updated to / mise à jour au: 26 June 2011

- To assist researchers, please do not hesitate to suggest titles to these bibliographies.  Thank you.
- Pour le bénéfice de tous, n'hésitez pas à suggérer des ajouts aux bibliographies.  Merci.
flareau@rogers.com

by / par ©François Lareau, 1998-, Ottawa, Canada

Selected Bibliography on Duress /

Bibliographie choisie sur la contrainte

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see also / voir aussi: Comparative Law / Droit comparé
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I - Canadian Law / Droit canadien

A- Books / Livres etc.

ABELL, J. (Jennie), 1951-,  and Elizabeth Sheehy, Criminal Law and Prcedure: Proof, Defences, and Beyond, 2nd ed., North York (Ontario): Captus Press, c.1998, vii, 463 p., ISBN: 6896691374, see Chapter 16, "Duress", pp. 355-367;
 

BARNHORST, Sherrie-1948 and Richard Barnhorst, Criminal Law and the Canadian Criminal Code, 3rd ed., Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1996, xxxii, 414 p., duress at pp. 77-80,  ISBN: 007552757X;
 

BÉRARD, Nicole Trudeau, La contrainte, thèse LL.M., Université de Montréal, 1975, v, 197, x, f.;
 

BOWERS, Andrew Alexander, 1968-, Duress, necessity and the taking of innocent life: special challenges facing English, Canadian and international criminal law, LL.M. thesis, Queen's University (Kingston, Ontario, Canada), 2003, 208 p.; thesis advisor: Allan Manson; title noted in my research on 6 February 2004 but not consulted yet;
 

BOYLE, Christine, Marie-Andrée Bertrand, Céline Lacerte-Lamontagne and Rebecca Shamai (paper prepared for for Status of Women Canada), and edited by J. Stewart Russell, , A Feminist Review of Criminal Law, [Ottawa]: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1985, xxiv, 210 p., on duress, see pp. 44-45 and 47 (theses pages written by Boyle), ISBN: 0662146182; information on the French version / informations sur la version française: BOYLE, Christine, Marie-Andrée Bertrand, Céline Lacerte-Lamontagne et Rebecca Shamai (étude préparée pour Condition féminine Canada), et J. Stuart Russell, rédacteur, Un examen féministe du droit criminel, Ottawa, Ministère des Approvisionnements et Services Canada, 1985, xxv, 232 p., sur la contrainte morale, voir les pp. 51-52 et 54-55 (ces pages écrites par Boyle), ISBN: 0662936744;
 

BRAUTI, Peter M., 1968-, and Brian G. Puddington, 1975-, Prosecuting and defending drug offences, Aurora (Ont.): Canada Law Book, c2003, xlvi, 490 p., see "Duress", at pp. 75-82, ISBN: 0888043775; copy at Carleton University,  Floor 4, KE9050 .B73 2003;
 

BURBIDGE, George Wheelock, A Digest of the Criminal Law of Canada (Crimes and Punishments) Founded By Permission on Sir James Fitzjames Stephen's Digest of the Criminal Law, Toronto: Carswell, 1890. lxii, 588 p; Research Note: see article 30 "Married Women" at pp. 35-36 and article 31, "Compulsion" at pp. 36;
 

CAIRNS-WAY, Rosemary, 1956-,  and Renate Mohr, Toni Pickard and Phil Goldman: Dimensions of Criminal Law, 2nd ed., Toronto: Emond Montgomery, 1996, xxvi, 999 p., ISBN: 0920722822, see "Compulsion and Duress Doctrine: Individual Social, and State Coercion", at pp. 892-945;
 

CAIRNS-WAY, Rosemary, 1956-, Dimensions of Criminal Law -- Toni Pickard, Phil Goldman, Renate M. Mohr, 3rd ed., Toronto: Emond Montgomery Publications, 2002, xxvi, 1004 p., see "Compulsion and Duress Doctrine: Individual Social, and State Coercion", at pp. 907-957, ISBN: 155239050; copy at Ottawa University, location: FTX general, KE 8808.5 .P528 2002;
 

CANADA, Citizenship and Immigration Canada, ENF [Enforcement] 18.  War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity, Ottawa: Citizen and Immigration Canada, 2004, 20 p. and appendixes [total of 38 p.] (series; Policy and programs Manuals); available at http://www.cic.gc.ca/manuals-guides/english/enf/enf18e.pdf (accessed on 1 September 2005); also published in French/aussi publié en français: CANADA, Citoyenneté et Immigration Canada, ENF [Exécution de la loi] 18.  Crimes de guerre et crimes contre l'humanité, Ottawa: Citoyenneté et Immigration Canada, 2004 (Collection; guides), 22 p. et appendices [total de 40 p.]; disponible à  http://www.cic.gc.ca/manuals-guides/francais/enf/enf18f.pdf (visionné le 1^er septembre 2005);

"7. 4 Defences ...

The only defence that has been considered by the Courts (in the context of refugee and immigration law) is that the person acted under duress.  The defence of duress can be accepted if the following three conditions are met:

• it results froma threat of imminent death or of continuing or imminent serious bodily harm against that person or another person;

• the person acts necessarily and reasonably to avoid this threat;

• the person does not intend to cause a greater harm than the one sought to be avoided.

When this defence is offered and it appears that the ground of inadmissibility may be overcome, it is recommended that the matter be referred to the Modern War Crimes section (BCW) for legal advice prior to rendering a decision on admissibility."

------

"7.4  Moyens de défense [...]

Le seul moyen de défense examiné par les tribunaux (dans le contexte des lois sur les réfugiés et sur l'immigration) est que la personne a agi sous la contrainte.  Ce moyen est accepté si les trois conditions suivantes sont remplies :

• la contrainte découle de menaces de mort imminente ou de sévices corporels graves imminents ou continus proférés contre la personne concernée ou un tiers;

• la personne concernée accomplit les actes nécessaires et raisonnables pour se soustraire à cette menace;

• la personne n'a pas l'intention de causer un préjudice plus grave que celui auquel elle essaie de se soustraire.

Lorsqu'un moyen de défense est présenté et que le motif d'interdiction de territoire pourrait être annulé, il est recommandé de demander les conseils juridiques de l'unité des crimes de guerre contemporains (BCW) avant de prendre une décision sur l'interdiction de territoire."
 

CANADA, Department of Justice Canada and James W. O'Reilly, Toward a New General Part of the Criminal Code of Canada - Details on Reform Options -, [Ottawa]: [Department of Justice Canada], [December 1994], ii, 50 p., see pp. 31-33; available at my Digital Library, http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html; also published in French/aussi publié en français: Ministère de la Justice Canada et James W. O'Reilly, Pour une nouvelle codification de la Partie générale du Code criminel du Canada - Options de réforme -, [Ottawa]: [Ministère de la Justice Canada], [décembre 1994], ii, 51 p., voir les pp. 31-33; disponible à ma bibliothèque digitale, http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html;

CANADA, Department of Justice Canada, Brian Jarvis and Darren Littlejohn,  Reforming the General Part of the Criminal Code: A Summary and Analysis of the Responses to the Consultation Paper, [Ottawa]: Department of  Justice Canada, Communications and Consultation Branch, 1995, 123 p., and see "Question 7 -- Committing a criminal act under duress", at pp. 54-57; document obtained by François Lareau with letter from Department of Justice Canada, Access to Information and Privacy Office, dated 22 February 1999, Request file A98-00147, released pages 000731-000853; this document is available at my Digital Library on Canadian criminal law at, http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html; there are also two shorter versions of that document also available at my Digital Library: Reforming the General Part of the Criminal Code: Analysis of the Responses to the Consultation Paper, 51 p., and Analysis of Responses to the Consultation Paper on Reforming the General Part of the Criminal Code -- Executive Summary, 15 p; on these three documents,  see Background Document;

CANADA, The Minister of Justice of Canada,  Proposals to Amend the Criminal Code (general principles), [Ottawa], [Department of Justice Canada], 28 June 1993, 17 p., see clause 36 on duress of circumstances and duress by threats at pp. 11-12; available at my Digital Library, http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html; information in French (bilingual publication) /informations en français (publication bilingue): Ministre de la Justice du Canada, Proposition de modification du Code criminel (principes généraux), [Ottawa], [MInistère de la Justice Canada], 28 ¸juin 1993, 17 p., voir l'article 36 sur la contrainte et la menace aux pp. 11-12; disponible à ma bibliothèque digitale, http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html;
 

CANADA, House of Commons, Sub-Committee on the Recodification of the General Part of the Criminal Code of the Standing Committee on Justice and the Sollicitor General, Report of the Sub-Committee on the Recodification of the General Part of the Criminal Code of the Standing Committee on Justice and the Sollicitor General: First Principles: Recodifying the General Part of the Criminal Code of Canada, in Minutes of Proceedings and Evidence of the Sub-Committee on the recodification of the General Part of the Criminal Code of the Standing Committee on Justice and the Solicitor General, [Ottawa]: Queen's Printer for Canada, 1993,  issue no. 11 of 10 December 1992 and  2, 4, and 16 February 1993, see  p. 65; also published in French/aussi publié en français: Canada, Chambre des Communes,  Sous-comité sur la Recodification de la Partie générale du Code criminel du Comité permanent de la justice et du Solliciteur général, Principes de base: recodification de la Partie générale du Code criminel du Canada.  Rapport du Sous-comité sur la recodification de la Partie générale du Code criminel du Canada du Comité permanent de la justice et du Solliciteur général dans Procès-verbaux et témoignages du Sous-comité sur la Recodification de la Partie générale du Code criminel du Comité permanent de la justice et du Solliciteur général,  [Ottawa]: I'Imprimeur de la Reine pour le Canada, 1993,  fasicule 11 du 10 décembre 1992 et 2,4,16 février 1993, voir la p. 70;
 

CANADA, Law Reform Commission of Canada, Criminal Law: The General Part: Liability and Defences, Ottawa: Law Reform Commission of Canada, 1982,  204 p. (Series; Working Paper, vol. 29),  see duress at pp. 84-91 with notes at pp.135-136, ISBN: 0662514297; copy of the English version of this working paper is available in pdf format at my Digital Library -- Canadian Criminal Law; also published in French/aussi publié en français : Commission de réforme du droit du Canada,  Droit pénal: Partie générale - responsabilité et  moyens de défense, Ottawa: Ministère des Approvisionnements et Services Canada, 1982, 239 p. (Collection:  Document de travail, vol. 29),  voir sur la contrainte morale les pp. 97-106 et les notes à la p. 156, ISBN: 0662514297;
 

___________Recodifying Criminal Law (Revised and Enlarged Edition of Report 30), Ottawa: Law Reform Commission of Canada, 1987,  pp. 34 and 35 (series; Report, vol. 31), ISBN: 0662547578; copy of the English version of this report is available in pdf format at my Digital Library -- Canadian Criminal Law; also published in French/aussi publié en français: Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, Pour une nouvelle codification du droit pénal (Édition revisée et augmentée du rapport no 30), Ottawa: Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, 1987,  pp. 37-38 et  39 (Collection: Rapport, vol. 31), ISBN: 0662547578,
 

CANADA/PROVINCES, Report of the Working Group on Chapter 3 of the Law Reform Commission of Canada Report 30, Vol. 1,  "Recodifying Criminal Law", [Ottawa]: [Department of Justice Canada], December 1987, vii, 80 p.; Research Note:  this report is cited in the Law Reform Commission of Canada, 1988-1989 - 18th Annual Report, Ottawa: Law Reform Commission of Canada, 1989 at p. 37, ISBN: 0662573013.  Chapter 3 of report 30  is entitled "Defences" and  includesthe defence of necessity and the defence of duress.  This report of the working group was submitted to the Federal-Provincial Coordination Committee of Senior Justice Officials.  Members of the Working Group were from: the Department of Justice Canada, and from the following provincial Attorney General departments or Ministries/Departments of Justice: Ontario, Québec, New Brunswick, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Manitoba and  British Columbia. This report is available from the Department of Justice Canada.  It was obtained by François Lareau in 1998 under Access to Information Request number A98-00185; also available in French / aussi disponible en français: CANADA/PROVINCES, Rapport du Groupe de travail chargé de l'étude du chapitre 3 du Rapport no 30 de la Commission de réforme du droit du Canada "Pour une nouvelle codification du droit pénal" (Volume I), [Ottawa]: [Ministère de la Justice Canada],  décembre 1987, vii, 88 p.; Notes de recherche :  ce rapport est mentionné dans Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, 1988-1989, Dix-huitième Rapport annuel,  Ottawa : Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, 1989,  à la p. 40, ISBN: 0662573013.  Le chapitre 3 du rapport 30 a pour titre «Les moyens de défense» et comprend des dispositions sur la contrainte morale et la nécessité.  Ce rapport du groupe de travail a été soumis au Comité fédéral-provincial de coordination composé de fonctionnaires de niveau supérieur de la justice.  Les membres du groupe de travail proviennent du Ministère de la Justice Canada et des ministères des proccureurs généraux /ministères provinciaux de la justice de: l'Ontario, Québec, Nouvelle-Écosse, Saskatchewan, Alberta et Columbie-Britannique. Ce rapport est disponible au Ministère de la Justice Canada.  Il a été obtenu par François Lareau en 1998 suite à une demande d'accès à l'information numéro A-98-00185;
 

CANADIAN ASSOCIATION OF POLICE CHIEFS, An Evaluation of Volume I of the Report 30 Published by the Law Reform Commission Canada and titled "Recodifying Criminal Law", [Ottawa?]: The Canadian Association of Police Chiefs, 1987, 112 p.;
 

CANADIAN BAR ASSOCIATION,  CRIMINAL RECODIFICATION TASK FORCE, Principles of Criminal Liability: Proposals for a New General Part of the Criminal Code - Report of the Criminal Recodification Task Force,  Ottawa: Canadian Bar Association, [1992],  x, 190 p., see "XI. Duress" at pp. 93-99, ISBN: 0920742335;  Research Note: This book is also published in CANADA, House of Commons, Minutes of Proceedings and Evidence of the Sub-Committee on the Recodification of the General Part of the Criminal Code of the Standing Committee on Justice and the Solicitor General, [Ottawa]: Queen's Printer for Canada, 1992, issue number 5 of 2  and 18 November 1992, pp. 5A:1 to 5A:224 and see "XI. Duress" at pp. 5A:98 to 5A:105; also published in French / aussi publié en français: ASSOCIATION  DU BARREAU CANADIEN, GROUPE DE TRAVAIL SUR LA NOUVELLE CODIFICATION DU DROIT PÉNAL, Principes de responsabilité pénale: proposition de nouvelles dispositions générales du Code criminel du Canada: Rapport du Groupe de travail sur la nouvelle codification du droit pénal, Ottawa : Association du Barreau canadien, [1992], xiii, 206 p., ISBN: 0920742351; Note de recherche : aussi publié dans CANADA, Chambre des Communes,  Procès-verbaux et témoignages du Sous-comité sur la Recodification de la Partie générale du Code criminel du Comité permanent de la justice et du Solliciteur général,[Ottawa]: I'Imprimeur de la Reine pour le Canada, 1992, fasicule numéro 5 du  2 et 18 novembre 1992, pp. 5A:224 à 5A::460 et voir "XI. Contrainte" aux pp. 5A:332 à 5A:339;
 

CANADA, Canadian Sentencing Commission, Sentencing Reform: A Canadian Approach, Report of the Canadian Sentencing Commission, Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1987, xl, 592 p., bibliography, ISSBN: 0660122456 (Chairman: J.R. Omer Archambault); also published in French / aussi publié en français: Canada, Commission canadienne sur la détermination de la peine, Réformer la sentence: une approche canadienne -- Rapport de la Commission canadienne sur la détermination de la peine, Ottawa: Ministre des Approvisionnements et Services Canada, 1987, xlii, 651 p. (Président: J.R. Omer Archambault);

"11.8  The Commission recommends that the following list of aggravating and mitigating factors be adopted as the primary grounds to justify departures from the guidelines:
......

Mitigating Factors ...
4. Evidence that the offender was under duress." (p. 320).

CHAMPLAIN, Éric de, L'analyse de la constitutionalité du moyen de défense de contrainte, travail de maîtrise, Université Laval, 1997 cité dans  Côté-Harper, Rainville et Turgeon, infra, à la p. 1244, note 149; note de recherche: ce travail ne se trouve pas dans  le catalogue informatisé «Ariane» de l'Université Laval;
 

COLVIN, Eric, 1945-,  Principles of Criminal Law, 2nd ed., [Scarborough]: Carswell, 1991, xxvi, 399 p., see pp. 229-238 on duress,  ISBN: 0459355619 (bound) and 0459355716 (pbk.);

COLVIN, Eric, 1945 and Sanjeev Anand, Principles of Criminal Law, 3rd ed., Toronto: Thomson/Carswell, 2007, li, 599 p., ISBN: 978 0779813247;  
 

CÔTÉ-HARPER, Gisèle, 1942-,  Pierre Rainville, 1964-,  et  Jean Turgeon, 1951-,  Traité de droit  pénal canadien, 4^e édition refondue et augmentée, Cowansville: Éditions Yvon Blais, 1998, lv, 1458 p., voir le chapitre sur la contrainte aux pp. 1217-1259, ISBN: 2894512589; note de recherche sur les éditions précédentes aux éditions Yvon Blais:  la première édition porte le tite: Principes de droit pénal général, 1981 (auteurs: Gisèle Côté-Harper et Antoine Manganas);  la deuxième édition en 1984 (auteurs: Gisèle Côté-Harper et Antoine D. Manganas) et la troisième édition en 1989 (auteurs: Gisèle Côté-Harper, Antoine D. Manganas et Jean Turgeon) avec le supplément de 1994 (auteurs: Gisèle Côté-Harper et Jean Turgeon) portent le tite Droit pénal canadien;
 

CRÉMAZIE, Jacques, Les lois criminelles anglaises traduites et compilées de Blackstone, Chitty, Russell et autres criminalistes anglais et telles que suivies en Canada: arrangées suivant les dispositions introduites dans le Code criminel de cette province par les statuts provinciaux 4 et 5 Victoria, Chap. 24, 25, 26 et 27, comprenant aussi un précis des statuts pénaux de la ci-devant Province du Bas-Canada, Québec: Imprimerie de Frechette, 1842, xii, 591 p., voir les pp. 12-14;

 
Criminal Code -- Annotated codes used by practioners/ Code criminel --codes annotés utilisés par les practiciens

    in English (published every year) /en anglais:

GOLD, Allan D., The Practioner's Criminal Code, Markham, Ont.: LexisNexis Canada, 2008;

GREENSPAN, Edward L. and Marc Rosenberg, annotations by, Martin's Annual Criminal Code 2008, Aurora: Canada Law Book Inc.;

WATT, David and Michelle Fuerst, annotations by, The 2008 Annotated Tremeear's Criminal Code, Toronto: Carswell, A Thomson Company;

COURNOYER, Guy et Gilles Ouimet, Code criminel annoté 2008, Cowansville: Éditions Yvon Blais, une société Thomson; note: législation bilingue/bilingual legislation;

DELASSALLE,  Aymeri,  Les moyens de défense de nécessité et de contrainte en droit pénal international, mémoire de  maîtrise en droit international, Université du Québec à Montréal, janvier 2007; titre noté dans mes recherches mais thèse non consultée; résumé et table des matières disponibles à http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/juris/memoires/delassalle_a.pdf (vérifié le 3 juin 2008)
;

EWASCHUK, Eugene G., Criminal Pleadings and Practice in Canada, 2nd ed., 2 looseleaf volumes, Aurora (Ontario): Canada Law Book, 1987-, loose-leaf, ISBN: 0888040687 (vol. 1) and 0888041438 (vol. 2); on compulsion and duress, see vol. 2, at p. 21-24.2;
 

FEDERAL/PROVINCIAL WORKING GROUP ON HOMICIDE, Final Report of the Federal/Provincial Working Group on Homicide, [Ottawa], [Department of Justice Canada], June 1990, updated April 1991, xii, 170 p. (Co-Chairmen: Howard F. Morton,  Ministry of the Attorney General, Province of Ontario and Jean-François Dionne, Quebec Department of Justice); copy of this report was obtained by François Lareau under an Access to Information Act     request response dated November 9, 1998, file A-98-00183 from the Department of Justice Canada; also available in French / aussi disponible en français : Groupe de travail fédéral-provincial sur l'homicide, Rapport final du groupe de travail fédéral-provincial sur l'homicide, [Ottawa], [Ministère de la Justice Canada], juin 1990, révisé avril 1991, xii, 172 p. (Co-Présidents:  Howard F. Morton, Ministère du Procureur général de l'Ontario et Jean-François Dionne, Ministère de la Justice du Québec); copie de ce rapport a été obtenu par François Lareau dans la réponse en date du 9 novembre 1998 de sa demande à la Loi sur l'accès à l'information, au Ministère de la Justice Canada, dossier A-98-00183;
 

FERGUSON, Gerry  A. and John C. Bouck, Canadian Criminal Jury Instructions (CRIMJI), 3rd edition, vol. 2, Vancouver (British Columbia) : Continuing Legal Education Society of British  Columbia, 1994-,  ISBN: 0865047715, see "Compulsion (s. 17)" at 8.12 and "Duress" at 8.20;
 

FORTIN, Jacques et Louise Viau, Traité de droit pénal général, Montréal : Éditions Thémis, 1982, xi, 457 p., voir la contrainte morale aux  pp. 230-238;
 

FRIEDLAND, M.L. (Martin Lawrence), 1932-,  and Kent Roach, 1961-, Criminal Law and Procedure : Cases and Materials, 8th ed., Toronto: Emond Montgomery Publications, 1997,  xxvii, 1020 p., ISBN: 0920722962, see on duress, pp. 865-883;
 

GOLD, Alan D., Annual Review of Criminal Law 1996, Toronto: Carswell, 1996, xxxiv, 319 p., discusses R. v. Hibbert, [1995] 2 SCR 973 at pp. 85-86, ISBN: 0459553917 (1997);

____________Criminal offences and defences, contributed by Alan D. Gold: contributing editor, Andrew James, contributor editor, Brendon Lounsbery, Markham (Ontario): LexisNexis Canada, 2007, 1034 p., and see "Duress", at pp. 926-928 (series; Halsbury's Laws of Canada), ISBN: 9780433454267;
 

GRANT, Isabel, 1957-, Dorothy Chunn and Christine Boyle, The Law of Homicide, Scarborough: Carswell (Thomson Professional Publishing), 1994, see pp. 6-63 to 6-71 on duress (compulsion by threats), ISBN: 0459552244 (loose-leaf) and 0459552562 (pbk.);
 

HOLLAND,  Winifred H., "Murder and Related Issues: An Analysis of the Law in Canada -- Report to the Law Commission", July 2005, in The Law Commission, The Law of Murder: Overseas  Comparative Studies, [London: HMSO, 2005], at pp. 22-65;  available at http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/docs/comparative_studies.pdf (accessed on 27 December 2005); 

INSTITUTE OF LAW RESEARCH AND REFORM, Defences to Provincial Charges, Edmonton: The Institute of Law Research and Reform, March 1984, ii, 123 p., see discussion of compulsion at pp. 58-59 (series; Report No. 39);
 

KAMEL-TOUEG, Nabil, Précis de droit pénal général - Droit pénal I, 2e édition, Mont-Royal : Modulo, 1994, ix, 242 p., voir les pp. 200-205 sur la contrainte, ISBN: 2891135024;
 

KLINEBERG, Joanne, Moral Involuntariness as a Principle of Excusing Conditions : What's Choice Got to Do with It?, University of British Columbia, LL.M. thesis, 2002, v, 116 leaves; abstract at  http://www.library.ubc.ca/law/abstracts/klineberg.html (accessed on 28 May 2005);

"ABSTRACT
The Supreme Court of Canada decision in R. v. Ruzic (2001) formulates a new principle of fundamental justice under section 7 of the Charter. This new principle of fundamental justice holds that notwithstanding that a person committed a crime with the required guilty state of mind, they must not be punished if their actions were "morally involuntary", that is to say if their acts were not the "product of a free will...unhindered by external constraints". This principle relates to defences based on external circumstances. As a constitutional principle, it may result in the redefinition of existing defences such as a necessity, duress and self-defence, and may also lead to the development of new defences. [abstract continued at web site]

KNOLL, Patrick J., 1950-, Criminal Law Defences - Textbook Edition of the title Criminal Law Defences Canadian Encyclopedic Digest Third Edition, 2nd ed., Scarborough: Carswell (Thomson Professional Publishing), 1994, 224 p., at pp. 130-134, ISBN: 0459552392;
 

LAW REFORM COMMISSION OF SASKATCHEWAN, Proposals for Defences to Provincial Offences: Report to the Minister of Justice,  Saskatoon : Law Reform Commission of Saskatchewan, December 1986, 18 p., see "Common Law Defences" at pp. 13-15;;
 

LIBMAN, Rick,  1956-,  The Law of Robbery, Toronto: Carswell, 1990, xix, 388 p., see Chapter 13, "The Defence of Duress" at pp. 287-316, ISBN: 0459340719;
 

___________Libman on regulatory offences in Canada, Saltspring Island, BC : Earlscourt Legal Press, c2002-, 1 v. (loose-leaf), see section 8.4,  "Duress", ISBN: 0968233864; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, Ottawa, KF 1292 A6 L53 2002;
 

Manual for the Ratification....available at  http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/foreign_policy/icc/PDF/Manual_2nd_ed_final-en.pdf (accessed on 2 September 2005); ; also available in French / aussi disponible en français : disponible à  http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/foreign_policy/icc/PDF/Manual_2nd_ed_final-fr.pdf (visionné le 2 septembre 2005);
 

MANSON, Allan, The Law of Sentencing, Toronto: Irwin Law, 2001, xviii, 410 p., see "Provocation and Duress at pp. 139-141;  ISBN: 1552210294 (series; essentials of Canadian Law);
 

MEE, John Patrick, The Defences of Duress and Necessity in the Criminal Law, LL.M. thesis, York University, Toronto,  1989, vi, 225 p.;
 

MEWETT, Allan W., 1930-, and Morris MANNING, Mewett & Manning on Criminal Law, 3rd ed, Toronto: Butterworths, 1994, lxiv, 959 p.,  see "Compulsion (Duress)" at pp. 519-529 on necessity; ISBN: 0409903752 (bound) and 0433396458 (pbk.),
 

NATIONAL DEFENCE (Department of), Law of Armed Conflict at the Operational and Tactical Levels, [Ottawa], 2001, 1 volume (various pagings; total pages: 246), at p.16-6 and 16-7; notes; Issued on Authority of the Chief of Defence Staff; Joint Doctrine Manual; Custodian JAG (Judge Advocate General); DND Publication Number: B-GJ-005-104/FP-021; available at http://www.forces.gc.ca/jag/training/publications/law_of_armed_conflict/loac_2004_e.pdf (accessed on 20 August 2005); also published in French/aussi publié en français: DÉFENSE NATIONALE (Ministère de la), Le Droit des conflits armées aux niveaux opérationel et tactique,  [Ottawa], 2001, pagination multiple (total de 250 p.), à la p. 16-7; notes: manuel de doctrine interarmées; Publiée avec l'autorisation du Chef d'état-major de la Défense; Responsable JAG (Juge avocat général); numéro de publication du MDN: B-GJ-005-104/FP-021, disponible à  http://www.forces.gc.ca/jag/training/publications/law_of_armed_conflict/loac_2004_f.pdf (visionné le 20 août 2005);
 

"CHAPTER 16
WAR CRIMES, INDIVIDUAL CRIMINAL LIABILITY AND COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY...

SECTION 5 - POSSIBLE DEFENCES

1612. MILITARY NECESSITY

1. Since the conventional laws of armed conflict have been drafted with the concept of military necessity in mind, it is not open to a person accused of a war crime to plead this in defence, unless the act in question relates to a breach of a treaty provision, which stipulates that military advantage may be taken into consideration. Some treaty provisions do specify that certain acts may be done if required by military necessity. If a commander performs these acts, then a subsequent assessment of whether or not these actswere required by military necessity must be based on the information available to the commander at the time and not in an abuse of hindsight.

eg GI Art 33 (2)
 

1613. PERSONAL NECESSITY

1. Persons accused of a war crime cannot plead that they acted by way of personal necessity on account of immediate danger to their own lives or property, although this may be taken into consideration in mitigation of punishment."
(pp. 16-1 and 16-6 and 16-7)
------
"CHAPITRE 16
CRIMES DE GUERRE, RESPONSABILITÉ CRIMINELLE INDIVIDUELLE ET RESPONSABILITÉ DU COMMANDEMENT ...

SECTION 5 - DÉFENSES POSSIBLES...

1612. NÉCESSITÉ MILITAIRE

1. Comme le Droit des conflits armés conventionnel a été rédigé en tenant compte du concept de nécessité militaire, il n’est pas possible pour une personne accusée d'un crime de guerre de plaider ce point pour sa défense, à moins que l’acte en question porte sur une infraction à la disposition d’un traité qui stipule que l’avantage militaire peut être pris en considération. Certaines dispositions de traités spécifient que certains actes peuvent être accomplis lorsque la nécessité militaire l’exige. Si un commandant pose ces actes, une évaluation subséquente visant à savoir si ces actes étaient ou non exigés par la nécessité
militaires peut être basée sur l’information fournie au commandant à ce moment et non sur un jugement après coup.

eg GI Art 33 (2)
 

1613. NÉCESSITÉ PERSONNELLE

1. Les personnes accusées d’un crime de guerre ne peuvent pas plaider qu’elles ont agi par nécessité personnelle en raison d’un danger immédiat à leur propre vie ou propriété, même si cela peut être pris en compte pour atténuer la peine."
(pp. 16-1 et 16-7)
 

PARENT, Hugues, 1970-, Traité de droit criminel, Tome 1.  L'acte volontaire et les  moyens de défense, Montréal : Éditions Thémis, 2003, xxviii, 587 p., voir "La contrainte" aux pp. 433-461, ISBN: 2894001703;

___________Traité de droit criminel, Tome Premier:  L'imputabilité, 2^e édition, Montréal : Éditions Thémis, 2005, xxxii, 1023 p., voir le Chapitre 7, "La contrainte" aux pp. 535-585, ISBN: 2894001703; copie à la Bibliothèque de la Cour suprême du Canada, KF 9220 ZA2 P39 2005, t. 1, c. 01;
 

Queen´s Regulations and Orders for the Canadian Forces, [QR&O], available at  http://www.admfincs.forces.gc.ca/admfincs/subjects/qr_o/intro_e.asp (accessed on 10 November 2005); and see QR&O vol. 2, article 103.03 -- Civil Defences Available to Accused", available at  http://www.admfincs.forces.gc.ca/admfincs/subjects/qr_o/vol2/tofc103_e.asp (accessed on 10 November 2005) / also publish in French;  aussi publié en français: Ordonnances et règlements royaux applicables aux Forces canadiennes [ORFC],  disponibles à  http://www.admfincs.forces.gc.ca/admfincs/subjects/qr_o/intro_f.asp (visionné le10 novembre 2005) et voir l'article 103.03, ORFC, vol. 2, "Moyens de défense civils dont dispose l'accusé", disponible à  http://www.admfincs.forces.gc.ca/admfincs/subjects/qr_o/vol2/tofc103_e.asp, visionné le 10 novembre 2005);
 

REILLY, Alexander, 1969-, The Heart of the Matter: Emotion in the Criminal Law, LL.M. thesis, University of British Columbia, 1996, vi, 151 p.;
 

ROACH, Kent, 1961-, Criminal Law, Concord (Ontario): Irwin Law, 1996, xiv, 240 p., (series; Essentials of Canadian Law), ISBN: 1552210006; Research Note:  see Chapter 8, "Provocation, Self-Defence, Necessity and Duress" at pp. 162-191 and more particularly for duress,  pp. 185-191;
 

ROBERT, Marie-Pierre, 1977-, La défense culturelle : un moyen de défense non souhaitable en droit pénal canadien, Cowansville (Québec) : Éditions Y. Blais, c2004, xviii, 152 p., voir "La contrainte" aux pp. 60-64 et "Conclusion partielle" aux pp. 90-93 (Collection; Collection Minerve), ISBN: 2894517394; notes: Présenté à l'origine comme thèse LL.M., Université de Montréal, 2002, dir. de recherches: Prof. Anne-Marie Boisvert;
 

RODRIGUES,  Gary P., general editor, Crankshaw's Criminal Code of Canada R.S.C. 1985, 8th ed. rev., Toronto : Carswell, 1993-, (loose-leaf, several volumes), see section 17, "Compulsion by threats";
 

SINCLAIR-PROWSE, Janet A., 1947-, and Elizabeth Bennett,  Working Manual of Criminal Law, Scarborough: Carswell, 1984-, looseleaf, see duress at pp. 38-43 (release number 2 of 1995), ISBN: 0459359703;
 

STUART, Don, Canadian Criminal Law: A Treatise, 3rd ed., Scarborough:  Carswell, 1995, l, 672 p.,  see pp. 426-439 on duress; ISBN: 0459553062 (bound) and 0459553089 (pbk.);  there is now a 5th ed.: Toronto: Thomson/Carswell, 2007, xix, 815 p., ISBN: 978 0779812950;
 

___________Charter Justice in Canadian Criminal Law, 3rd ed., Scarborough: Carswell, A Thomson Company, 2001, lviii, 540 p., see in particular "'Moral Involuntariness' Becomes Charter Standard for Defences" at pp. 100-101, ISBN: 0459261134; see also 2nd ed., Scarborough: Carswell, 1996, lx, 541 p., in particular "Charter Standards for Justifications and Excuses" at pp. 103-105, ISBN: 0459253964 (bound) and 0459254022 (pbk.);
 

STUART, Don, 1943-,  and Ronald Joseph Delisle, Learning Canadian Criminal Law, 7th ed., Scarborough (Ontario): Carswell, Thompson Professional Publishing, 1999, xxv, 1010 p., see duress at  pp. 790-808, ISBN: 0459270613;
 

UNIFORM LAW CONFERENCE OF CANADA, Conférence sur l'uniformisation des lois au Canada -  Proceedings of the Seventy-fourth Annual Meeting Held at Corner Brook, Newfoundland, August, 1992, [Ottawa?:], [The Uniform Law Conference of Canada], 1992?, 351 p., see "Criminal Section - Minutes", pp. 41-59,  at p. 48, the resolution from Alberta "That section 17 [of the Criminal Code of Canada on the defence of duress] be amended to exempt the offence of kidnapping from the application of the defence of duress" (resolution carried); French information / renseignements en français: "Section du droit pénal- Compte rendu", pp. 60-75,  à la p. 64, il est fait mention d'une résolution de "Modifier l'article 17 du Code criminel [sur la défense de contrainte] pour exclure l'enlèvement de l'applicatiion de la défense de contrainte" (motion adoptée);
 

VANDERVORT, Lucinda, "To Codify or Not Codify the Principles of Criminal Responsibility: A Question of Fundamental Justice and Equality" in Don Stuart, 1943-,  R.J. Delisle and Allan Manson, eds., Towards a Clear and Just Criminal Law: A Criminal Reports Forum, Scarborough (Ontario): Carswell, Thomson Professional Publishing, 1999, v, 574 p., pp. 231-242, see p. 241, "Sections 23, 24, 25, and 26 - Defence of the Person and of Property, Duress, and Necessity", ISBN: 045927077X; note: comments on Professor Don Stuart's draft General Part found at  pp. 95-145;
 

VERDUN-JONES, Simon N. (Simon Nicholas), 1947-,  Criminal Law in Canada: Cases, Questions & The Code, 4th ed., Thomson/Nelson, 2006,  xvi, 332 p., see Chapter 11, "Necessity and Duress: Two Excuses Recognized by the Courts as Defences to a Criminal Charge" at pp. 264-281, ISBN: 0176407170; copy at the Library of Parliament, Br.B  KE 8809 V47 2007; 
 

WATT, The Honourable Mr. Justice David, Ontario Specimen Jury Instructions (Criminal), Toronto: Thomson/Carswell,  [2003], xiii, 1101 p., see "Duress (Common Law Defence)" at pp. 973-980, ISBN: 0459254928; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, Ottawa, KF 9682 W38 2003 c. 01;
 

B --  Articles
 

ARBOUR, L. (Louise), "Annotation - La Cour suprême sans contrainte" (1977) 39 C.R.N.S. 264-280;

AKHAVAN, Payam, "Should Duress Apply to All Crimes?  A Comparative Appraisal of Moral Involuntariness and the Twenty Crimes Exception Under Section 17 of the Criminal Code",  (September 2009) 13(3) Canadian Criminal Law  Review 271-296;
 

BAKER, Brenda M., "Acting Under Duress" (1974) 3 Canadian Journal of Philosophy 515-523;
 

___________"Duress, Responsibility, and Deterrence",  (1985) 24 Dialogue - Canadian Philosophical Review  605-612 (part of the "Duress and Free Will Symposium");
 

BEAUMONT, John, "Duress as a Defense to Murder" [1976] Dalhousie Law Journal 580-594;

BERGER, Benjamin L., "Emotions and the Veil of Voluntarism: The Loss of Judgment in Canadian Criminal Defences", (Spring 2006) 51(1) McGill Law Journal 99-128; available at http://www.law.uvic.ca/bberger/documents/LossofJudgment.pdf (accessed on 24 March 2008);
 

BOISVERT, Anne-Marie, "La responsabilité versant acteurs: vers une redécouverte en droit canadien, de la notion d'imputabilité", (2003) 33 Revue générale de droit 271-292;
 

BONNER, P.S., "Notes.  Criminal Law: Non-Capital Murder: Duress: Whether The Defence Of Duress Under Sections 17 or 7(3) of the Criminal Code Is Available To A Party To The Offence Under Section 21(2): Paquette v. The Queen, [1977] 2 S.C.R. 189, 30 C.C.C. (2d) 417, 70 D.L.R. (3d) 129 (176)"  (1978) 10 Ottawa Law Review 214-223;
 

BORINS, Stephen, "The Defence of Duress" (1981-82) 24 Criminal Law Quarterly 191-211;
 

BOURQUE, Sophie, "Les moyens de défense" dans Droit pénal (Infractions, moyens de défense et sentence) volume 11, Cowansville: Éditions Yvon Blais, 2000, aux pp. 163-188, voir sur la contrainte, les 184-185 (Collection; Collection de droit 1999-2000, vol. 11), ISBN: 289451333X;
 

___________"Les moyens de défense" dans Claude Leblond, responsable du secteur Droit pénal, École du Barreau du Québec, Droit pénal: infractions, moyens de défense et sentence, Cowansville (Québec): Les Éditions Yvon Blais, 2001, 264 p., aux pp. 161-188, et plus particulièrement, "La contrainte par les menaces" aux pp. 184-185 (Collection; Collection de droit 2000-2001; volume 11), ISBN: 2894513976; copie à la Bibliothèque de la Cour suprême du Canada, KF385 ZB5 C681 v. 11 2000-01 c. 01 (24 février 2003);
 

BOWERS, Andrew, "A Concession to Humanity in the Killing of Innocents  -- Validating the Defences of Duress and Superior Orders in International Law", (March 2003) 15 Windsor Review of  Legal and Social Issues 31-72; see under Books, supra, for the author's thesis;

"[Abstract]  The author engages in a moral and legal debate about whether duress and/or obedience to superior orders can ever constitute a valid defence to the killing of an innocent human being during times of international conflict.  The relationship between duress and obedience to superior orders is discussed and the scope of these defences is analyzed and their applicability under the Rome Statute of  the newly created International Criminal Court is discussed.  The debate centers around the facts of the Prosecutor v. Drazen Erdemovic decision handed down by the Appeals Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in 1997.  The author also presents a hypothetical situation to highlight some of the issues that still have to be resolved in international law regarding the applicability of these defences and to offer suggestions as to how these issues should be resolved." (p. 31)

BRODEUR, J.-P., "Compelled to Choose", (1985) 24 Dialogue - Canadian Philosophical Review  597-603 (part of the "Duress and Free Will Symposium");
 

BROOKBANKS, Warren J., "Compulsion and self-defence" in Neil Cameron and Simon France, eds., Essays on Criminal Law in New Zealand Towards Reform?,  Victoria: Victoria University of Wellington Law Review and Victoria University Press, 1990, 243 p., at pp. 95-116, ISBN: 0864732066 (series; VUW Law Review Monograph 3);
 

___________The defence of compulsion : an overview, [Auckland, N.Z.] : Legal Research Foundation (University of Auckland), [1981?], 36 p., (series; Publication / Legal Research Foundation, number 20), ISSN 0111-2015 ; ISBN: 0908581203 (pbk.) research note: book not consulted and information in part from Harvard internet catalogue (Hollis); copy also at the University of Manitoba Law Library;
 

BRYANT, Marian E., "Defence of duress" in National Criminal Law Program: Substantive Criminal Law (1993: Montreal), [ed.],  National Criminal Law Program, The Federation of Law Societies of Canada, Montreal (PQ): Federation of Law Societies, 1993, 2 volumes; information from  http://gate.library.ualberta.ca/ (The GATE:  NEOS Libraries' Catalogue) as seen on 11 November 2000; document not consulted;
 

BRYCE, George K., "The Excuse of Duress", December 1991, discussion paper mentioned in Canadian Bar Association, Criminal Recodification Task Force,  Principles of Criminal Liability: Proposals for a New General Part of the Criminal Code - Report of the Criminal Recodification Task Force,  Ottawa: Canadian Bar Association, [1992],  x, 190 p.,  at p. 189, ISBN: 0920742335;  research note: paper is available for a fee from the Canadian Bar Association, Ottawa; also available from the Library of the Faculty of Law, University of Montréal, 22 pages, part of the series: (series; Working Paper, Canadian Bar Association, National Criminal Justice Section, Committee on Criminal Code Reform; number 9);
 

CLAXTON, Edward, "Paquette v. The Queen" (1977) 15 Osgoode Hall Law Journal 436-446;

COCKBURN, A.E., "Copy ‘of Letter from the Lord Chief Justice of England dated the 12th day of June 1879, containing Comments and Suggestions in relation to the Criminal Code (Indictable Offences) Bill’”, Sessional Papers (Parliamentary Papers), (1878-79), vol. 59, pp. 233-252, paper number 232, 20 p., and see pp. 16-17 on compulsion; to situate Cockburn's letter, see François Lareau, "Notes on the English Draft Code (1878-1883)", [Ottawa], August 1990, 11 p.; 
 

Code criminel, S.R.C. 1985, c. C-46 / Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46;
 

COFFIN, Graeme, "Necessity and Duress" in Canada, House of Commons, Minutes of Proceedings and Evidence of the Sub-Committee on the Recodification of the General Part of the Criminal Code of the Standing Committee on Justice and the Solicitor General, [Ottawa]: Queen's Printer for Canada, 1992,  issue  number 2 of 15 June 1992, pp. 2A:47 - 2A-57, available at http://www.lareau-legal.ca/Coffin1992.pdf;  also published in French/aussi publié en français: COFFIN, Graeme, [TRADUCTION] «La nécessité et la contrainte» dans Chambre des Communes, Procès-verbaux et témoignages du Sous-comité sur la Recodification de la Partie générale du Code criminel du Comité permanent de la justice et du Solliciteur général,  [Ottawa]: I'Imprimeur de la Reine pour le Canada, 1992, fasicule numéro 2 du 15 juin 1992 aux pp. 2A:172 - 2A-187, disponible à http://www.lareau-legal.ca/Coffin1992F.pdf;

 ____________ "A New Codification of Necessity and Duress", paper submitted to Professor Martin Friedland, University of Toronto on January 6, 1992, 42 p.;
 

COLVIN, Eric, "Ordinary and Reasonable People: The Design of Objective Tests of Criminal Responsibility", (2001) 27(2) Monash University Law Review 197-228;
 

COOLICAN, Colin C., "Case Comment: Regina v. Carker - Criminal Law - Wilful Damage - Duress", (1967) 5 Osgoode Hall Law Journal 78-88; published under another title and with slight changes as "Compulsion and duress as an excuse for the commission of a criminal offence", (1968) 2 C.R.N.S. 21-28;
 

COUGHLAN, Stephen G., "Duress, Necessity, Self-Defence and Provocation: Implications of Radical Change?", (2002) 7 Canadian Criminal Law 147-208;
 

COUGHLAN, Steve, "Annotation: R. v. Fraser, (2002) 3 C.R. (6th) 309 (Nova Scotia Provincial Court)", (2002) 3 C.R. (6th) 309;
 

Court of Appeal, "Duress Self-exposure to Risk of Threats: R v Harmer [2003] Crim LR 401", (2003) 67(1) The Journal of Criminal Law 6-9 with commentary at 7-9;
 

Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46 / Code criminel, S.R.C. 1985, c. C-46;
 

DAGENAIS, Manon, "La défense de contrainte morale en droit pénal canadien",  (1989) 3 Revue juridique des étudiants et étudiantes de l'Université Laval (R.J.E.L.) 155; note de recherche: ne constitue qu'un avis d'un travail de 35 p. sous la supervision du professeur Jacques Gagné; une copie du document se trouve à la Bibliothèque de l'Université Laval  et à la Bibliothèque de l'Université de Montréal;
 

EVANS, Christopher D., "Duress (Compulsion by Threats)" in National Criminal Law Program: Substantive Criminal Law, Winnipeg, Man. : The Federation of Law Societies of Canada, 1996, vol. 2 of 2, section 16.3, 13 p;  Notes: "University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, July 15 to 19, 1996"; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada;
 

FERGUSON, Gerry, "Recent Developments in Canadian Criminal Law", (2000) 24(4) Criminal Law Journal 248-263, see "Duress" at p. 259 (1 p. only);
 

GALLOWAY, Donald, "Gardiner: Defining Duress - Must the Threats be Sudden?", (1983) 34 C.R. (3d) 245-248;
 

GOMBAY, A., "Necessitate Without Inclining", (1985) 24 Dialogue - Canadian Philosophical Review  579-587 (part of the "Duresss and Free Will Symposium");
 

___________"Postcript, June 1985", (1985) 24 Dialogue - Canadian Philosophical Review 613-616;
 

GRANT, Isabel, "Developments in Criminal Law: The 1994-95 Term", (1996) 7 Supreme Court Law Review (2d) 203-259; at pp. 231-244 (deals with R. v. Hibbert, [1995] 2 SCR 973];
 

___________"Exigent Circumstances: The Relevance of Repeated Abuse to the Defence of Duress", (1997) 2 Canadian Criminal Law Review 331-370;
 

GRONDIN, Rachel, "Note.  Trois moyens de défense générale: la contrainte physique, la contrainte par menaces et la nécessité", (1983) 14 Revue générale de droit 493-508;
 

HEALY, Patrick, "Innocence and Defences", (1993) 19 C.R. (4th)  121-131 (deals with necessity, duress and R. v. Langlois (1993) 19 C.R. (4th) 87 (Que. C.A.));
 

HENEIN, Marie, "The Defence of Duress",  in National Criminal Law Program (2004 : Halifax, N.S.), Dalhousie University, Faculty of Law, and Federation of Law Societies of Canada, Substantive criminal law : 2004 National Criminal Law Program, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, July 12 to 16, 2004 / presented by the Federation of Law Societies of Canada in conjunction with the Faculty of Law, Dalhousie University, [s.l. : s.n.], 2004, 3 v., in volume 2, Tab 13.3, 12 p.; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada KF9220 ZA2 N38 2004;

HUGHES, Paul M., "Temptation and Culpability in the Law of Duress and Entrapment", (2006) 51(3) The Criminal Law Quarterly 342-359;
 

HUMPHREY, David, ""Duress" in National criminal law program (2001 : Charlottetown, P.E.I.), ed., National criminal law program / The Federation of Law Societies of Canada, Charlottetown : Federation of Law Societies, 2001, in vol. 2 of 2; copy at Department of Justice Canada, Prairies Region, Edmonton Office, Law Library, call number: KF 9655 N36 2001;
 

JAFFEY, John, "SCC strikes down limits on duress in Code's s. 17", (4 May 2002) The Lawyers Weekly 1 and 3; deals with R. v. Ruzic , [2001] 1 Supreme Court Reports 687;
 

KLIMCHUK, Dennis, "Moral Innocence, Normative Involuntariness and Fundamental Justice", (1998) 18 Criminal Reports (5th) 96-112; Research Note: article on s. 17 of the Canadian Criminal Code, "Compulsion by Threats", and R. v. Ruzic (1988) 18 C.R (5th) 58-95 (Ont. C.A.);
 

LAREAU, François, «Analyse comparative de droit sur la contrainte», travail présenté à monsieur Pierre Legrand, professeur du cours DCL 7608, «Problèmes choisis de droit comparé», programme de maîtrise en droit, LL.M., hiver 1990, Université d'Ottawa, École des études supérieures et de la recherche, Faculté de droit, texte non-publié;  106 p.;

LEBEL, Louis, "La consolidation des fondements de la responsabilité pénale en droit criminel canadien depuis l'entrée en vigueur de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés",  (2009) 50 Cahiers de Droit 735-748 et voir à la p. 746;
 

LEGAL AID ONTARIO / AIDE JURIDIQUE ONTARIO -- LAO  LAW, Criminal Law Memoranda, Toronto, catalogue current as of February 1, 2006; see http://www.lss.bc.ca/__shared/assets/LAOlawindex1225.pdf  and http://www.legalaid.on.ca/ (both sites accessed on 24 February 2006);
-D9-1 Duress (19 Mar 2003; 23 pages);

LEIGH, L.H.,   "The Law Reform Commission of Canada and the Reform of the General Part", [1983] Criminal Law Review 438-449, see at pp. 445-447, the discussion of the Commission's proposals on duress and necessity contained in their working paper 29, Criminal Law: The General Part: Liability and Defences, supra;
 

__________"Notes and Comments: R. v. Gill (Note)", (1963-64) 6 The Criminal Law Quarterly 7-8;
 

MacKINNON, Peter and Tim Quigley, "Developments in Canadian Criminal Law 1995", (1996) 20 Criminal Law Journal 321-339, discusses R. v. Hibbert, [1995] 2 SCR 973 and duress at pp. 85-86, ISBN: 0459553917 (1997);
 

MEWETT, A.W., "Editorial: A Jurisprudential Analysis of Duress", (1996) 38 The Criminal Law Quarterly 129-130 (editorial deals with R. v. Hibbert, [1995] 2 S.C.R. 973);
 

___________"Notes and Comments - Duress and Murder", (1976-77) 19 The Criminal Law Quarterly 161-163;
 

__________"Notes and Comments: Duress and Mens Rea", (1974-75) 17 The Criminal Law Quarterly 352-354;
 

PACIOCCO, David M., "Articles and Addresses  No-one Wants  to Be Eaten:  The Logic and Experience  of the Law of Necessity and Duress",  (2010)  56(3) The Criminal Law Quarterly 240;

___________"Subjective and Objective Standards of Fault for Offences and Defences" (1995) Saskatchewan Law Review 271-309; Research Note: see "Defences Constituting Justifications or Excuses where the Offence is Complete", at pp. 294-307;
 

PARKER, Graham E., "Notes and Comments: The Queen v. Carker", (1967) 10 The Criminal Law Quarterly 132-134;

PARENT, Hugues, 1970-, "La négligence criminelle en droit pénal canadien: analyse descriptive et critique d'un concept en pleine évolution", (May/mai 2006) 10(3) Canadian Criminal law Review / Revue canadienne de droit pénal 259-298, et voir "La contrainte" aux pp. 277-280;  
 

POWELL, Clay M. and David Watt, Commentators, "Compulsion by threats - a defence to rape? Bergstrom v. The Queen, S.C.C. May 11, 1981" in Criminal Law Audio Series,  Toronto: Legal Audio Services of Canada Ltd, 1981, audio cassette, May 1981, side one, number one, 14 minutes; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada;
 

__________"The Defence of duress: New hope for an accused!  Paquette v. The Queen, S.C.C. Oct 5, 1976.  Dunbar v. The King, (1936) 67 C.C.C. 20; Lynch v. D.P.P., [1975] 1 All. E.R. 913, H. of L.; Abbott v. The Queen, July 20, 1976, P.C."  in Criminal Law Audio Series,  Toronto: Legal Audio Services of Canada Ltd, 1976, audio cassette, October 1976, side one, number one, 25 minutes;
 

R. c. Langlois, [1993] R.J.Q. 675, 19 C.R. (4th) 87, 80 C.C.C. (2d) 417, 28 R.J.P.Q. 93-208 (Que. C.A.); scholarly decision by J. Fish, now at the Supreme Court of Canada; important contribution to legal theory;
 

REILLY, Alexander, "The Heart of the Matter: Emotion in Criminal Defences", (1997-98) 29 Ottawa Law Review 117-151;
 

___________"The Heart of the Matter: Emotion in Criminal Defences", (1997-98) 29 Ottawa Law Review 117-151, see "Duress" at pp. 145-149;

"[Abstract] "This article compares the understanding of emotion in psychological literature with the legal understanding of emotion as revealed in the criminal defences of provocation, self-defence and duress under the Canadian Criminal Code.  The article begins by outlining theoretical approaches to understanding emotion in philosophy and psychology, and then identifies how these approaches are applied in the defences.  The article critizes the law's understanding of emotion for being narrow, gender-biased and inconsistent.  It challenges the grounds of knowledge upon which assessments of criminal liability are made and offers a social constructionist approach to understanding emotion as a possible vehicule for reconsidering the defences.  It is argued  that the social constructionist approach is well suited to the assessment of conduct in its spatial, historical and cultural context, and for this reason ought to be emphasized in the legal assessment of liability." (p. 117)

REILLY, Alexander and Rudolf Mikus, "R. v. Hibbert: The Theoretical Foundations of Duress", (1996) 30 University of British Columbia 181-199;
 

RIKHOF, Joseph, "War Crimes, Crimes against Humanity and Immigration Law", (1993) 19 Immigration Law Reporter (2nd) 18-69, and see "The Defence of Duress", at pp. 43-44 and "The Defence of Mistake of Fact", at p. 46; copy at the University of Ottawa, KE 4454 .A49 I556  Location: FTX General;
 

ROACH, Kent, 1961-,"A Charter Reality Check: How Relevant is the Charter to the Justness of Our Criminal Justice System?" , (2008) 40(2). Supreme Court Law Review 717-759,
 available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1154625

______"Duress and Necessity in the White Paper", [Ottawa]: Law Reform  Division, Department of Justice Canada, 1994, 18 p., available at my Digital Library; also available in French/aussi disponible en français: «Les moyens de défense fondés sur la contrainte et sur la nécessité dans le livre blanc»,  [Ottawa] : Division de la réforme du droit, Ministère de la justice du Canada, 1994, 20 p., disponible à ma Bibliothèque numérique; research note: the "White Paper" refers to CANADA, The Minister of Justice of Canada,  Proposals to Amend the Criminal Code (general principles), supra;
 

ROSENTHAL, Peter, "Duress in the Criminal Law" (1990) 32 The Criminal Law Quarterly 199-226;
 

SHAFFER, Martha, "Coerced into Crime: Battered Women and the Defence of Duress", (1999) 4 Canadian Criminal Law Review 271-330;
 

___________"Scrutinizing Duress: The Constitutional Validity of Section 17 of the Criminal Code", (1998) 40 The Criminal Law Quarterly 444-475; available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1185902 (accessed on 3 September 2008);
 

SHERRIN, Christopher, "Developments in Criminal Law: The 2000-2001 Term", (2000) 15 The Supreme Court Law Review, 2nd series, 213-261; comments on R. v. Ruzic, [2001] 1 S.C.R. 687;
 

STUART, Don, 1943-, "A Case for A General Part" in Don Stuart, R.J. Delisle and Allan Manson, eds., Towards a Clear and Just Criminal Law: A Criminal Reports Forum, Scarborough (Ontario): Carswell, Thomson Professional Publishing, 1999, v, 574 p., at pp. 95-145, see "Duress" at pp. 130-131, ISBN: 045927077X;
 

__________"'Moral Involuntariness' Becomes Charter Standard for Defences", (2001) 41 C.R. (5th) 37-43; discusses Supreme Court of Canada decision of   R. v. Ruzic, [2001] 1 S.C.R. 687;
 

SUPREME COURT OF CANADA (Decisions)/Cour suprême du Canada (arrêts) :
 

R. v. Finta, [1994 1 S.C.R. 701; available at  http://www.lexum.umontreal.ca/csc-scc/en/pub/1994/vol1/ (accessed on 24 August 2005);

"The defence of obedience to superior orders and the peace officer defence are available to members of the military or police forces in prosecutions for war crimes and crimes against humanity. Those defences are subject to the manifest illegality test. That is to say, the defences will not be available where the orders in question were manifestly unlawful. Even where the orders were manifestly unlawful, the defence of obedience to superior orders and the peace officer defence will be available in those circumstances where the accused had no moral choice as to whether to follow the orders. That is to say, there was such an air of compulsion and threat to the accused that the accused had no alternative but to obey the orders. As an example, the accused could be found to have been compelled to carry out the manifestly unlawful orders in circumstances where the accused would be shot if he or she failed to carry out the orders." (Cory, J., p. 845)

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"Les membres des forces militaires ou policières peuvent invoquer le moyen de défense fondé sur l'obéissance aux ordres d'un supérieur et celui de l'agent de la paix dans des poursuites pour crimes de guerre et crimes contre l'humanité. Ces moyens de défense sont examinés en regard du critère de l'illégalité manifeste. Ils ne peuvent donc être invoqués lorsque les ordres en question étaient manifestement illégaux. Même dans le cas où les ordres étaient manifestement illégaux, le moyen de défense fondé sur l'obéissance aux ordres d'un supérieur et celui de l'agent de la paix pourront être invoqués si l'accusé n'avait pas la liberté morale d'y obéir ou non. C'est-à-dire que l'accusé voyait dans l'ordre un élément de contrainte ou de menace telle qu'il n'avait d'autre choix que d'y obéir. On pourrait par exemple conclure que l'accusé a été forcé d'exécuter les ordres manifestement illégaux dans le cas où, n'eût été son obéissance, il aurait été tué." (J. Cory, pp. 845-846)

• R. v. Hibbert, [1995] 2 S.C.R. 973;
 

• R. v. Ruzic, [2001] 1 S.C.R. 687;  see also R. v. Ruzic (1998) 18 C.R (5th) 58-95 (Ont. C.A.); Ruzic  is available on the internet at http://www.ontariocourts.on.ca/decisions/1998/august/ruzic.htm (as noticed on 1 June 1999);
 

• Paquette v. The Queen, [1977] 2 S.C.R. 189;
 

• R . v. Carker, [1967] S.C.R. 114;
 

TANOVICH, David M. and Gerry Ferguson, Annual Review of Criminal Law 2001, Carswell, a Thomson Company, 2002, xxvii, 200 p., ISBN: 0459271148; see  "Duress" at pp. 37-39; comments on R. v. Ruzic, [2001] 1 S.C.R. 687;
 

WEILER, Paul, In the Last Resort.  A Critical Study of the Supreme Court of Canada, Toronto: Carswell, 1974, xv, 246 p., see "Interpreting the Criminal Code: Duress and 'Felony Murder'" at pp. 109-115, ISBN: 0459313304;
 

___________"The Supreme Court of Canada and the Doctrines of Mens Rea", (1971) 49 The Canadian Bar Review 280-363, see "Provocation and Duress" at pp. 344-350;
 

WEIN, Bonnie and Greg Fitch (update of previous work by Marc Rosenberg and Douglas C. Hunt), "Defences: Duress",  in Federation of Law Societies of Canada, National Criminal Law Program Substantive Criminal Law,  Vol. 3, St. John's Newfoundland, 1986,  pp. C1-C30;  research note: this program of substantive criminal Law  is given every two or three years by the Federation of Law Societies of Canada so there is a more recent version but not necessarily by the same author;
 

YEO, S.M.H.(Stanley Meng Heong), "Challenging Moral Involuntariness as a Principle of Fundamental Justice", (2002) Queen's Law Journal 335-351; deals with R. v. Ruzic , [2001] 1 Supreme Court Reports 687;
 

YOUNG, Diana, "Excuses and Intelligibility", (2004) 53 University of New Brunswick Law Journal 79-110, and see in particular, "PART II: Necessity and Duress", at pp. 92-109;
 

YOUNG, Rachel E., "Notes and Comments: R. v. Ruzic", (1999) 42 The Criminal Law Quarterly 515-524; deals with s. 17 of the Canadian Criminal Code on duress and with  R. v. Ruzic, [2001] 1 S.C.R. 687;

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