constitutionelle.¹⁸ [...]
------
18. Canadien Pacifique, supra note 13." (p. 296)

DUMONT, Hélène, 1947-, "[Translation from the French laguage] Opinion relating to section 34 of the Proposals to amend the Criminal Code (general principles) - Codification of the defences of ignorance of the law and mistake of law", [Ottawa] : Law Reform Division, Department of Justice Canada, 1994, 30, 10 p.; 28 cm., copy at the National Library of Canada, Ottawa, available at http://web.archive.org/web/19970710002513/acjnet.extn.ualberta.ca/docs/codifdoj.html and my Digital Library (accessed on 7 July 2008); also available in French / aussi disponible en français "Opinion portant sur l'article 34 de la Proposition de modification du Code criminel (principes généraux) - La codification de moyens de défense d'ignorance de la loi et d'erreur de droit", [Ottawa] : Division de la réforme du droit, Ministère de la justice du Canada, 1994, 26, 9 p. ; 28 cm., copie à la Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, Ottawa, disponible à ma Bibliothèque numérique;

___________"Étude sur l'ignorance de la loi", (1978) 13 Revue juridique Thémis 665-704;

___________ Ignorantia juris neminem excusat, mémoire de maîtrise, thèse, LL.M., Faculté de droit, Faculté des études supérieures, Université de Montréal, 1972, 150, x feuilles;

EDINGER, Elizabeth, "Criminal Law - Defences - Mistake of Law - Bona Fide Diligent Effort to Ascertain and Comply with the Law - R. v. MacLean", (1975-76) 10 University of British Columbia Law Review 320-327;

ENGLAND and Wales, Criminal Code Bill Commission, Report of the Royal Commission Appointed to Consider the Law Relating to Indictable Offences: With an Appendix Containing a Draft Code Embodying the Suggestions of the Commissioners, Command number 2345 in Sessional Papers [British Parliamentary Papers] (1878-79), vol. 20, pp. 169-378, see section 24 "Ignorance of Law" at p. 236 (Chairperson: C.B. Blackburn); also published in Irish University Press Series of British Parliamentary Papers: Royal Commission Select Committee and Other Reports on the Criminal Law with Proceedings Minutes of Evidence Appendix and Index 1847-79, vol. 6, Legal Administration Criminal Law, Dublin: Shannon University Press, 1971, pp. 369-579, ISBN: 0716511428; research note # 1: for Command Paper number 2345, the page is 68; available at my Digital Library, at http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html;

___________House of Commons, Bill 178, Criminal Code (Indictable Offences) Bill, 1878 in Sessional Papers [British Parliamentary Papers] (1878), vol. 2, pp. 5-249 at p. 40, section 24 "Ignorance of Law"; research notes: Bill 178 was drafted by Sir James Fitzjames Stephen; available at my Digital Library, at http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html;

EWASCHUK, Eugene G., Criminal Pleadings and Practice in Canada, 2nd ed., 3 looseleaf volumes, Aurora (Ontario): Canada Law Book, 1987-, loose-leaf, see vol. 2, "Mistake of Law" at p. 21-50, ISBN: 0888041438 (vol. 2);

FEDERAL/PROVINCIAL WORKING GROUP ON HOMICIDE, Final Report of the Federal/Provincial Working Group on Homicide, [Ottawa], [Department of Justice Canada], June 1990, updated April 1991, xii, 170 p. (Co-Chairmen: Howard F. Morton, Ministry of the Attorney General, Province of Ontario and Jean-François Dionne, Quebec Department of Justice); copy of this report was obtained by François Lareau under an Access to Information Act request response dated November 9, 1998, file A-98-00183 from the Department of Justice Canada; also available in French / aussi disponible en français : Groupe de travail fédéral-provincial sur l'homicide, Rapport final du groupe de travail fédéral-provincial sur l'homicide, [Ottawa], [Ministère de la Justice Canada], juin 1990, révisé avril 1991, xii, 172 p. (Co-Présidents: Howard F. Morton, Ministère du Procureur général de l'Ontario et Jean-François Dionne, Ministère de la Justice du Québec); copie de ce rapport a été obtenu par François Lareau dans la réponse en date du 9 novembre 1998 de sa demande à la Loi sur l'accès à l'information, au Ministère de la Justice Canada, dossier A-98-00183;

FORTIN, Jacques, Le mens rea en droit pénal canadien, thèse LL.D., Université de Montréal, 1971, 513 p., voir l'erreur de droit aux pp. 326-340;

FORTIN, Jacques et Louise Viau, Traité de droit pénal général, Montréal : Éditions Thémis, 1982, xi, 457 p., voir les pp. 124-135 sur l'erreur de droit et l'ignorance de la loi;

___________ "La réforme de la responsabilité pénale par la Cour suprême du Canada", (1979) 39 Revue du Barreau 526-558, voir "Erreur de droit" aux pp. 539-543;

FRIEDLAND, M.L, (Martin Lawrence.), 1932-, National Security: the Legal Dimensions, A Study prepared for the Commission [of Inquiry Concerning Certain Activities of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police], [Ottawa] : Minister of Supplies and Services, 1980, xiii, 219 p., and see "Ignorance or Mistake of Law", at pp. 101-103, with notes at pp. 174-175, ISBN: 0660105004; copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX General: KE 5008 .A73F75 1980; also published in French/aussi publié en français: FRIEDLAND, M.L. (Martin Lawrence, 1932-, Les aspects juridiques de la sécurité nationale / étude préparée pour la Commission [d'enquête sur certaines activités de la Gendarmerie royale du Canada], [Ottawa] : Ministre des Approvisionnements et services, 1980, xiii, 235 p.; copie à l'Universit/ d'Ottawa,

FRIEDLAND, M.L. (Martin Lawrence), 1932-, and Kent Roach, 1961-, Criminal Law and Procedure : Cases and Materials, 8th ed., Toronto: Emond Montgomery Publications, 1997, xxvii, 1020 p., ISBN: 0920722962, see on ignorance of the law, pp. 635-659;

GREEN, L.C. (Leslie Claude), 1920-, Essays on the Modern Law of War, Dobbs Ferry, N.Y. : Transnational Publishers, c1985, xxii, 281 p., see Essay II, "The Man in the Field and the Maxim Ignorantia Juris Non Excusat", at pp. 27-42, ISBN: 094132026X; copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX General: KZ 6385 .G376 1985;

HALLEY, Paule, 1964-, Le droit pénal de l'environnement: l'interdiction de polluer, Cowansville: Éditions Yvon Blais, 2001, xxi, 403 p., ISBN: 2894515103, voir les pp. 241-260 sur l'erreur de droit; copie à la bibliothèque de la Cour suprême du Canada, KF 3775 ZB5 H35 2001;

___________Instituer la prudence environnementale : le régime pénal québécois de lutte contre la pollution, thèse de doctorat, LL.D., Université de Montréal, 1994, ix, 332 p., voir "la défense d'erreur de droit" aux pp. 215-232;

HORWITZ, Stephen, Research paper on cases and materials on ignorance of law and mistake of fact prepared by Stephen Horowitz for the Law Reform Commission of Canada, [Ottawa] : Law Reform Commission, 1977, ii, 29 p.; copy at the National Library, Ottawa; cited in Law Reform Commision of Canada, Fourteenth Annual Report 1984-1985, Ottawa: Law Reform Commission of Canada, 1985, 52, [3], p. at p. 36 (under the title: Cases and Materials on Ignorance of Law and mistake of Fact , ISBN: 0662539575;

HUGHES, Elaine L., Practice Note, "Defences Relating to the Abuse of Government Authority" (1993) 3 Journal of Environmental Law 195-203, see "Officially Induced Error" at pp. 198-200;

ILLICO Inc., recherche de jurisprudence, «La défense d'erreur de droit», recherche jurisprudentielle, CR-7293, août 1994;

INNES, William I., 1952-, Tax Evasion in Canada, Toronto : Carswell, 1987, xxvi, 326 p., and see "Negligence and REliance on Professional Advisors", at pp. 121-123 and "Ignorance of Law", at pp. 190-194, ISBN: 0459305719; copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX General: KE 5728 .I55 1987; note: LL.M. thesis with the title: Tax Evasion in Canadian Law, York University, 1987, 133 p.with W. Neil Brooks as thesis supervisor;

INSTITUTE OF LAW RESEARCH AND REFORM, Defences to Provincial Charges, Edmonton: The Institute of Law Research and Reform, March 1984, ii, 123 p., see "Mistake of Law" at pp. 63-70 (series; Report No. 39);

KAMEL-TOUEG, Nabil, Précis de droit pénal général - Droit pénal I, 2e édition, Mont-Royal : Modulo, 1994, ix, 242 p.; ISBN: 2891135024;

KASTNER, Nancy S., "Mistake of Law and the Defence of Officially Induced Error", (1985-86) 28 The Criminal Law Quarterly 308-340;

KEYES, John Mark, "Perils of the Unknown -- Fair Notice and the Promulgation of Legislation", (1993) 25 Ottawa Law Review 579-606;

KNOLL, Patrick J., 1950-, Criminal Law Defences - Textbook Edition of the title Criminal Law Defences Canadian Encyclopedic Digest Third Edition, 2nd ed., Scarborough: Carswell (Thomson Professional Publishing), 1994, 224 p., see "Mistake of Law" at pp. 148-150, ISBN: 0459552392;

KOS-RABCEWICZ-ZUBKOWSKI, L., "La règlementation pénale de l'erreur", dans Textes présentés par l'Association québécoise pour l'étude comparative du droit au Xe Congrès international de droit comparé, Budapest, 23 au 30 août 1978, [s.l.]: Association québécoise pour l'étude comparative du droit, 1978, iii, 260 p. aux pp. 121-129; copie à l'University d'Ottawa, FTX général, K561 .T478 1978;

LABRÈCHE, Diane, "La défense d'erreur de droit", (1982-83) 17 Revue juridique Thémis 333-343;

LAW REFORM COMMISSION OF CANADA, The General Part - Liability and Defences, Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canda, 1982, [10], 204 p., (series; Working Paper; 29), see "mistake or Ignorance of Law" at pp. 77-81 with notes at pp. 134-135, ISBN: 0662514297; available at my Digital Library, at http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html; information on the French version/informations sur la version française, Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, Partie générale - responsabilité et moyens de défense, Ottawa: Ministère des Approvisionnements et Services Canada, 1982, [10], 239 p., voir "Ignorance de la loi et erreur de droit" aux pp. 88-96 avec les notes à la p. 155 (collection; Document de travail; 29), ISBN: 0662514297;

__________Recodifying Criminal Law, vol. 1, Ottawa: Law Reform Commission of Canada, 1986, [14], 117 p., on mistake or Ignorance of Law, see pp. 31-32 and 101-102, ISBN: 0662547322 (series; Report; 30); available at my Digital Library, at http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html; information on the French version/informations sur la version française, Pour une nouvelle codification du droit pénal, vol. 1, Ottawa : Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, 1986, [14], 117 p., voir sur l'erreur de droit ou l'ignorance de la loi, les pp. 34-35 et les pp. 115-116, ISBN: 0662547322 (collection; Rapport; 30);

__________Recodifying Criminal Law (Revised and Enlarged Edition of Report 30), Ottawa: Law Reform Commission of Canada, 1987, [16], 213 p., (series; Report 31), see pp. 34-35 and 177, ISBN:0662547578;available at my Digital Library, at http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html; Research Note: the Commission's recommendations in this report were modified by a subsequent document: "A New General Part for the Criminal Code: Brief from the Law Reform Commission of Canada to the Subcommittee on the General Part" in Minutes of Proceedings and Evidence of the Sub-Committee on the recodification of the General Part of the Criminal Code of the Standing Committee on Justice and the Solicitor General, supra, Issue 1 of : 25, 26, 30 March 1992, at the Appendix, pp. 1A:1 - 1A:17. This report 31 was tabled in the House of Commons on 19 May 1988 (see House of Commons, Debates, 19 May 1988 at 15609); information on the French version/informations sur la version française, Pour une nouvelle codification du droit pénal (Édition révisée et augmentée du rapport n^o 30) , Ottawa: Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, 1987, [16], 233 p., voir les pp. 38-39 et 197, ISBN: 0662547578; Note de recherche: notons que les recommandations de la Commission ont été modifiées par le document "Pour une nouvelle codification de la Partie générale du Code criminel - Mémoire présenté au sous-comité sur la Partie générale par la Commission de Réforme du droit du Canada" dans Procès-verbaux et témoignages du Sous-comité sur la Recodification de la Partie générale du Code criminel du Comité permanent de la justice et du Solliciteur généra, supra, fasicule numéro 1 du 25, 26, 30 mars 1992, aux pp. 1A:29 - 1A:60. Ce rapport 31 a été déposé à la Chambre des Communes, le 19 mai 1988 (voir Chambre des Communes, Débats, 19 mai 1988 à 15609);

LAW REFORM COMMISSION OF SASKATCHEWAN, Proposals for Defences to Provincial Offences: Report to the Minister of Justice, Saskatoon : Law Reform Commission of Saskatchewan, December 1986, 18 p., see "Common Law Defences" at pp. 13-15;

LEBEL, Louis, "La consolidation des fondements de la responsabilité pénale en droit criminel canadien depuis l'entrée en vigueur de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés", (2009) 50 Cahiers de Droit 735-748, voir à la p. 742;

LEIGH, L.H., "The Law Reform Commission of Canada and the Reform of the General Part", [1983] Criminal Law Review 438-449, see at p. 445, the discussion of the Commission's proposals on duress and necessity contained in their working paper 29, Criminal Law: The General Part: Liability and Defences, supra;

Lévis (City) v. Tétreault; Lévis (City) v. 2629-4470 Québec inc., 2006 SCC 12; on 13 April 2006, the Supreme Court of Canada recognizes the defence of officially induced error; see http://scc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/index.html (accessed on 9 June 2006);

LIBMAN, Rick, 1956-, Libman on regulatory offences in Canada, Saltspring Island, BC : Earlscourt Legal Press, c2002-, 1 v. (loose-leaf), see Chapter 7, "The Defence of Due Diligence" and Chapter 8, "Other Defences", ISBN: 0968233864; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, Ottawa, KF 1292 A6 L53 2002;

MANGANAS, Antoine, La défense d'erreur de droit et son application en droit pénal canadien, Thèse de doctorat, Université Laval, 1982, xi, 529 p., bibliographie aux pp. 496-507;

MARTIN, J.C., with Annotations and Notes by, The Criminal Code of Canada, Toronto: Cartwright, 1955, lxxxiii, 1206 p., see s. 19 "Ignorance of the Law" at pp. 60-61;

National Defence Act, Revised Statutes of Canada 1985, chapter N-5, section 150; / Loi sur la défense nationale, Staturs révisés du Canada1985, chapitre N-5, article 150;

NEWDIGATE, J., "Some Thoughts on Mistake of Law as a Criminal Defense", (1983) Crown Counsel Review 3; copy at Library and Archives Canada and at McGill University; not consulted yet (9 November 2005);

MEWETT, Allan W., 1930-, and Morris MANNING, Mewett & Manning on Criminal Law (previously published under title: Criminal Law), 3rd ed, Toronto: Butterworths, 1994, lxiv, 959 p., see "Chapter 11: Mistake" at pp. 363-401, ISBN: 0409903752 (bound) and 0433396458 (pbk.);

NOVA SCOTIA, Royal Commission on the Donald Marshall, Jr., Prosecution, Royal Commission on the Donald Marshall, Jr., Prosecution, Findings and Recommendations 1989, vol. 1: Findings and Recommendations, [Halifax, N.S.] : The Commission, 1989, xiv, 15-413 p., see Recommendation 38, at pp. 236-237, ISBN: 0888711093 (Chairman: Chief Justice T. Alexander Hickman);

PARENT, Hugues, 1970-, "La connaissance de la loi en droit pénal : vers l’émergence d’un nouvel équilibre entre l’efficacité juridique et la faute morale", (2001) 42(1) Les Cahiers de droit 53-89;

___________Discours sur les origines et les fondements de la responsabilité morale en droit pénal, Montréal : Éditions Thémis, 2001, xvii, 437 p., ISBN: 2894001479; copy at the Supreme Court of Canada library, Ottawa;

___________"L'imputabilité pénale. Mort d'un mythe, naissance d'une réalité", (2001) 35 (1 et 2) Revue juridique Thémis 191-239;

__________Traité de droit criminel, Tome 1. L'acte volontaire et les moyens de défense, Montréal : Éditions Thémis, 2003, xxviii, 587 p., voir "L'ignorance de la loi et l'erreur de droit" aux pp. 327-375, ISBN: 2894001703;

___________Traité de droit criminel, Tome Premier: L'imputabilité, 2e édition, Montréal : Éditions Thémis, 2005, xxxii, 1023 p., voir "L'erreur de droit", aux pp. 438-480, ISBN: 2894001703; copie à la Bibliothèque de la Cour suprême du Canada, KF 9220 ZA2 P39 2005, t. 1, c. 01;

PARKER, Graham, "Developments in Criminal Law: the 1982-1983 Term", (1984) 6 The Supreme Court Law Review 139-163, see "Strict Liability - Mistake of Law" at pp. 147-150" discussing R.. v. MacDougall, [1982] 2 Supreme Court Reports 604;

PIETTE, Jean et Isabelle Fournier, "Le développement des moyens de défense en droit pénal de l'environnement", dans Développements résents en droit de l'environnement, Textes des conférences du colloque tenu le 14 octobre 1994, Éditions Yvon Blais, 1994, v, 411 p., aux pp. 291-306 et voir "L'erreur de droit provoquée par l'Administration publique", aux pp. 297-300, ISBN: 2890739945 (Formation permanente du Barreau du Québec - Volume 55); copie à l'Université d'Ottawa, FTX General: KEQ 885 .Z85 D476 1994;

POPPLE, A.E., "Annotation. Mistake as a Defence", (1955) 20 Criminal Reports 297-300;

PRESSER, Jill R., "Absolute Liability and Mistakes of Law in the Regulatory Context: Pontes Disappoints and Confuses", (1995) 41 Criminal Reports (4th) 249-260;

QUIGLEY, Tim, "Annotation: Canada (Attorney General) v. Charles (2005) 30 C.R. (6th) 316 (Sask. C.A.)", (2005) 30 Criminal Reports (6th) 318; defence of officially induced error;

___________"Annotation: R. v. Beierl, (2007) 48 C.R. (6th) 382 (Ontario Court of Justice)", (2007) 48 Criminal Reports (6th) 383; wrong advice by duty counsel;

___________"Annotation: R. v. Billy, (2005) C.R. (6th) 119 (B.C. S.C.)", (2005) Criminal Reports (6th) 120;

QUIGLEY, Tim and Eric Colvin, "Developments in Criminal Law and Procedure: The 1989-90 Term", (1991) 2 The Supreme Court Law Review (2nd series) 259-261, see the discussion of R. v. Docherty, [1989] 2 Supreme Court Reports 941 at 259-261;

"[50] Factual errors can negate the fault requirement of an offence requiring knowledge and purpose. Purely legal errors raise a more difficult problem. A mistake of law does not excuse the commission of a criminal offence: Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46, s. 19. The fault element of a crime may, however, be defined so as to make various kinds of errors, including purely legal errors relevant to the existence of the required culpable mental state: A. Mewett and M. Manning, Criminal Law, 3^rd ed. (Toronto: Butterworths, 1994) at pp. 389-391; H. Stuart, “Mistake of Law Under the Charter”, (1998) 40 Crim. L.Q. 476 at 486-494. For example, where an offence requires that the Crown prove that an accused acted without “colour of right”. Mistakes as to the applicable civil law can provide the basis for a “colour of right”: R. v. Demarco (1973), 13 C.C.C. (2d) 369 at 372 (Ont. C.A.). In those cases the mistake of law is not advanced as an excuse for committing the crime but rather negates the existence of the required culpable state of mind: R. v. Howson, [1966] 3 C.C.C. 348 at 356 (Ont. C.A.). Similarly, where an offence requires proof that the accused intended to violate a court order, a mistake as to the legal effect of that court order can negate the required culpable state of mind: R. v. Ilczyszyn (1988), 45 C.C.C. (3d) 91 at 95-96 (Ont. C.A.). ...

[55] Section 239(1)(d) is part of an Act which is necessarily and notoriously complex. It is subject to ongoing revision. No lay person is expected to know all the complexities of the tax laws. It is accepted that people will act on the advice of professionals and that the advice will often turn on the meanings to be given to provisions in the Act that are open to various interpretations. Furthermore, it is accepted that one may legitimately structure one’s affairs so as to minimize tax liability. Considered in this legislative context, I have no difficulty in holding that a mistake or ignorance as to one’s liability to pay tax under the Act may negate the fault requirement in the provision, regardless of whether it is a factual mistake, a legal mistake, or a combination of both.

[56] Crown counsel accepts that an error in law may lead to a reasonable doubt as to whether an individual wilfully evaded tax. That concession is consistent with authority from this court, R. v. Sihler (1976), 31 C.C.C. (2d) 73 at 79 (Ont. C.A.), and authority from other jurisdictions: see Donnelly v. Commissioner of Inland Revenue, [1960] N.Z.L.R. 469 at 472 (S.C.); Hefler, supra. ...

[59] A person’s mistaken belief that a statute is invalid or is otherwise not applicable to that person’s conduct is a mistake of law. It is, however, a mistake of law that is irrelevant to the existence of the fault requirement in s. 229(1)(d). Nor can that kind of mistake of law provide a freestanding excuse for the commission of a crime: Criminal Code, s. 19; R. v. Jones (1991), 66 C.C.C. (3d) 512 at 516-517 (S.C.C.); R. v. Watson (1999), 137 C.C.C. (3d) 422 at 431-33 (Nfld. C.A.).

[60] There are solid policy reasons for drawing a distinction between an accused who mistakenly believes that he or she is complying with the Act and an accused who knowingly violates the Act, but mistakenly believes that the Act is invalid. The former is trying to comply with the law. Particularly where the law is complex, a mistake concerning the applicable law can logically negate the blameworthiness of the person’s conduct. The latter is not trying to obey the law, but is instead deciding which laws should be obeyed. An acquittal based on a mistaken belief as to the validity of a law would undermine the rule of law.

[61] There can be no suggestion that a person who honestly believes that the Act is invalid has no option but to evade the payment of taxes and then defend a charge of tax evasion on the basis of a belief that the Act is invalid. As Dr. Klundert acknowledged, there were mechanisms in place whereby he could have challenged the validity of the Act without evading payment of taxes owed under the Act. He chose not to pursue any of those avenues. Indeed, even in this case, he did not defend the charge, as he clearly could have, by asking the judge to declare s. 239(1)(d) invalid."

ROACH, Kent, 1961-, Criminal Law, Concord (Ontario): Irwin Law, 1996, xiv, 240 p., (series; Essentials of Canadian Law), ISBN: 1552210006; Research Note: see pp. 52-54 on "Ignorance of the Law" and see also p. 98; there is now a 3rd edition, circa 2004;

ROBERT, Marie-Pierre, 1977-, La défense culturelle : un moyen de défense non souhaitable en droit pénal canadien, Cowansville (Québec) : Éditions Y. Blais, c2004, xviii, 152 p., voir "L'ignorance de la loi" aux pp. 84-90 et "Conclusion partielle" aux pp. 90-93 (Collection; Collection Minerve), ISBN: 2894517394; notes: Présenté à l'origine comme thèse LL.M., Université de Montréal, 2002, dir. de recherches: Prof. Anne-Marie Boisvert;

RODRIGUES, Gary P., General Editor, Crankshaw's Criminal Code of Canada R.S.C. 1985, 8th ed. rev., Toronto : Carswell, Thomson Professional Publishing, 1993-, loose-leaf vol. 1, section 19, "Ignorance of the Law" at pp. 1-194 to 1-199, ISBN: 0459325000 (vol. 1);

ROSENBERG, Marc, "Mistake of Fact and Law" in National Criminal Law Program Substantive Criminal Law, vol. 3, St. John's Newfoundland, 1986, pp. A1-A39; Research Note: this program of substantive criminal Law is given every two or three years by the Federation of Law Societies of Canada so there is a more recent version but not necessarily by the same author;

ROY, Simon, 1959-, La communication de la norme pénale et la légitimité de la peine, thèse de doctorat de droit (LL.D.), Université d'Ottawa, 2005, x, 377 feuillets; directeur de thèse: André Jodouin;

___________"L'évolution à la pièce de la défense d'erreur de droit: l'erreur attribuable aux conseils inexacts d'un juriste ou aux jugements des tribunaux fut-elle laissée à la dérive", (septembre-décembre 2009) 50(3-4) Les Cahiers de Droit 803-823;

RUBY, Clayton, Sentencing, 5th ed., Toronto and Vancouver: Butterworths, 1999, lxi, 912 p., see "Ignorance of Law and Mistake of Law", at pp. 244-245, ISBN: 0433415827; there is now a 6th ed.;

RUTHERFORD, G.S., "Administrative Orders -- Publication and Notice to Defendant -- The Regulations Acts of Manitoba and Ontario", (1946) 24 Canadian Bar Review 149-151; about R. v. Ross, [1945] 1 WWR 590;

SAMUELS, Sharon and Gil D. McKinnon, "Mistake of Law", December 16, 1991, 35 p. (series; Working Paper, Canadian Bar Association, National Criminal Justice Section, Committee on Criminal Code Refor; number 7); discussion paper mentioned in The Canadian Bar Association Task Force Report, Principles of Criminal Liability: Proposals for a New General Part of the Criminal Code, Ottawa: Canadian Bar Association, [1992], x, 190 p., at p. 189, ISBN: 0920742335; Research Note: Paper can be purchased at the Canadian Bar Association Office in Ottawa; paper was prepared for the Task Force; also available from the Université de Montréal, Library of the Faculty of Law, call number: HAAD W926 v. 07 1991;

SAUNDERS, R.P., ed., with the assistance of J. Munagle, An Introduction to Criminal Law in Context: Cases, Notes and Materials, 3rd ed., Scarborough, Ont. : Carswell, c1996, xviii, 892 p., see "Ignorance of the Law" at pp. 635-652, ISBN: 0459554409;

SHADLEY, Richard, "Mistake" in National Criminal Law Program: Substantive Criminal Law, Winnipeg, Man.: The Federation of Law Societies of Canada, 1996, vol. 2 of 2, section 16.1, 13 p; Notes: "University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, July 15 to 19, 1996"; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada;

SILVERMAN, Hugh W., "Annotation. Mens rea: mistake of fact or law: strict responsibility or Here we go again, but where?", (1971) 13 Criminal Reports New Series 279-283;

SIMMONS, Anne Marie, "Mistake", in National Criminal Law Program (2004 : Halifax, N.S.), Dalhousie University, Faculty of Law, and Federation of Law Societies of Canada, Substantive criminal law : 2004 National Criminal Law Program, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, July 12 to 16, 2004 / presented by the Federation of Law Societies of Canada in conjunction with the Faculty of Law, Dalhousie University, [s.l. : s.n.], 2004, 3 v., in volume 2, Tab 13.1, 15 p.; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada KF9220 ZA2 N38 2004;

SMART, W.B., "Mistake" in National Criminal Law Program: Substantive Criminal Law (1993: Montreal), [ed.], National Criminal Law Program, The Federation of Law Societies of Canada, Montreal (PQ): Federation of Law Societies, 1993, 2 volumes; information from http://gate.library.ualberta.ca/ (The GATE: NEOS Libraries' Catalogue) as seen on 11 November 2000; document not consulted;

STEPHEN, James Fitzjames, 1829-1894, A Digest of the Criminal Law (Crimes and Punishments), 4th ed., London: MacMillan, 1887, xl, 441 p., see art. 33 "Ignorance of Law" at pp. 26-27;

STEWART, Hamish, "Mistake of Law Under the Charter", (1998) 40 The Criminal Law Quarterly 476-509;

STUART, Don, 1943-, and Ronald Joseph Delisle, Learning Canadian Criminal Law, 7th ed., Scarborough (Ontario): Carswell, Thompson Professional Publishing, 1999, xxv, 1010 p., see mistake of Law at pp. 619-656, ISBN: 0459270613;

STUART, Don, 1943-, "Annotation: Lévis (Ville) c. Téreault. (2006) 36(2) C.R. (6th) 215 (S.C.C.)", (2006) 36(2) Criminal Reports (6th) 217-218 (English) and 219-220 (français);

___________"Annotation: R. v. Cancoil Thermal Corp. (1986) 52 C.R. (3d) 188 (Ont. C.A.)", (1986) 52 Criminal Reports (3d) 189-190;

__________ "Annotation: R. v. Jorgensen, (1996) 43 C.R. (4th) 137 (S.C.C.)", (1996) 43 Criminal Reports (4th) 139-141;

___________"Annotation: R. v. Robertson (1985) 43 C.R. (3d) 39 (Ont. Prov. Ct.)", (1985) 43 Criminal Reports (3d) 40;

__________ Canadian Criminal Law: A Treatise, 3rd ed., Toronto, Carswell, 1995, l, 672 p., ISBN: 0459553062 (bound) and 0459553089 (pbk.); see:"Mistake or Ignorance of Law" at pp. 293-326 and "Mistake or Ignorance and Omissions" at pp. 325-326; there is now a 4th ed., 2001; there is now a 5th ed.: Toronto: Thomson/Carswell, 2007, xix, 815 p., ISBN: 978 0779812950;

__________"A Case for A General Part" in Don Stuart, 1943-, R.J. Delisle and Allan Manson, eds., Towards a Clear and Just Criminal Law: A Criminal Reports Forum, Scarborough (Ontario): Carswell, Thomson Professional Publishing, 1999, v, 574 p., at pp. 95-145, see in particular his proposals on mistake or ignorance of law at pp. 121-122, ISBN: 045927077X;

TANOVICH, David M. and Gerry Ferguson, Annual Review of Criminal Law 2001, Carswell, a Thomson Company, 2002, xxvii, 200 p., ISBN: 0459271148; see "Officially Induced Error of Law" at p. 48 (one paragraph);

VANDERVORT, Lucinda, "Mistake of Law and Obstruction of Justice: A ‘Bad Excuse’ … Even for a Lawyer!”, (2001) 50 University of New Brunswick Law Journal 171-186; research note: R. v. Murray (2000) 186 D.L.R. (4th) 125 (Ont. Sup. Ct. J.); see after the publication of the article, "Errata, 2001", (2002) 51 University of New Brunswick Law Journal 309-310;

___________"Mistake of Law and Sexual Assault: Consent and Mens Rea", (1986-88) 2 Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 233-309;

___________"Sexual Assault: Availability of the Defence of Belief in Consent", (2005) 84 Canadian Bar Review 89-105;

VERDUN-JONES, Simon N. (Simon Nicholas), 1947-, Criminal Law in Canada: Cases, Questions & The Code, 4th ed., Thomson/Nelson, 2006, xvi, 332 p., see Chapter 9, "Mistake of Fact, Consent, and Mistake of Law as Defences to a Criminal Charge" at pp. 212-242, ISBN: 0176407170; copy at the Library of Parliament, Br.B KE 8809 V47 2007;

WARD, Robert, "Officially Induced Error of Law", (1988) 52 Saskatchewan Law Review 89-114;

WATT, The Honourable Mr. Justice David, Ontario Specimen Jury Instructions (Criminal), Toronto: Thomson/Carswell, [2003], xiii, 1101 p., see "Colour of Right", at pp. 971-972, ISBN: 0459254928; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, Ottawa, KF 9682 W38 2003 c. 01;

WATT, David, Marc Rosenberg, and Murray Segal, Commentators, "Offically induced error as a defence. The Queen v. Bertram Gerard MacDougall (S.C.C., Nov. 23, 1982), Criminal Law audio series, 1982, tape 9, side 1, # 1, 9 minutes;

WEILER, Paul, "The Supreme Court of Canada and the Doctrines of Mens Rea", (1971) 49 The Canadian Bar Review 280-363, see "The Reach of Fault: Herein of Mistake of Fact and of Law" at pp. 316-323;