Selected Bibliography on the Defence of Duress / Bibliographie choisie sur la contrainte comme moyen de défense

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Selected Bibliography on Duress
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Bibliographie choisie sur la contrainte

THE AMERICAN LAW INSTITUTE, Model Penal Code and Commentaries (Official Draft and Revised Comments), Part I - General Provisions §§1.01 to 2.13, Philadelphia: The American Law Institute, 1985, liii, 420 p., see § 2.09, "Duress", pp. 367-387;

___________Model Penal Code: Proposed Official Draft, Philadelphia: The American Law Institute, 1962, xxii, 346 p., see section 2.09, "Duress", p. 40;

___________Model Penal Code: Tentative Draft No. 10, Philadelphia: The American Law Institute, 1960, xii, 197 p., see on duress, pp. xi and 1-16;

AMOS, Andrew, Ruins of Time exemplified in Sir Matthew Hale's History of the Pleas of the Crown, London: V. and R. Stevens and G.S. Norton, 1856, xxvi, 268 p.; see "Marital Coercion", at pp. 42-45;

ANDENAES, Johannes, The General Part of the Criminal Law of Norway, South Hackensack (N.J.): Fred B. Rothman and in London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1965, xxiii, 346 p., see "Compulsion" at p. 260 (series; Publication of the Comparative Criminal Law Project);

ARISTOTE, Éthique de Nicomaque, traduction, préface et notes par J. Voilquin, Paris: Garnier Flammarion, 1965, 310, [3] p.; voir le Livre III, Chapitre 1;

"1. Puisque la vertu a rapport aux passions et aux actions, qu'on loue et blâme ce qui émane de notre volonté, tandis qu'on ne refuse pas son pardon et parfois même sa pitié à ce qui est accompli sans volonté de choix, peut-être est-il nécessaire de déterminer, puisque notre examen porte sur la vertu, ce qui est volontaire et ce qui est involontaire.

2. Du reste, cette étude ne manquera pas d'être utile aussi aux législateurs chargés de fixer les récompenses et les peines.

3. A ce qu'il semble, sont involontaires les actes accomplis par contrainte ou s'accompagnant d'ignorance. Un acte forcé est celui dont le principe est extérieur à nous-mêmes et tel que l'agent ou le patient n'y participe en rien, par exemple quand un vent violent ou des gens, maîtres de notre vie, nous transportent en quelque endroit.

4. Pour toutes les actions que nous exécutons par crainte de maux plus grands ou en vue d'une belle fin, on peut discuter la question de savoir si elles sont volontaires ou non; prenons par exemple le cas d'un tyran, qui, maître de la vie de nos parents et de nos enfants, nous enjoindrait de faire un acte honteux, en y mettant la condition que l'exécution sauverait les nôtres, tandis que le refus entraînerait leur mort.

5. Ce cas n'est pas sans analogie avec celui d'une cargaison jetée à la mer au cours d'une tempête; en général, personne ne perd de son plein gré sa cargaison; on s'y résigne pour sauver sa propre vie et celle des autres, comme le font tous ceux qui sont sains d'esprit.

6. Ainsi donc de telles actions ne revêtent pas un caractère bien net; néanmoins elles ressemblent davantage à des décisions volontaires. Car, au moment où on les exécute, elles sont délibérément voulues. D'autre part, la fin de l'acte est déterminée par les circonstances. Ainsi il faut préciser le degré de volonté dans l'acte qui s'accomplit. En de telles circonstances, c'est volontairement que l'homme agit; la cause qui fait mouvoir ses organes réside en lui; or avoir en soi-même le principe de ses actes, c'est avoir aussi en soi la possibilité de les exécuter ou non. De telles actions sont donc volontaires; mais, absolument parlant, peut-être dira-t-on aussi qu'elles sont involontaires : car nul ne souhaiterait exécuter des actes de cette nature pour eux-mêmes.

7. Parfois même, on loue une conduite de cette sorte, quand c'est en vue de grands et beaux résultats qu'on supporte ce qui est honteux et affligeant. Dans le cas contraire, on n'obtient que le blâme. Car supporter la honte totale pour un acte sans beauté ou pour un faible profit est le fait d'un coeur méprisable. Parfois, ce qu'on obtient, ce n'est pas l'éloge, mais le pardon; c'est le cas lorsqu'il s'agit de faits qu'on réprouve, mais qui dépassent les forces de la nature humaine et que personne ne pourrait endurer.

8. Parfois, peut-être, est-il des cas où il ne faut pas céder à la force, où il vaut mieux mourir en endurant d'horribles supplices. En effet, les motifs qui poussent le personnage d'Alcméon, chez Euripide, à tuer sa mère sont, de l'aveu de tous, ridicules.

9. Il est donc parfois difficile de déterminer quelle conduite tenir de préférence à une autre, quels maux supporter plutôt que tels autres, et il est encore plus difficile de s'en tenir à sa décision. C'est qu'en général ce à quoi on s'attend est pénible et ce à quoi on est contraint, déshonorant. De là les blâmes et les éloges, selon que l'on a été contraint ou non à agir."

10. À quoi donc reconnaître le cas de force majeure ? Est-ce tout simplement le cas d'une cause extérieure à nous et lorsque l'exécutant n'a aucune intention de prendre part à l'action ? Certains actes sont par eux-mêmes involontaires; mais, dans telle circonstance, on les préfère à d'autres, et alors la cause réside dans l'exécutant. Par eux-mêmes ils restent involontaires; mais ils deviennent volontaires par ce choix momentané. Aussi ressemblent-ils plutôt aux actes volontaires; car les actions ont rapport avec les circonstances particulières et ces dernières comportent une intervention de la volonté. Mais sur le choix à faire de préférence à un autre, il n'est pas facile de s'expliquer, car les cas particuliers présentent beaucoup de différences.

11. Et si l'on venait à dire que ce qui est agréable et beau comporte la contrainte — car, l'agréable et le beau étant extérieurs à nous, nous nous verrions alors contraints —, tout, dans ces conditions, impliquerait une pareille contrainte. Car c'est en vue de ces fins que tous les hommes accomplissent tous leurs actes. Et, à la vérité, une partie d'entre eux, contraints et forcés, n'agissent qu'à contre-coeur, dans le cas de la peine, tandis que d'autres, se proposant l'agréable et le bien, éprouvent du plaisir. Il serait donc ridicule d'incriminer ce qui nous est extérieur et non notre propre personne, facilement séduite par ces avantages du dehors, et de s'attribuer le mérite des belles actions, en reportant sur l'attrait du plaisir la responsabilité de nos actes honteux.

12. Il semble bien qu'on appelle acte forcé celui dont le principe est hors de nous et auquel l'agent ne participe en rien." (pp. 65-67)

ASHWORTH, A.J., Principles of Criminal Law, 2nd ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995, xxviii, 496 p., see "Duress and Necessity" at pp. 217-225, ISBN: 0198763670 and 0198763689 (pbk.); there is now a 3rd edition, 1999;

ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONALE DE DROIT PÉNAL (AIDP) (International Association of Penal Law) and Istituto Superiore Internazionale di Scienze Criminali (ISISC) (International Institute of Higher Studies in Criminal Sciences) and Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law (MPI), Draft Statute
for an International Criminal Court -- Alternative to the ILC-Draft -- (Siracusa-Draft), prepared by a Committee of Experts Siracusa/Freiburg, July 1995, 88 p.; available at http://www.iuscrim.mpg.de/forsch/straf/referate/sach/hispint/siracusa.pdf (accessed on 10 December 2005);

___________Criminal Law and Penal Methods Reform Committee of South Australia, The Substantive Criminal Law, 1977, xlviii, 460 p., see pp. 33-37 on duress (Chair: The Honourable Justice Roma Flinders Mitchell);

___________Criminal Law Officers Committee of the Standing Committee of Attorneys-General, Model Criminal Code, Chapter 2 General Principles of Criminal Responsibility - Discussion Draft, Canberra: Commonwealth Government Printer, July 1992, x, 107 p., see pp. 58-59 (Chairman: David Neal), ISBN: 064425372X;

___________Criminal Law Officers Committee of the Standing Committee of Attorneys-General, Model Criminal Code, Chapter 2 General Principles of Criminal Responsibility - Final Report December 1992, Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, Commonwealth of Australia, 1993, x, 119, [ii] p., see pp. 64-65 (Chairman: David Neal), ISBN: 0644287438;

___________Law Reform Commissioner Victoria, Duress, Necessity and Coercion, Melbourne : The Commissioner, 1980, 48 p., (series; Law Reform Commissioner Report No. 9), (John Minogue, Law Reform Commissioner), ISBN: 0724133526;

___________Law Reform Commissioner Victoria, Duress, Necessity and Coercion, Melbourne: The Commissioner, 1978, 50 p., (series; Law Reform Commissioner Working Paper No. 5), ISBN: 0724117784;

___________Law Reform Commission of Victoria, Homicide, [Melbourne] : Law Reform Commission of Victoria, [1991], vi, 166 p., see "Complete defences: duress and necessity" at pp. 100-106 (series; report no. 40), ISSN: 08187320 and ISBN: 730623149;

___________Law Reform Commission of Victoria, Homicide, [Melbourne]: Law Reform Commission of Victoria, 72 p., see pp. 30 and 63-65 (series; Discussion Paper No. 13), ISSN: 08186413 and ISBN: 0724167137;

___________Review Committee, Review of Commonwealth Criminal Law - Interim Report - Principles of Criminal Responsibility and Other Matters, Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1990, see chapter 12, "Duress and Necessity", pp. 127-151 and pp. 11-13 of Part IX, Draft Bill, (Chairman: Sir Harry Gibbs), ISBN: 0644127244;

___________Victorian Law Reform Commission, Defences to Homicide: Issues Paper, Melbourne (Victoria): Victorian Law Reform Commission, 2002, ix, 129 p., on duress and necessity, see pp. 93-96 and 110, ISBN: 0957967853, available at http://www.lawreform.vic.gov.au/CA256902000FE154/Lookup/Homicide/$file/Issues_Paper.pdf (accessed on 15 February 2003);

BASSIOUNI, M. Cherif, 1937-, Crimes Against humanity in International criminal law, 2nd rev. ed., The Hague/London/Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1999, xli, 610 p., ISBN: 9041112227; see "Compulsion" at pp. 484-491; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, K5302 B37 1999;

BLACKSTONE, William, 1723-1780, Commentaries on the Laws of England: A Facsimile of the First Edition of 1765-1769 , see Volume I Of the Rights of Persons (1765) with an Introduction by Stanley N. Katz Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979 (reprint of : Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1765 for vol. 1), see in vol. 1, chapter 1, "of the Absolute Rights of Individuals", in particular pp. 126-127;

BURCHELL, E.M., J.R.L. Milton and J.M. Burchell, South African Criminal Law and Procedure, Vol I, General Principles of Criminal Law by EM Burchell and PMA Hunt, 2nd ed., Cape Town: Juta, 1983, lxii, 512 p., see"III. Necessity", pp. 335-351, ISBN: 070211345X (hardcover) and 0702113468 (softcover); research note: there is now a 3rd ed., Kenwyn: Juta, 1997, xxxviii, 383 p., (series; South African criminal law and procedure ; v. 1), ISBN: 070213855X;

CARD, Richard, Card, Cross & Jones: Criminal Law, 12th ed., London: Butterworths, 1992, xxxvi, 570 p., see duress by threats at pp. 519-527 and marital coercion at pp. 527-528, ISBN; 0406000867; research note: there is now a 14th ed., London: Butterworths, 1998, xlv, 716 p. which I have not consulted;

CLARKSON, C.M.V. (Christopher M.V.), Understanding Criminal Law, 2nd ed., London: Fontana Press, 1995, x, 274 p., see "Duress" at pp. 85-88 (series; Understanding Law; series editor: J.A.G. Griffith), ISBN: 0006862950;

CRAWFORD, J.M.B. and J.F. Quinn, The Christian Foundations of Criminal Responsibility: A Philosophical Study of Legal Reasoning, Lewiston (N.Y.): The Edwin Mellen Press, 1990 or 1991, vi, 504 p., see pp. 235-237 with notes at the end of the chapter (series; Toronto Studies in Theology; volume 40), ISBN: 0889469792;

(1) There shall be no criminal offense when the perpetrator has acted in order to avert from himself or from another an imminent danger which could not have been averted in any other way, provided that in doing so a lesser harm was done than that which had been threatened.

(2) The perpetrator is not culpable if he has committed an illegal act in order to avert from himself or from another an imminent danger which could not have been averted in any other way, provided that in doing so the harm that is done is not disproportionally greater than that which had been threatened.

(3) If, in the case referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article, the perpetrator was avoidably mistaken about the circumstances which exclude culpability, he shall be punished for negligence if, for the committed offense, the Code prescribes punishment for negligence.

(2) If the perpetrator commits a criminal offense under resistible coercion or threat, the provisions of Article 30 of this Code shall apply, treating such coercion or threat as a danger."

DADOMO, Christian and Susan Farran, French Substantive Law --Key Elements, London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1997, xxii, 232 p., and see "État de Necessité", at pp. 217-219 and "Contrainte" at pp. 221-222, ISBN: 0421525509; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, KJV 233 D332 1997;

DELASSALLE, Aymeri, Les moyens de défense de nécessité et de contrainte en droit pénal international, mémoire de maîtrise en droit international, Université du Québec à Montréal, janvier 2007; titre noté dans mes recherches mais thèse non consultée; résumé et table des matières disponibles à http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/juris/memoires/delassalle_a.pdf (vérifié le 3 juin 2008);

DRESSLER, Joshua, Understanding Criminal Law, 2nd ed., New York : Matthew Bender, 1995, xli, 556, [13], [9] p., see chapter 23, "Duress", at pp. 273-292, ISBN: 0820527173 (series; Legal Text Series);

ENGLAND and Wales, Criminal Code Bill Commission, Report of the Royal Commission Appointed to Consider the Law Relating to Indictable Offences: With an Appendix Containing a Draft Code Embodying the Suggestions of the Commissioners, Command number 2345 in Sessional Papers [British Parliamentary Papers] (1878-79), vol. 20, pp. 169-378, see pp. 179, 211-212 and 234 (Chairperson: C.B. Blackburn); also published in Irish University Press Series of British Parliamentary Papers: Royal Commission Select Committee and Other Reports on the Criminal Law with Proceedings Minutes of Evidence Appendix and Index 1847-79, vol. 6, Legal Administration Criminal Law, Dublin: Shannon University Press, 1971, pp. 369-579, at p. 378, 411-412 and 434, ISBN: 0716511428; research note # 1: for Command Paper number 2345, the pages are pp.10, 43-44 and 68;

___________Her Majesty's Commissioners for Revising and Consolidating the Criminal Law, Second Report of Her Majesty's Commissioners for Revising and Consolidating the Criminal Law, c. 709 in Sessional Papers (1846), vol. 24, pp. 107-182, art. 6 to 9; also published in Irish University Press Series of British Parliamentary Papers: Reports From The Royal Commission On Revising and Consolidating The Criminal Law With Appendices and Index 1845-49, vol. 5, Legal Administration Criminal Law, Dublin: Shannon University Press, 1971, pp. 169-244 at p. 180, ISBN: 071651141X; research note # 1: for Command Paper number 709, the page is 12;

___________Her Majesty's Commissioners on Criminal Law, Fourth Report of Her Majesty's Commissioners on Criminal Law, command number 168 in Sessional Papers [British Parliamentary Papers]1839, volume 19, pp. 235-432, see "Digest of Offences against the Person", at p. 271, art. 39, "Homicide Justifiable For Self-Preservation"; this Fourth Report is also published in Irish University Press Series of British Parliamentary Papers: Reports From The Royal Commission On The Criminal Law With Appendices And index 1834-41, vol.3, Legal Administration Criminal Law, Dublin: Shannon University Press, 1971, 233-430 at p. 269, ISBN: 0716511398; research note # 1: for Command Paper number 168, the page is xxxvii;

___________Her Majesty's Commissioners on Criminal Law, Seventh Report of Her Majesty's Commissioners on Criminal Law, command number 448 in Sessional Papers [British Parliamentary Papers]1843, volume 19, pp. 1-285, see "Of Incapacity to commit Crimes, and of Duress and Coercion", at pp.31-32, art. 6-10; this Seventh Report is also published in Irish University Press Series of British Parliamentary Papers: Reports From The Royal Commission On The Criminal Law With Appendices And index 1834-41, vol.4, Legal Administration Criminal Law, Dublin: Shannon University Press, 1971, pp. 9-296 at pp. 43-44, ISBN: 0716511401; research note # 1: for Command Paper number 448, the pages are 31-32;

___________Her Majesty's Commissioners on Criminal Law, Sixth Report of Her Majesty's Commissioners on Criminal Law, command number 316, in Sessional Papers [British Parliamentary Papers]1841, Session 1, volume 10, pp. 1-160, at pp. 29-30, art. 16 ["Force and fear of present death excuses from treason, in levying war and adhering to King's enemies" with note (o); this Sixth Report is also published in Irish University Press Series of British Parliamentary Papers: Reports From The Royal Commission On The Criminal Law With Appendices And index 1834-41, vol. 3, Legal Administration Criminal Law, Dublin: Shannon University Press, 1971, pp. 545-704 at pp. 573-574, art. 16 with note (o), ISBN: 0716511398; research note # 1: for Command Paper number 316, the pages are pp. 25-26, art. 16 with note (o);

__________House of Commons, Bill 178, Criminal Code (Indictable Offences) Bill, 1878 in Sessional Papers [British Parliamentary Papers] (1878), vol. 2, pp. 5-249 at p. 39, section 2 "compulsion"; research notes: Bill 178 was drafted by Sir James Stephen and for comments by Stephen on that Bill, see GREAT BRITAIN, House of Commons, "Memorandum [by Sir James Stephen] 'Showing the ALTERATIONS proposed to be made in the existing Law by the CRIMINAL CODE (INDICTABLE OFFENCES) Bill [Bill 178], if Amended, as proposed by the Attorney General'", infra;

___________House of Commons, "Memorandum [by Sir James Stephen] 'Showing the ALTERATIONS proposed to be made in the existing Law by the CRIMINAL CODE (INDICTABLE OFFENCES) Bill [Bill 178], if Amended, as proposed by the Attorney General'", number 276 in Sessional Papers [British Parliamentary Papers] (1878), vol. 63, pp. 159-175, see p. 161 for Stephen's comments on his "Clause 22 Marital Coercion"; research note # 1: for Parliamentary Paper number 276, the page is p. 3; research note # 2: for Bill 178, see GREAT BRITAIN, House of Commons, Bill 178, Criminal Code (Indictable Offences) Bill, 1878, supra;

___________House of Lords, Report of the Select Committee on Murder and Life Imprisonment, Volume I - Report and Appendices, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1989, 126 p., see duress as a defence to murder, pp. 29-30, paragraphs 90 to 93 (series; HL Paper 78-I, Session 1988-89), ISBN: 0104868899; research note: this report has two other volumes: Volume II - Oral Evidence, Part I, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1989, [iv], 338 p., (series; HL Paper 78-II, Session 1988-89), ISBN: 010486589X;Volume III: Oral Evidence, Part 2, and Written Evidence, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1989, [iv] and 339-678 pp., (series; HL Paper 78-III, Session 1988-89), ISBN: 0104866896;

___________The Law Commission, Codification of the Criminal Law: A Report to the Law Commission, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1985, see comments on clause 45, "Duress" at pp. 117-119 and clause 45 at pp. 194-195 (series; Law Com. No. 143);

___________The Law Commission, Codification of the Criminal Law - General Principles - Defences of General Application, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1974, iv, 61 p., see pp.2-19 on duress and 39-42 on coercion (Series; Working Paper No 55, Second Programme, Item XVIII), ISBN: 0117300861;

___________The Law Commission, A Criminal Code for England and Wales, vol. 1: Report and Draft Criminal Code Bill and vol. 2: Commentary on Draft Criminal Code Bill, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, [1989], v, 278 p. see vol. 1, pp. 60-61, clause 42 on "Duress by threats" and vol. 2, pp. 229-230, comments on clause 42 (series; Law Com. No. 177), ISBN: 0102299897;

___________The Law Commission, Criminal Law Report on Defences of General Application, London: Her Majesty Stationery Office, 1977, v, 68 p., see pp. 1-19 and 53-57 (series; Report; Law Com. No. 83), ISBN: 0102556776 ;

___________The Law Commission, Criminal Law: Legislating the Criminal Code: Offences against the Person and General Principles, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1993, vi, 144 p., see "Duress By Threats" at pp. 48-62 and clause 24 of the "Draft Criminal Law Bill" on duress at pp. 104-106 (series; Law Com. No. 218), ISBN: 0101237022;

___________The Law Commission, Criminal Law: Legislating the Criminal Code : Offences against the Person and General Principles - A Consultation Paper, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1992, v, 131 p., see "Duress by Threats" at pp. 52-59 and clause 26 of the "Draft Criminal Law Bill" on "Duress by threats" at p. 87 with an explanatory note at pp. 111-112 (series; Consultation Paper No. 122), ISBN: 011730204X;

___________The Law Commission, Criminal Law Report on Defences of General Application, London: Her Majesty Stationery Office, 1977, v, 68 p., see duress at pp. 1-17 and coercion at pp. 17-19; see also at pp. 53-65 (series; Law Com. No. 83), (Chairman: The Honourable Mr. Justice Cooke), ISBN: 0102556776;

___________The Law Commission, Murder, Manslaughter and Infanticide, London: TSO (The Stationery Office), 2006, x, 265 p. (series; Law Com; 304), available at http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/docs/lc304.pdf (accessed on 4 December 2006);

___________The Law Commission, A New Homicide Act for England and Wales?, London: [HMSO], 2005, xiii, 336 p.; available at http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/docs/cp177_web.pdf (accessed on 27 December 2005);

FISSE, Brent, Howard's Criminal Law, 5th ed., Sydney: The Law Book Company, 1990, cxxiii, 660 p., see duress at pp. 540-554, ISBN: 0455207321 and 045520733X (pbk.);

FLETCHER, George P., Rethinking Criminal Law, Boston: Little, Brown, 1978, xxviii, 898 p.;

GILLES, Peter, Criminal Law, 4th ed., North Ryde (Australia): The Law Book, 1997, lxviii, 862 p., see Chapter 16 "The Defence of Duress and Marital Coercion", at pp. 341-3358, ISBN: 0455215103;

GORDON, Gerald H., The Criminal Law of Scotland, 2nd ed., Edinburg: W. Green, 1978, lxxix, 1174 p., see pp. 429- 440 on coercion, ISBN: 0414006186; see also, by the same author, the supplement The Criminal Law of Scotland: First Supplement to the Second Edition Up to date to May 1, 1984, Edinburg: W. Green, 1984, paragraphs 13-20 to 13-27, ISBN: 0414007409; research note: there is a second supplement which I have not consulted;

GOUSIE, Monique M., Comments, "From Self-Defence to Coercion: McNaugh v State Use of Battered Woman's Syndrome to Defend Wife's Involvement in Third-Party Murder", (1993) 28 New England Law Review 453-491; copy at Ottawa University, KFM 2469 .N49 Location: FTX Periodicals;

GRAVEN, Philippe, L'infraction pénale punissable, Berne : Éditions Staempfli, 1993, xv, 346 p., voir la discussion sur la contrainte aux pp. 189-192 dans le contexte de la culpabilité intentionnelle, aspect volonté; (Collection; Précis de droit Staempfli), ISBN: 372720978X;

GRAVEN, Philippe, An Introduction to Ethiopian Penal Law (Arts. 1-84 Penal Code), Addis Ababa, The Faculty of Law Haile Sellassie 1 University & Oxford University Press, 1965, vii, 289 p., see article 67 on "Absolute coercion" at pp. 192-198, and article 68 on "Resistible coercion" at pp. 198-199;

HETHERINGTON, Andrew McIntyre, 1970-, Coercion and moral responsibility, Ph.D. thesis, 1999, Tulane University, Philosophy Department, 1 vol.; University, 1999;

HOEKEMA, David A., Rights and Wrongs: Coercion,Punishment and the State, Selingsgrove: Susquehanna University Press / London and Toronto: Associated University Press, 1986, 153 p., ISBN: 09416640741;

HUDA, Syed Shamsul, 1862-1922, The principles of the law of crimes in British India, Calcutta ; Winnipeg : Butterworth, 1919, xv, 455 p. (Tagore Law Lectures - 1902); see Lecture 3: "Inchoate Crimes - Attempts", at pp. 46-87;
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HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE. EMPEROR (1765-1790 : Joseph II), The Emperor’s new code of criminal laws. Published at Vienna, the 15th of January, 1787. Translated from the German, by an officer, London : printed for G. G. J. and J. Robinson, 1787, [3], vi-viii,110 p.; notes: Translation of Allgemeines Gesetz über Verbrechen 1787; available in the Eighteenth Century Collections Online, ESTC number T100992; 18th century microfilm reel # 677; source: British Library;

HORDER, Jeremy, Excusing crime, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, xx, 295 p., (series; Oxford monographs on criminal law and justice), ISBN: 0198264828; copy at the SCC Library, KF9235 H67 2004;

IRELAND, The Law Reform Commission, Duress and Necessity, Dublin: The Law Reform Commission, 2006, xv, 124 p. (series; consultation paper; LRC CP 39-2006); available at http://www.lawreform.ie/Duress%20and%20Necessity%20CP9.pdf (accessed on 29 April 2006);

___________The Law Reform Commission, Report -- Defences in Criminal Law, Dublin: The Law Reform Commission, 2009, xix, 226 p.(series; report; LRC 95-2009), ISSN: 1393-3132; available at http://www.lawreform.ie/publications/rDefencesinCriminalLaw.pdf (accessed on 28 December 2009);

KADISH, Sanford H. and Stephen J. Schulhofer, Criminal Law and Its Processes - Cases and Materials, 5th ed., Boston: Little, Brown, 1989, xlv, 1280 p., see "2. Duress", at pp. 928-947, ISBN: 0316478164; research note: there is now a 6th ed. which I have not consulted: Boston : Little, Brown, 1995, xlvii, 1232 p., ISBN: 0316478180;

KNOOPS, Geert-Jan G. J., Defenses in contemporary international criminal law, Ardsley, N.Y. : Transnational Pub., c2001, xxxviii, 297 p. (series; International and comparative criminal law series); copy at the University of Alberta (interlibrary loan, K 5455, K59 2001, January 2002);

LaFAVE, Wayne R. and Austin W. Scott, Substantive Criminal Law, vol. 1, Sections 1.1 to 5.11, St. Paul (Minn.): West, 1986, see "§ 5.3 Duress", pp. 614-627, ISBN: 0314984038;

LAINGUI, André, La responsabilité pénale dans l'ancien droit (XVIe - XVIIIe siècle), Paris : Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 1970, (Collection; Bibliothèque d'histoire du droit et droit romain; tome XVII), voir le chapitre II, «La contrainte», en particulier aux pp. 205-215;

MACAULAY, Lord T.B. [Thomas Babington], 1800-1859, J.M. MacLeod, G.W. Anderson and F. Millett., "Notes [on the Indian Penal Code by the Indian Law Commissioners]", in Miscellaneous Works of Lord Macaulay edited by his sister Lady Trevelyan, in Five Volumes, vol. IV, New York: Harper, 1880, 669 p., pp. 177-327; these notes are part of the "Introductory Report upon the Indian Penal Code - To The Right Honorable George Lord Auckland, C.G.C.B. Governor-General of India in Council" at pp. 161-177; on duress/necessity, see pp. 204-211;

MARTINES, Francesca, "The defences of reprisals, superior orders and duress in the Priebke case before the Italian Military Tribunal", (1998) 1 Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 354-361; title noted in my research but article not consulted; no copy of this periodical in the Ottawa area libraries according to my verification of the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 21 July 2004);

McCALL SMITH, R.A.A., 1948-, and David Sheldon, Scots Criminal Law, 2nd ed., Edinburg: Butterworths, 1997, xxxiii, 346, see "Necessity and Coercion" at pp. 150-153, ISBN: 0406891192;

McCALL SMITH, R.A.A., 1948-, The Defence of Duress, thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1979 mentioned in Anton, infra, p. 216; Research Note: the on-line catalog of the University was checked with negative results;

McCORMICK, Donald, 1911-, Blood on the Sea: the terrible story of the yawl "Mignonette", London: Fredrick Muller,1962, 158 p.; copy at the Université de Montréal; title noted in my research but book not consulted; no copy available in the Ottawa area libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada;

McCOY, Alan Edward., Force and Fear in Relation to Delictual Imputability and Penal Responsibility: An Historical Synopsis and Commentary, Washington: The Catholic University of America Press, 1944, xii, 160 p. (series; The Catholic University of America, School of Canon law, Canon Law Studies No. 200);

METZ, M. l'abbé René, «La responsabilité pénale dans le droit canonique médiéval», dans La responsabilité pénale, Travaux du Colloque de philosophie pénale (12 au 21 janvier 1959) présentés par J. Léauté, Paris : Librairie Dalloz, 1961, 564 p. aux pp. 83-116 (Collection; Annales de la Faculté de droit et des sciences politiques et économiques de Strasbourg; vol. VIII- Note : Travaux de l'Institut de Sciences Criminelles et pénitentiaires); note de recherche: un très bel article! sur la contrainte, voir les pp. 105-108;

MORSE, Stephen, "Causation, Compulsion, and Involuntariness", (1994) 22 Bulletin of the American Academy of Ppsychiatry and the Law 159-180; now called The journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law; copy at Ottawa University, RA 1151 .A43 Location: FTX Periodicals;

NATIONAL COMMISSION ON REFORM OF FEDERAL CRIMINAL LAWS, Final Report of the National Commission on Reform of Federal Criminal Laws - A Proposed New Federal Criminal Code (Title 18, United States Code), Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971, xxv, 364 p., see "§ 601. Justification" at pp. 43-44 and "§ 610. Duress" at pp. 53-54; the proposed code is available on the internet at the Buffalo Criminal Law Center, at "Materials on Federal Criminal Code Reform" which includes also: "Selected Bibliography on Federal Criminal Code Reform", "Special Collection on Federal Criminal Code Reform" and "Conferences on Criminal Code Reform";

NEW ZEALAND, Crimes Bill 1989, introduced in May 1989, see pp. vii, clause 31 and p. 18, clause 31 on duress;

__________Law Commission, Battered defendants : victims of domestic violence who offend : a discusion paper, Wellington, N.Z. : The Commission, 2000, vii, 75 p., see Chapter 9, "Duress" at p. 48, Chapter 10, "Compulsion" at pp. 49-56 and Chapter 11, "Necessity" at pp. 57-65 (series; Preliminary paper; number 41), ISBN: 1877187542 (pbk.);

__________Crimes Consultative Committee, Crimes Bill 1989 - Report of the Crimes Consultative Committee: Presented to the Minister of Justice, [Wellington], 1991, 123 p., ISBN: 0477076165, see pp. 21 on clause 31 "Duress" and "Crimes Bill - Proposed Amendments", p. 96, "31. Duress" (Chairman: Mr. Justice Casey);

NORRIE, Alan W. (Alan William), 1953-, Crime, Reason and History - A Critical Introduction to Criminal Law, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, xx, 279 p., 1993, see on duress, at pp. 154-155 and 164-171, (series; Law in context), ISBN: 0297821504;

__________Law, Ideology and Punishment: Retrieval Critique of the Liberal Ideal of Criminal Justice, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, c. 1991, xix, 223 p., see on duress, pp. 154-159, 177-180 and the index (series; Law and Philosophy Library, vol. 12), ISBN: 0792310136;

O'CONNOR, D. (Desmond) O. and P.A. Fairall, Criminal Defences, 3rd ed., Sydney: Butterworths, 1996, xxxii, 328 p., see "Chapter 8, "Duress or Compulsion", pp. 149-170, ISBN: 0409308463;

ORLANDO III, Michael Joseph, Change of course or product desperation? The development of the defence of duress in international criminal law from Erdemovic to Rome, thesis, Florida State University, College of Social Sciences, 2008, vii, 106 p; available at http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07142008-190025/unrestricted/OrlandoMThesis.pdf (accessed on 5 October 2008);

ORTOLAN, J., Éléments de droit pénal: pénalité - juridictions - procédure suivant la science rationnelle, la législation positive et la jurisprudence avec les données de nos statistiques criminelles, 5e édition, Revue, complétée et mise au courant de la législation française et étrangère par M. Albert Desjardins, Tome Premier, Paris: Librairie Plon, 1886, 660 p. pour le Tome Premier, voir «Oppression de la liberté de l'agent quant à l'influence de cette oppression sur l'imputabilité et la culpabilité» aux pp. 149-157;

O'REGAN, Robin S, Essays on the Australian Criminal Codes, Sydney: The Law Book, 1979, xix, 152 p., see Essay VII, "Compulsion" at pp. 112-125 and Essay VIII, "Married Women and Compulsion", at pp. 126-136, ISBN: 0455199558;

PENNOCK, J. Roland and John W. Chapman, eds,, Coercion, Chicago and New York: Aldine, Atherton, Inc., 1972 (series, Nomos XIV, Yearbook of the American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy);

PERKINS, Rollin M., 1889-, and Ronald N. Boyce, Criminal Law, 3rd ed., Mineola (New York): The Foundation Press, 1982, xxiii, 1269 p., see "Section 2. Impelled Perpetration", pp. 1054-1074, (series; University Textbook Series), ISBN: 0882770675;

PHILLIPS, William Hallett], 1853-1897, A consideration of what amounts to duress per minas at law, [Washington] S. & R. O. Polkinhorn, prs. [1875?], 9 p.; Research Note: text not consulted; information from the US Library of Congress catalogue;

ROBERTSON, J. Bruce, Adams on Criminal Law - Student Edition, Wellington (New Zealand): Brookers, 1996 (reprint 1997), xcviii, 917 p., see on compulsion, pp. 97-104, paragraphs CA24.02 to 24.20, ISBN: 086472215X; research note: excellent textbook on the criminal law of New Zealand;

ROBINSON, Paul H., 1948-, and John M., Darley, Justice, Liability, and Blame: Community Views and the Criminal Law, Boulder (Colorado, USA): Westview Press, 1995, xvii, 299 p., ISBN: 0813324505, (Series: New directions in social psychology); see Chapter 5, "Doctrine of Excuse: When Is One's Rule Violation Blameless?" at pp. 127-155, and, in particular, "Study 14: Duress and Entrapment Defenses" at pp. 147-155 and the "Chapter Summary" at p. 155;

ROBINSON, Paul H., 1948-, Criminal Law Defences, vol. 2, St. Paul (Minnesota): West, 1984, see in particular "Duress" at pp.347- 45-68, ISBN: 0314815139 (set);

The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court,17 July 1998, in force 1 July 2002, see Part III, General Principles of Criminal Law, available at http://www.un.org/law/icc/ (accessed on 4 December 2002);

___________"Draft Report of the International Meeting from 19 to 30 January 1998 in Zutphen, the Netherlands" in M. Cherfif Bassiouni, 1937-, compiled by, The Statute of the International Criminal Court : a documentary history, Ardsley, N.Y. : Transnational Publishers, c1998, xxii, 793 pp., at pp. 221-311, (document number: A/AC.249/1998/L.13, 1998), ISBN:1571050957; copy at the Library of Parliament, KZ6310 S72 (library Br.B.); available at http://www.npwj.org/iccrome/cdrom/ (accessed on 15 December 2002);

___________"Report of the Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, vol. 1, (Proceedings of the Preparatory Committee during March-April and August 1996)", in M. Cherfif Bassiouni, 1937-, compiled by, The Statute of the International Criminal Court : a documentary history, Ardsley, N.Y. : Transnational Publishers, c1998, xxii, 793 pp., at pp. 385-439, (document number: G.A., 51 st Sess., Supp. No. 22, A/51/22, 1996), ISBN:1571050957; copy at the Library of Parliament, KZ6310 S72 (library Br.B.); available at http://www.npwj.org/iccrome/cdrom/ (accessed on 15 December 2002);

___________"Report of the Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, vol. 2, (Compilation of Proposals)", in M. Cherfif Bassiouni, 1937-, compiled by, The Statute of the International Criminal Court : a documentary history, Ardsley, N.Y. : Transnational Publishers, c1998, xxii, 793 pp., at pp. 441-616 (document number: G.A., 51 st Sess., Supp. No. 22, A/51/22, 1996), ISBN:1571050957; copy at the Library of Parliament, KZ6310 S72 (library Br.B.); available at http://www.npwj.org/iccrome/cdrom/ (accessed on 15 December 2002);

ROUX, J.-A., Cours de droit criminel français, deuxième édition, Tome I - Droit pénal, Paris : Recueil Sirey, 1927, vi, 540 p., sur la «Contrainte ou force majeure», voir les pp. 171-176;

ROWE, Peter, "Duress as a defence to war crimes after Erdemovic: A Laboratory for a Permanent Court?", (1998) 1 Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 210-228; title noted in my research but article not consulted; no copy of this periodical in the Ottawa area libraries according to my verification of the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 21 July 2004);

SCHOPP, Robert F., Justification Defenses and Just Convictions, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998, x, [ii], 212 p., (series; Cambridge Studies in Philosophy and Law), see chapter 5, "Duress and Systemically Complete Mitigation", at pp. 136-152; see also the index, ISBN: 0521622115;

SLIEDREGT, Ellies van, The Criminal Responsibility of Individuals for Violations of International Humanitarian Law, The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2003, xxiv, 437 p., see "Duress", at pp. 267-291, ISBN: 9067041661; copy at Ottawa University, FTX General, K5064 .S53 2003;

SMITH, K. J. M. (Keith John Michael), Lawyers, legislators, and theorists : developments in English criminal jurisprudence 1800-1957, Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, xxvi, 394 p., (series; Oxford monographs on criminal law and criminal justice), ISBN: 0198257236; Contents: Table of Cases, xvii-xxvi; Ch. 1, Introductory Observations: Objectives and Limitations, 1-6; Pt. I: 1800-1832, p. 7; Ch. 2, Legal Theory and Legal Culture, 9-54; Ch. 3, Developments in Criminal Theory, 55-117; Pt. II: 1833-1907, p. 119; Ch. 4, Notions of Subjective Criminal Fault, 121-172; Ch. 5, Objective and Constructive Criminal Fault, 173-203; Ch. 6, Excluding the Presumption of Fault: Strict and Vicarious Responsibility - Nineteenth-century Developments, 204-217; Ch. 7, Moral Agency: The Necessary Characteristics of the Criminal Actor, 218-262; Ch. 8, Attempt: Contracting Consequentialism - Expanding the Notion of Criminal Harm?, 263-275; Pt. III: 1908-1957, p. 277; Ch. 9, Criminal Fault, 279-321; Ch. 10, Moral Agency: The Necessary Characteristics of the Criminal Actor, 322-350; Ch. 11, Attempt: Contracting Consequentialism - Expanding the Notion of Criminal Harm?, 351-360; Ch. 12, Summary Observations and Speculations: General and Particular, 361-378; Bibliography, 379-386; Index, 387-394; on duress and necessity, see pp. 102-105, 245-256, 343-350, and 374-376;

SMITH, John, Criminal Law by Sir John Smith and the late Brian Hogan, 8th ed., London: Butterworths, 1996, lxxxvi, 806 p., see "Duress and Coercion" at pp. 237-251; ISBN: 0406081875; there is now a 9th ed., 1999;

STEPHEN, James Fitzjames, 1829-1894, A Digest of the Criminal Law (Crimes and Punishments), 4th ed., London: MacMillan, 1887, xl, 441 p., see art. 30 "Married Women" and 31 "Compulsion" at pp. 23-24; available at http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html;

__________A History of the Criminal Law of England, vol. II, London: MacMillan, 1883, vi, 497 p. (reprint: William S. Hein, ISBN: 0930342771), see "Voluntary Actions by a Person Free From Compulsion", pp. 99-110;

TAM, Henry Benedict, A Philosophical Study of the Criteria for Responsibility Ascriptions: Responsibility and Personal Interactions, Lewiston: E. Mellen Press, 1990, 226 p. (series; Problems in contemprary Philosophy; v. 28), see Chapter 3, "Forced to Behave in Spite of Oneself", pp. 59-79;

TIRAQUEAU, André, 1488-1558, Le «De Poenis Temperandis» de Tiraqueau (1559). Introduction, traduction et notes par André Laingui et préface de Jean Imbert, Paris : Economica, 1986, vii, 342 p. (Collection Histoire), notes: Société d'histoire du droit et publié avec le concours du CRNS, ISBN: 2717810447. Note de recherche : voir les causes 32 et 33 sur la nécesité et la pauvreté aux pp. 185-190 et les causes 34, 35 et 36 sur la contrainte aux pp. 191-201;

VAN DEN WYNGAERT, Christine, editor, and Guy Stessens and Liesbeth Janssens, assistant editors, International Criminal Law: A Collection of International and European Instruments, 3rd ed., Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 2005, xviii, 1542 p., see the index, at p. 1535, under "Duress" where the authors refer to 3 instruments, ISBN: 900414232 and 9004142940 (pbk.); copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, K5301 A35 I58 2005;

WERTHEIMER, Alan, Coercion, Princeton (New Jersey): Princeton University Press, 1987, xiii, 318 p., see chapter 8, "Duress and Necessity as Defenses in the Criminal Law", pp. 144-169 (series; Studies in Moral, Political and Legal Philosophy), ISBN: 0691077592 and 0691023220;

WHITE, Alan R., 1922-, Misleading Cases, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991, [iv], 144 p., see chapter 7, "Duress", p. 81-97, ISBN: 0198256884;

WILLIAMS, Glanville, 1911-, Criminal Law: The General Part, London: Stevens & Sons, 1961, liv, 929 p., see "Chapter 18 Duress and Coercion", pp. 751-769;

__________Textbook of Criminal Law, 2nd ed., London: Stevens & Sons, 1983, xlv, 1007 p., see "Chapter 27 Duress and Coercion" at pp. 624-636, ISBN: 042048501 and 0420468609 (pbk);

WILSON, Williams, Central Issues in Criminal Theory, Oxford (England)/Portland (Oregon): Hart Publishing, 2002, ix, 380 p., see Chapter 10, "Criminal Defences: Setting Limits to Justifications", at pp. 293-323; and see also "Duress and the Citizen's Code", at pp. 289-292, ISBN: 1841130621; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada K5018 W55 2002 c. 01;

ACCAD, Lucien, "Définition des comportements délictueux", dans Encyclopédie juridique de l'Afrique, Tome X, Droit pénal et procédure pénale, sous la direction de Gilbert Mangin, Abidjan/Dakar/Lomé : Les nouvelles éditions africaines, 1982, 352, [66] p., chapitre 1, pp. 19-51; voir sur «La contrainte», les pp. 48-49, ISBN: 2723608352;

ALEXANDER, Larry, "The Philosophy of Criminal Law" in Jules L. Coleman and Scott Shapiro, eds., and associate editor, Kenneth Einar Himma, The Oxford handbook of jurisprudence and philosophy of law, New York: Oxford University Press, c2002, x, 1050 p., at pp. 815-867; on duress, see pp. 849-850, ISBN: 0198298242;

___________"A Unified Excuse of Premptive Sef-Protection", (1999) 74 Notre Dame Law Review 1475-1505;

ALLDRIDGE, Peter, "Brainwashing as a Criminal Law Defence" [1984] Criminal Law Review 726-757;

___________"Developing the Defence of Duress" [1986] Criminal Law Review 433-440;

___________"Duress and the Reasonable Person" (1983) 34 Northern Ireland Law Quarterly 125-143;

___________"Duress, duress of circumstances and necessity", (1989) 139 New Law Journal 911-912 and 917;

ALLDRIDGE, Peter and Catherine Belsey, "Murder Under Duress: Terrorism and the Criminal Law", (1989) 2 International Journal for the Semiotics of Law 223-246;

AMBOS, Kai, "Current Issues in International Criminal Law: Reviewing: M. Cherif Bassiouni, Crimes against Humanity in International Criminal Law, 2nd revised ed., The Hague: Kluwer Law, 1999, 610 pages", (2003) 14 Criminal Law Forum 225-260, at pp. 254-256; available at http://lehrstuhl.jura.uni-goettingen.de/kambos/Person/doc/current_issues_ICL_-_CLF_14_(2003),_225.pdf (accessed on 15 October 2005);

___________"General Principles of Criminal Law in the Rome Statute", (1999) 10(1) Criminal Law Forum 1-32, and see on duress, pp. 27-30;

___________"Other Grounds for Excluding Criminal Responsibility", in Antonio Cassese, Paola Gaeta and John R.W.D. Jones, eds., The Rome Statute of the
International Criminal Court, volume I, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 2002, cxl, 1048 p., Chapter 24.4, at pp. 1003-1048, see on duress/necessity, pp. 1005-1018, 1023-1027 and 1035-1047, ISBN: 0199243123 (vol. 1) and 0198298625 (set of 3 volumes); copy at Ottawa University, FTX General: KZ 6310
.R64 2002 v. 1;

ANTON, A.E. "Duress Per Minas As A Defence to Crime: III" (1982) 1 Law and Philosophy 207-216; also published in M.A. Stewart, ed., Law, Morality and Rights, Dordrecht/Boston/Lancaster: D. Reidel Publishing, 1983, xi, 452 p. at pp. 355-364 (series; Royal Institute of Philosophy Conferences; vol. 1979), (series; Synthese Library, vol. 162), ISBN: 902771519X, copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX General, K225 .L38 1983;

ANTONY, Louise, "Why We Excuse", (1979) 28 Tulane Studies in Philosophy 63-70;

APPEL, Susan D., "Beyond Self-Defense: The Use of Battered Woman Syndrome on Duress Defenses", [1994] University of Illinois Law Review 955-980;

ARNOLD, Denis G., "Coercion and Moral Responsibility", (2001) 38(1) American Philosophical Quarterly 53-67;

ASHWORTH, A.J., "Principles, Pragmatism and the Law Commission's Recommendations on Homicide Law Reform", [May 2007] The Criminal Law Review 333-359, and see "The duress recommendations", at pp. 340-342;

___________ "Reason, Logic and Criminal Liability" (1975) 91 Law Quarterly Review 102-130, at 103-105;

ATIYAH, P.S., "Duress and the Overborne Will Again" (1983) 99 Law Quarterly Review 353-356;

___________"Economic Duress and the 'Overborne Will'", (1982) 98 Law Quarterly Review 197-202;

BAHNASSI, Ahmad Fathi, "Criminal Responsibility in Islamic Law" in M. Cherif Bassiouni, ed., The Islamic Criminal Justice, London: Oceana Publications, 1982, xii, 255 p. at pp. 171-193, see "Coercion and Necessity" at pp. 190-192, ISBN: 0379207451.

BANTEKAS, Ilias, "Defences in International Criminal Law", in Dominic McGoldrick, Peter Rowe, and Eric Donnelly, eds., The Permanent International Criminal Court: Legal and Policy Issues, Oxford (England)/Portland (Oregon): Hart Publishing, xviii, 498 p., at pp. 263-284, and see "Duress and Necessity", at pp. 274-277, (series; Studies in International Law; volume 5), ISBN: 1841132810; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, KZ 6310 P47 2004;

BAYLES, Michael D., "Reconceptualizing Necessity and Duress", (1987) 33 Wayne Law Review 1191-1220; also published in Michael Louis Corrado, ed., Justification and Excuse in the Criminal Law: A Collection of Essays, New York: Garland Pub., 1994, pp. 429-463 (series; vol. 831 of Garland Reference Library of Social Science; and vol. 1 of Garland Studies in Applied Ehics), ISBN: 0815308256;

BEAUMONT, John, "Duress and the Principal Party to Murder" (1977) 40 Modern Law Review 67-70;

___________"Duress as a Defense to Murder" [1976] Dalhousie Law Journal 580-594;

BEDI, Monu Singh, Excusing Behavior: Reclassifying the Federal Common Law Defenses of Duress and Necessity Relying on the Victim’s Role (January 17, 2011). Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Forthcoming. Available at SSRN: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1742647 (accessed on 20 March 2011);

BLACKWOOD, John B., "Compulsion in the Code States: Recent Developments", (1981) 5 Criminal Law Journal 89-95;

BLAKE, Meredith, "Coerced Into Crime: The Application of Battered Woman Syndrome to the Defense of Duress", (1994) 9 Wisconsin Women's Law Journal 67-94;

BLUM, George L., "Defence of Necessity, Duress, or Coercion in Prosecution for Violation of State Narcotics Laws", (1992) 1 ALR (5th) 938-964 with August 2004 Supplement at pp. 59-60;

___________"Duress, Necessity, or Conditions of Confinement as Justification for Escape from Prison", (1997) 54 ALR (5th) 141-311 with August 2004 supplement to vol. 54, at pp. 3-5; Research Notes: ALR = American Law Reports Annotated; see pp. 164-165 for a list of related Annotations in the ALR;

BLUMOFF, Theodore Y., "The Neuropsychology of Justifications and Excuses: Some Cases from Self-Defense, Duress, and Provocation", (April 14, 2009). Jurimetrics, 2010. Available at SSRN: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1380081 (accessed on 8 November 2011);

BOLAND, Betz I.Z., "Battered Women Who Act Under Duress", (1994) 28 New England Law Review 603-635;

BROOKBANKS, Warren J., "Compulsion and self-defence" in Neil Cameron and Simon France, eds., Essays on Criminal Law in New Zealand Towards Reform?, Victoria: Victoria University of Wellington Law Review and Victoria University Press, 1990, 243 p., at pp. 95-116, (series; VUW Law Review Monograph 3), ISBN: 0864732066;

BROOKS, Rosa Ehrenreich, "Law in the Heart of Darkness: Atrocity & Duress", (2002-2003) 43 Virginia Journal of International Law 861-888; copy at Ottawa University, K 7001 .J634 Location: FTX Periodicals;

BUCHANAN, Alec and Graham Virgo, "Duress and Mental Abnormality", [1999] Criminal Law Review 517-531;

BURCHELL, Jonathan, "Heroes, poltroons and persons of reasonable fortitude - juristic perceptions on killing under compulsion", (1988) 1 South African Journal of Criminal Justice 18-34;

___________"Unravelling compulsion draws provocation and intoxication into focus", (2001) 14 South African Journal of Criminal Justice 363-372;

BURCHELL, J.M., "Duress and Intentional Killing", (1977) 94 South African Law Journal 282-290;

BURKE, Alafair S., "Rational Actors, Self-Defense, and Duress: Making Sense, not Syndromes, Out of the Battered Woman", (2002) 81(1) North Carolina Law Review 211-316; copy atOttawa University, KFN 7469 .N673 Location: FTX Periodicals; FTX;

BURNHAM, William, 1947-, "The New Russian Criminal Code: A Window unto Democratic Russia", (2000) 26(4) Review of Central and East European Law 365-424, and see "Duress and Necessity", at pp. 394-395; copy at Carleton University; copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX periodicals HX 530 .R47;

CAMERON, Neil, "Defences and the Crimes Bill" in Neil Cameron and Simon France, eds., Essays on Criminal Law in New Zealand Towards Reform?, Victoria: Victoria University of Wellington Law Review and Victoria University Press, 1990, 243 p., at pp. 57-82, see discussion on duress and clause 31 of the New Zealand Crimes Bill 1989 at pp. 74-78 (series; VUW Law Review Monograph 3), ISBN: 0864732066;

CAMPBELL, Kenneth, "Objective Standards in Provocation and Duress", (1996-97) 7 King's College Law Journal 75-89;

CANDEUB, Adam , "An Economic Theory of Criminal Excuse: A Commentary" (March 22, 2007), available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=975790 (accessed on 4 April 2007);

CARR, Craig L., "Coercion and Freedom", (1988) 25 American Philosophical Quarterly 59-68;

___________"Duress and Criminal Responsibility" (1991) 10 Law and Philosophy 161-188;

CHAN, Winnie and A.P. Simester, "Analysis. Duress, Necessity: How Many Defences?", (2005) 16(1) The King's College Law Journal 121-132; copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX Periodicals, KD460 .K5532;

CLARKSON, C.M.V., "Necessary Action: A New Defence", [2004] Criminal Law Review 81-104;

COCKBURN, A.E., "Copy ‘of Letter from the Lord Chief Justice of England PDF

dated the 12th day of June 1879, containing Comments and Suggestions in relation to the Criminal Code (Indictable Offences) Bill’”, Sessional Papers (Parliamentary Papers), (1878-79), vol. 59, pp. 233-252, paper number 232, 20 p., and see pp. 16-17 on compulsion; to situate Cockburn's letter, see François Lareau, "Notes on the English Draft Code (1878-1883)" PDF

, [Ottawa], August 1990, 11 p.;

COHEN, Neil P., Michael G. Johnson, and Tracy B. Henley, "The Prevalence and use of Criminal Defenses: A Preliminary Study", (1992-93) 60 Tennessee Law Review 957-982;

COHN, Haim H., "Penal Law" in Encyclopaedia Judaica, Jerusalem, Encyclopaedia Judaica; [New York] Macmillan [c1971-72, v. 1, c1972], 16 vol., at vol. 13, pp. 222-228, and see "Duress", at pp. 225-226; note: the article is signed "H.H.C."; copy at the University of Ottawa, MRT Reference: DS 102.8 .E496 1972;

COLVIN, Eric, "Ordinary and Resonable People: The Design of Objective Tests of Criminal Liability", (2001) 27(2) Monash University Law Review 197-228;

COWLEY, David, "Duress Is No Defence to Attempted Murder", (1991) 55 Journal of Criminal Law 301-303; Research Note: comments on R v. Gotts, [1991] 2 All ER 1 (CA);

CROSS, Rupert, "Duress and Aiding and Abetting (A Reply)", (1953) 69 Law Quarterly Review 354-358; reply to J.LL. J. Edwards, infra;

___________"Murder under Duress" (1978) 28 University of Toronto Law Journal 369-380;

DAN-COHEN, Meir, "Responsibilities and the Boundaries of the Self", (1991-92) 105 Harvard Law Review 959-1003, see "Duress and Temporal Distance" at pp. 997-999; copy at Ottawa University, KFM 2469 .H457 Location: FTX Periodicals;

DEGALDO, Richard, "Ascription of Criminal States of Mind: Toward a Defense Theory for the Coercively Persuaded ('Brainwashed') Defendant" (1978) 63 Minnesota Law Review 1-33; also published in Michael Louis Corrado, ed., Justification and Excuse in the Criminal Law: A Collection of Essays, New York: Garland Pub., 1994, pp. 467-495, ISBN: 0815308256 (series; vol. 831 of Garland Reference Library of Social Science; vol. 1 of Garland Studies in Applied Ehics); research note: see reply by Dressler, infra;

__________"A Response to Professor Dressler" (1979) 63 Minnesota Law Review 361-365;

DENNIS, Ian "Developments in Duress" (1987) 51 Journal of Criminal Law 463-480;

___________"Duress, Murder and Criminal Responsibility" (1980) 96 Law Quarterly Review 208-238;

DIENSTAG, Abbe L., "Fedorenko v. United States: War Crimes, the Defense of Duress, and American Nationality Law", (1982) 82 Columbia Law Review;
120-183;

DINSTEIN, Yoram, "Defences", in Gabrielle Kirk McDonald and Olivia Swaak-Goldman, eds., Substantive and procedural Aspects of International Criminal Law. The Experience of International and National Courts", vol. I, Commentary, The Hague-London-Boston: Kluwer Law International, 2000, xvi,705 p., at pp. 367-388; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, K5000 S83 2000, v. 1;388;

DORÉ, Laurie Kratky, "Downward: Adjustment and the Slippery Slope: The Use of Duress in Defense of Battered Offenders", (1995) 56 Ohio State Law Journal 665-774;

DRESSLER, Joshua, "Battered Women and Sleeping Abusers: Some Reflections", (2006) 3(2) Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 457- 471; available at http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/osjcl/Articles/Volume3_2/Commentary/Dressler-PDF-03-29-06.pdf (accessed on 29 April 2006);

___________"Exegesis of the Law of Duress: Justifying the Excuse and Searching for its Proper Limits" (1989) 62 Southern California Law Review 1331-1386; also published in Thomas Morawetz, ed., Criminal Law, 2nd ed., Aldershot, England : Ashgate Dartmouth, 2000, xvi, 478 p., at pp. 273-328, (series; The international library of essays in law and legal theory; 2nd ser.; volume 5), ISBN: 184014775X;

___________"Professor Degado's 'Brainwashing' Defense: Courting a Determinist Legal System" (1979) 63 Minnesota Law Review 335-360; also published in Michael Louis Corrado, ed., Justification and Excuse in the Criminal Law: A Collection of Essays, New York: Garland Pub., 1994, pp. 497-516, ISBN: 0815308256 (series; vol. 831 of Garland Reference Library of Social Science; vol. 1 of Garland Studies in Applied Ehics); research note: see articles by Delgado, supra;

DRIPPS, Donald A., "Rehabilitating Bentham's Theory of Excuses", September, 24 2009, forthcoming in Texas Tech Law Review, San Diego Legal Studies, 30 p. and see "Duress" at pp. 21-23, available at SSRN: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1478194# (accessed on 1 October 2009);

DUBBER, Markus Dirk, "Commentary" in Don Stuart, 1943-, R.J. Delisle and Allan Manson, eds., Towards a Clear and Just Criminal Law: A Criminal Reports Forum, Scarborough (Ontario): Carswell, Thomson Professional Publishing, 1999, v, 574 p., at pp. 156-182, see pp. "Duress" at pp. 179-180, ISBN: 045927077X; Research Note: commentary on Stuart, Don's article "A Case for a General Part", infra;

DUFF, R.A., "Rule-Violations and Wrongdoings" in Stephen Shute, 1955-, and A.P. Simester, eds., Criminal law Theory : Doctrines of the General Part, New York, N.Y. : Oxford University Press, c2002, 332 p. at pp. 47-74, ISBN: 0199243492 (series; Oxford monographs; Oxford monographs on criminal law and justice); copy at the library of the Supreme Court of Canada, Ottawa, call number: K5018 C77 2002;

"Duress: Self-exposure to Risk of Threats: R v. Harmer" (2002) Crim LR 401", (2003) 67(1) The Journal of Criminal Law 6-9;

EDITORIAL, "Murder, duress and necessity", [1987] New Zealand Law Journal 141-142;

EDWARDS, J.Ll.J., "Compulsion, Coercion and Criminal Responsibility" (1951) 14 Modern Law Review 297-313;

___________"Duress and Aiding and Abetting" (1953) 69 Law Quarterly Review 226-232; see reply by Cross, supra;

ELLIOTT, Catherine, "A Comparative Analysis of Defences in English and French Criminal Law", (2000) 8(4) European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 319-326, see "Duress and Constraint Compared" at pp. 321-322;

ELLIOTT, D.W., "Necessity, Duress and Self-Defence", [1989] Criminal Law Review 611-621;

EMERSON, Christine, "United States v. Willis: No Room for the Battered Woman Syndrome in the Fifth Circuit? (1996) 48 Baylor Law Review 317-340; copy at Ottawa University, KFT 1269 .B39, Location: FTX Periodicals;

ENKER, Arnold, "Duress as a Defence to Murder", in Rabbi Joseph H. Lookstein Memorial Volume, edited by Leo Landman, NewYork: Ktav Publishing House Inc., 1980, xiii, 398 p., at pp. 111-117, ISBN: 0870687050; title noted in my research but book not consulted; no copy in the Ottawa area libraries according to my verification of the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (25 May 2008);

"This book explores the problem of applying the defense of duress to the crime of murder within modern systems of law and its moral and social ramifications. The author discusses the position of modern secular as well as Jewish legal thought on this issue." (B.L.E., at p. 119 of http://books.google.com/books?id=B9EUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA123&vq=criminal&dq=codification
+%22criminal+law%22+date:2006-2009&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_search_s&sig=6TcbsbblGBMStpudPt3y4-1gTOs#PPA119,M1, accessed on 25 May 2008)

___________"Duress, Self-Defence and Necessity in Israeli Law", (1996) 30 Israel Law Review 188-206;

ENGLISH, Peter, Notes of Cases, "Defence of Duress under the Penal Code", (1983) 25 Malaya Law Review 404-414;

EPPS, Valerie, "The Soldier's Obligation to Die When Ordered to Shoot Civilians or Face Death Himself", (2002-2003) 37 New England Law Review 987-1013;

ESER, Albin, "Article 31: Grounds for excluding criminal responsibility" in Otto Triffterer, ed., Commentary on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Observers' Notes, Article by Article, Baden Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1999, xxviii, 1295 p. at pp. 537-554, see "Duress" at pp. 550-552, ISBN: 3789061735; copy at the Department of External Affairs, Ottawa, call number: legal KZ 6310 .C734 1999; available at http://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/3922/pdf/Eser_Grounds_for_excluding_criminal_responsibility.pdf (accessed on 7 March 2008);

___________"'Defences' in War Crime Trials", (1994) 24 Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 201-222, see "Compulsion - Duress - Coercion" at pp. 213-214;

FAULKNER, Robert K., "Spontaneity, Justice, and Coercion: On Nicomachean Ethics, Books III and V", in Pennock, J. Roland, and John W., Coercion, Chicago/New York: Aldine, Atherton, Inc., 1972, xiv, 328 p., chapter 6, pp. 81-106 (series; Nomos, vol. 14), ISBN: 0202241165;

FERGUSON, William., "Necessity and Duress in Scots Law" [1986] Criminal Law Review 103-178;

FINGARETTE, Herbert, "Victimization: A Legalist Analysis of Coercion, Deception, Undue Influence, and Excusable Prison Escape" (1985) 12 Washington and Lee Law Review 65-118;

FINKELSTEIN, Claire O., "Duress: A Philosophical Account of the Defense in Law", (1995) 37 Arizona Law Review 251-283;

FLETCHER, George P., "Dogmas of the Model Penal Code", (1998) 2 Buffalo Criminal Law Review 1-24;

___________"The Individualization of Excusing Conditions" (1974) 47 Southern California Law Review 1270-1309; also published in Michael Louis Corrado, ed., Justification and Excuse in the Criminal Law: A Collection of Essays, New York, Garland Pub., 1994, pp. 53-94, (series; vol. 831 of Garland Reference Library of Social Science and vol. 1 of Garland Studies in Applied Ehics), ISBN: 0815308256; also published in Jules L. Coleman, ed., Crimes and Punishments, New York & London: Garland Publishing, 1994, xxiv, 560 p. at pp. 137-177 (series; Philosophy of Law), ISBN: 0815314000;

___________"Rights and Excuses", (Summer/Fall 1984) 3(2) Criminal Justice Ethics 17-27;

___________"Truth in Codification", (1998) 31 University of California, Davis 745-763;

FRANKFURT, Harry G., "Coercion and Moral Responsibility" in Ted Honderich, ed., Essays on freedom of action, London and Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973, pp. 65-86;

GARDNER, Martin R., "The Defense of Necessity and the Right to Escape From Prison - A Step Towards Incarceration Free from Sexual Assault", (1975-76) 49 Southern California Law Review 110-152;

GARDNER, Simon, "Duress in Attempted Murder", (1991) 107 The Law Quarterly Review 389-393;

__________"Notes - Duress in the House of Lords", (1992) 108 The Law Quarterly Review 349-353;

"Philosophers of the criminal law have come up with three different theories, each of which purports to offer a deeper account of when and why the criminal law excuses. According to one account – the causal theory – we excuse a wrongdoer if and when factors outside of his control caused his actions. Another – the character theory – holds that we excuse a wrongdoer if and when his wrongdoing was out of character. Still another – the choice theory – holds that we excuse a wrongdoer if his choice to commit the act was not a free choice. In the final analysis, none of these theories successfully explains the existing law of excuse, but the choice theory comes closest." (p. 285; one note omitted; the author goes on to examine each of the three theories)

GEARTY, Conor, "Duress - Members of Criminal Organisations and Gangs", (1987) 46 Cambridge Law Journal 379-381; Research Note: discusses R. v. Sharp, [1987] 3 W.L.R. 1 (CA);

GILBERT, Jérémie, "Justice not Revenge: The International Criminal Court and the 'Grounds to Exclude Criminal Responsibility' -- Defences or Negation of Criminality?", (June 2006) 10(2) The International Journal of Human Rights 143-160;

GLAZEBROOK, P.R., "Committing Murder under Duress" (1975) 34 Cambridge Law Journal 185-188;

___________"Committing Murder under Duress-Again" (1976) 35 Cambridge Law Journal 206-208;

___________"Structuring the Criminal Code: Functional Approaches to Complicity, Incomplete Offences and General Defences" in A.P. Simester and A.T.H. Smith, eds., Harm and Culpability, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996, viii, 280 p., at pp. 195-214 (series; Oxford monographs in criminal law and justice), ISBN: 0198260571; research note: discusses at pp. 203-211 the proposals of The Law Commission, Criminal Law: Legislating the Criminal Code: Offences against the Person and General Principles, supra;

GLEYSTEEN, Nicholas, Note, "A Reaxamination of Justifiable escape", (1975-7) 2 New England Journal on Prison Law 205-259;

GOOR, Michael, "Duress and Culpability", (summer/Fall 2000) 19(2) Criminal Justice Ethics 3-16;

GREENAWALT, Kent, "Justifications, Excuses, and a Model Penal Code for Democratic Societies", (Winter/Spring 1998) Criminal Justice Ethics 14-28;

GREENE, Sheila H., prepared by, for the Newfoundland Women's Directorate, "The Impact on Women of the White Paper Proposals on the Defences of Duress and Necessity", 1994, 17 p., research note: "This research has been completed for the Federal/Provincial/Territorial Senior Status of Women Officials and does not necessarily reflect their views" (as written on the cover page); a French translation exists;

HENSON, Christopher M., "Superior Orders and Duress as Defenses in International Law and the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia", Paper based on an Expository Essay prepared for PSCI4820: International Law, under the direction of James Meernik, Ph.D. and Kimi King, Ph.D., Department of Political Science, University of North Texas, 2004, 30 p.; available at http://www.unt.edu/honors/eaglefeather/2004_Issue/2004_PDFs/HensonC.pdf (accessed on 10 January 2004);

HERSEY, George and Alfred Avins, "Compulsion as a Defense to Criminal Prosecution", (1958) 11 Oklahoma Law. Review 283-302;

HILL, John Lawrence, "A Utilitarian Theory of Duress", (1999) 84 Iowa Law Review 275-338;

HITCHLER, Walter Harrison., "Duress as a Defense in Criminal Cases" (1917) 4 Virginia Law Review 519-545;

HORDER, Jeremy, "Autonomy, Provocation and Duress", [1992] Criminal Law Review 706-715;

___________"Occupying the moral high ground? The Law Commission on duress", [1994] Criminal Law Review 334-342;

___________"Self-Defence, Necessity and Duress: Understanding the Relationship", (1998) 16 Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 143-165;

HÖRNLE, Tatjana, "Social Expectations in the Criminal Law: The “Reasonable Person” in a Comparative Perspective", (2008) 11 New Criminal Law Review 1-32;

"The 'reasonable person' plays an important role in English and American criminal law, but not in German criminal law. The comparative view yields a number of differences (for example, with respect to negligent crimes, errors about justifying circumstances, and excuses like duress). Besides analyzing such differences, the article examines the legitimate role of social expectations in criminal law (which stand behind references to the "reasonable person") beyond the details of different legal systems. It concludes that one must distinguish judgments about wrongdoing from judgments about personal responsibility. The former are shaped by social expectations, while personal responsibility needs to be evaluated with a view to the individual offender." (p. 1)

HUIGENS, Kyron, "Duress Is Not a Justification", (Fall 2004) 2(1) Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law 303-314; available at http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/osjcl/Articles/Huigens.pdf (accessed on 27 December 2004);

IBBETSON, David, "Duress Revisited", (2005) 64(3) The Cambridge Law Journal 530-532; R. v. Hasan [2005] UKHL 22, reported as R. v. Z [2005] 2 W.L.R. 709;

JANSSEN, S.L.J. (Sander L.J.), "Mental condition defences in supranational criminal law" available at http://www.cleerdin-hamer.nl/publ_mental.htm (accessed on 20 July 2004); note: discusses duress and the case of PROSECUTOR v. DRAZEN ERDEMOVIC [1997] ICTY 3 (7 October 1997); now published in (2004) 4(1) International Criminal Law Review 83-98;

JIA, Bing Bing, "Judicial decisions as a source of international law and the defence of duress in murder or other cases arising from armed conflict", in Sienho Yee, 1965-, and Wang Tieya, eds., International Law in the Post-Cold War World: Essays in Memory of Li Haopei, London/New York: Routledge, 2001, xxix, 529 p., at pp. 77-98, ISBN: 0415236088; title noted but article not consulted; no copy of this book in the Ottawa area libraries according to my verification of the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 26 October 2005);

KADISH, Sanford H., "Excusing Crime", in Blame and Punishment: Essays in the Criminal Law, New York: MacMillan and London: Collier MacMillan, 1987, viii, 328 p., ISBN: 0029166918, viii, 328 p., chapter 6, pp. 81-106 and 271-276 (notes); see in particular pp. 93-96 with notes at pp. 273-274; this chapter is also published in (1987) 75 California LawReview 257-289;

KAHAN, Dan M. and Martha C. Nussbaum, Two Conceptions of Emotion in Criminal Law", (1996) 96 Columbia Law Review 269-374, see on duress, pp. 333-338;

KATZ, Leo, "Excuse: Duress", in Joshua Dressler, editor in chief, Encyclopedia of crime & justice, 2nd ed., New York : Macmillan Reference USA, c2002, 4 v. (xxxvi, 1780 p.), in vol. 2, at pp. 637-647, ISBN : 002865319X (for set of 4 volumes) and 0028653211 (vol. 2);

KEITHLEY, Livingston, "Should a Lawyer Ever Be Allowed to Lie? People v. Paulter and a Proposed Duress Exception", (2004) 75(1) University of Colorado Law Review 301-330; copy at the University of Colorado, FTX Periodicals, KFC 1869 .R62;

KELMAN, Mark, "Interpretative Construction in the Substantive Criminal Law", (1980-81) 33 Stanford Law Review 591-673, see "Duress" at pp. 643-644;

KENNY, Anthony, "Duress per Minas as a Defence to Crime: II" (1982) 1 Law and Philosophy 197-205; also published in Anthony John Patrick Kenny, The Ivory Tower: Essays in Philosophy and Public Policy, Oxford (UK) and NY (USA): B. Blackwell, 1985, 137 p., essay number 3, pp. 31-38 (the exact title is "Duress per Minas as a Defence to Crime", ISBN: 0631139850; also published in M.A. Stewart, ed., Law, Morality and Rights, Dordrecht/Boston/Lancaster: D. Reidel Publishing, 1983, xi, 452 p. at pp. 345--353 (series; Royal Institute of Philosophy Conferences; vol. 1979), (series; Synthese Library, vol. 162), ISBN: 902771519X, copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX General, K225 .L38 1983;

KILBRANDON, Lord, "Duress Per Minas As A Defence to Crime: I" (1982) 1 Law and Philosophy 185-195; also published in M.A. Stewart, ed., Law, Morality and Rights, Dordrecht/Boston/Lancaster: D. Reidel Publishing, 1983, xi, 452 p. at pp. 333--343 (series; Royal Institute of Philosophy Conferences; vol. 1979), (series; Synthese Library, vol. 162), ISBN: 902771519X, copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX General, K225 .L38 1983;

LAMOND, Grant, "Coercion, Threats and the Puzzle of Blackmail" in A.P. Simester and A.T.H. Smith, eds., Harm and Culpability, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996, viii, 280 p., at pp. 215-238, see in particular "Distinguishing Coercion and Duress" at pp. 219-222 (series; Oxford monographs in criminal law and justice), ISBN: 0198260571;

LÉAUTÉ, Jacques, "Le rôle de la faute antérieure dans le fondement de la responsabilité pénale", (1981) Recueil Dalloz Sirey de Doctrine de Jurisprudence et de Législation 295-298; chronique XLI; copie à la Bibliothèque de la Cour suprême du Canada;

LEE, J.A., "Self-Defence, Provocation and Duress", (1977) 51 Australian Law Journal 437-449;

LE ROUX, Wessel, "Killing under compulsion, heroism and the age of constitutional democracy", (2002) 15 South African Journal of Criminal Justice 99-109;

LESSER, Joan L., "Duress and the Prison Escape: A New Use for an Old Defence", (1972) 45 Southern Law Review 1062-1082;

LEVIN, Michael Graubart, "Fight, Flee, Submit, Sue: Alternatives for Sexually Assaulted Prisoners", (1983-85) 18 Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems 505-530, see "ESCAPING CONFINEMENT TO AVOID SEXUAL ASSAULT", at pp. 510-522 (deals with the "Duress/Rape Defense"); copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada;

LEVINE, Martin Lyon, "Excuse: 2. Duress" in Sanford H. Kadish, ed., Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice, volume 2, New York: Free Press, 1983 at pp. 729-733, ISBN: 002918110 (for the set of the 4 volumes of the Encyclopedia);

LINTON, Suzannah, Case Analysis, "Reviewing the Case of Drazen Erdemovic: Uncharted Waters at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia", (March 1999) 12(1) Leiden Journal of International Law 251-270;

LINTON, Suzannah and Caitlin Reiger, "The Evolving Jurisprudence and Practice of East Timor’s Special Panels for Serious Crimes on Admissions of Guilt, Duress, and Superior Orders", (2001) 4 Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 1-48; available at http://www.jsmp.minihub.org/Reports/otherresources/YIHL-4-Linton-1_23903.pdf (accessed on 28 September 2005);

LIWERANT, O. Sara, "Les exécutants" dans Droit international pénal / Centre de droit international de l'Université de Paris X - Nanterre (CEDIN Paris X), sous la direction de Hervé Ascensio, Emmanuel Decaux et Alain Pellet, Paris : Pedone, 2000, xvi, 1053 p., aux pp. 211-224, voir "État de nécessité et contrainte" aux pp. 222-223, ISBN: 2233003721; copie à la Bibliothèque de l'Université d'Ottawa, FTX General, K 5055 .D76 2000;

LOGAN, Wayne A., "Duress as a Defense to Criminal Liability", in Richard A. Wright and J. Mitchell Miller, eds., Encyclopedia of Criminology, Scarborough : Routledge/Taylor & Francis, 2004, vol. 1, at pp. 471-472; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, HV 61017 E53 2005 REF;

MACKIE, J.L., "Duress and Necessity as Defences to Crime: A Postscript", in M.A. Stewart, ed., Law, Morality and Rights, Dordrecht/Boston/Lancaster: D. Reidel Publishing, 1983, xi, 452 p. at pp. 365-369 (series; Royal Institute of Philosophy Conferences; vol. 1979), (series; Synthese Library, vol. 162), ISBN: 902771519X, copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX General, K225 .L38 1983;

MAY, Larry, Crimes against humanity: a normative account, Cambridge (U.K.)/ New York : Cambridge University Press, 2005, xiii, 310 p., see Chapter 10, "Superior Orders, Duress and Moral Perception", ISBN: 0521840791 and 0521600510 (pbk.); copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada;

McCALL, Storrs, "Incline Without Necessitating" (1985) 24 Dialogue - Canadian Philosophical Review 589-596 (part of the "Duresss and Free Will Symposium);

McCALL SMITH, Alexander, 1948-, "The Law Commission and the proxy bomber", (1975) 25 Philosophical Quarterly 266-270; copy at the University of Ottawa, MRT Periodicals, B1.P49;

McCAULEY, Finbarr, "Beckford and the Criminal Law Defences", (1990) 41 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 158-166, see on duress, pp. 158-164;

____________"Necessity and Duress in Criminal Law: The Confluence of Two Great Tributaries", (1998) 33 The Irish Jurist (n.s.) 180-186;

McDONALD, Elisabeth, "Women Offenders and Compulsion", [November 1997] New Zealand Law Journal 402-404; copy at Ottawa University, FTX periodicals, KTC 0 .B887; note: discussion of "the treatment of women who fail to protect their children" (p. 402)

MIERS, D.R., "Notes of Cases. Duress As a Defence to Murder" (1974) 25 Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 464-477;

MILGATE, H.P., "Duress and the Criminal Law: Another About Turn By the House of Lords", (1988) 47 Cambridge Law Journal 61-76;

MILTON, J.R.L., "Compulsion and the Gangster", (1967) 84 South African Law Journal 145-148;

MONTGOMERY, Ann-Marie, Note, "State v. Riker, Battered Women Under Duress: The Concept the Washington Supreme Court Could Not Grasp", (1995-96) 19 Seattle University Law Review 385-420;

MORRILL, Robert, "The Defenses of Duress and Necessity in International Law", [1998], [v], 53 p.; available at http://www.nesl.edu/center/wcmemos/1998/morrill.pdf (accessed on 21 October 2005); note: New England School of Law International War crimes Project Rwanda Genocide Prosecution;

MORSE, Stephen J., "Culpability and Control", (1993-94) 142 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1587-1660, and see on duress, pp. 1616-1619;

___________"Diminished Capacity" in Stephen Shute, 1955-, John Gardner and Jeremy Horder, eds., Action and Value in Criminal Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1993, viii, 314 p. at pp. 239-278, ISBN: 0198258062 (cloth) and 0198260792 (pbk. first issued in 1996):

MULLENDER, Richard, "Murder, Attempted Murder, and the Defence of Duress: Some Objections on the Present State of the Law", (1993) 25 Bracton Law Journal 15-18;

MURPHY, Jeffrie G., "Consent, Coercion and Hard Choices", (1981) 67 Virginia Law Review 79-95;

MYERS, Brian, "The right to kill or the obligation to die: the status of the defence of duress following New Zealand's implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court", (2005) 2 New Zealand Yearbook of International Law 127-168; title noted in my research but article not consulted; no copy in the Canadian libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 19 December 2005);

NAYLOR, Martyn, "Resistance is Futile; Duress as a Defence to Intentional Killing", [2006] Cambridge Student Law Review 24-32; available at http://www.srcf.ucam.org/cslr/2006_1/Naylor.pdf (accessed on 27 February 2008);

NEWMAN, Lawrence, and Lawrence Weitzer, "Duress, Free Will and The Criminal Law" (1957) 30 Southern California Law Review 313-334;

___________"Free Will, the Doctrine of Duress, and Criminal Responsibility" (1958) 4 New York Law Forum 123-140;

"Note: Justification and Excuse in the Judaic and Common Law: The Exculpation of Defendant Charged with Homicide", (1977) 52 New York University Law Review 599-628; Research Note: on duress, see pp. 610-611 and 617-624;

Notes, "R. v. Steane [1947] L.J.R. 969", (1947) 63 Law Quarterly Review 408-409;

NOZICK, Robert, "Coercion" in Sidney Morgenbesser, Patrick Suppes and Morton White, eds., Philosophy, Science and the Method: Essays in Honor of Ernest Nagel, London: Macmillan, and New York: St. Martin's Press, 1969, ix, 613 p. at pp. 440-472;

ORCHARD, Gerald, "The Defence of Compulsion" (1980) 9 New Zealand University Law Review 105-121;

O'REAGAN, R.S., "Duress and Criminal Conspiracies", [1971] Criminal Law Review 35-39;

__________"Married Women and the Defence of Compulsion Under the Criminal Code" (1979) 11 University of Queensland Law Journal 20-26; Research Note: the code is the Queensland Criminal Code;

__________"Private Defence, Duress and Necessity from a Code Perspective", (1991) 15 Criminal Law Journal 151-152;

OWOADE, M.A., "Necessity, duress and coercion in relation to homicide", (1986) 12(1-2) Indian Socio-Legal Journal 115-136; title noted in my research but article not consulted; no copy in the libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 12 November 2006);

PACE, P.J., "Marital Coercion - Anachronism or Modernism?", [1979] Criminal Law Review 82-89;

PADFIELD, Nicola M., "Duress, Necessity and the Law Commission", [1992] Criminal Law Review 778-789;

PAPHIPTI, A.S., "Duress as Defence to War Crimes Charges", (1999) 38 Revue de Droit Militaire et de Droit de la Guerre / The Military Law and Law of War Review 247-288; copy at Ottawa University, KJM 0 .R49 Location: FTX Periodicals;

PEIRIS, G.L., "Duress, Volition and Criminal Responsibility: Current Problems in English and Commonwealth Law" (1988) 17 Anglo-American Law Review 182-208;

PERKINS, Rollin M.,"The Doctrine of Coercion" (1934) 19 Iowa Law Review 507-520;

__________"Impelled Perpetration Restated" (1981) 33 Hastings Law Journal 403-424;

PIGOTT, Maggy and J.C. Smith, "Duress. Murder - defence of duress not available to person charged with murder, whether principal in the first degree (the actual killer) or in the second degree (an aider and abetttor) - D.P.P. for Northern Ireland v. Lynch [1975] A.C. 653 departed from. Duress contains objective element as stated in Graham [1982] 1 W.L.R. 294 R. v. Richards [1974]¸ Q.B. 776 over ruled", [1987]¸ Criminal Law Review 480-485; Research Note: case reporting by Pigott and commentary at pp. 481-485 by Smith;

POLLOCK, Frederick, "The Work of the League of Nations", (1919) 35 The Law Quarterly Review 193-198, and see "CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY: THE DEFENCE OF SUPERIOR ORDERS", at pp. 195-198;

PROULX, L'honorable juge Michel, "Duress as a defence" in National Criminal Law program (1998: Victoria, B.C.), [ed.], National Criminal Law Program, The Federation of Law Societies of Canada, Victoria : Federation of Law Societies, 1998, volume 1 of 2, section 2.4, 10 p.; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, Ottawa, KF9220 ZA2 N38 1998 v. 1 c. 01;

QUICK, Oliver and Celia Wells, "Getting Tough with Defences", [June 2006] The Criminal Law Review 514-525, and see on duress, pp. 523-524;

REED, Alan, Court of Appeal, "Duress and Specificity of the Threat: R v Z The Times (25 March 2003)", (2003) 67(4) The Journal of Criminal Law 281-286 with commentary at 282-286;

___________"Court of Appeal: The Subjective and Objective Tests for Duress: R v Safi (Ali Ahmed) and Others [2003] EWCA Crim 1809, The Times (10 June 2003)", (2003) 67(5) The Journal of Criminal Law 379-385, with the commentary at pp. 380-385;

___________"Duress and Provocation as Excuse to Murder: Salutary Lesson from Recent Anglo-American Jurisprudence", (1996) 6 Journal of Transnational Law & Policy 51-92;

__________"The Need for a New Anglo-American Approach to Duress", (1997) 61 The Journal of Criminal Law 209-224;

REES, Tom and J.C. Smith, "Attempted murder - whether defence of duress available. R. v. Gotts, Court of Appeal Criminal Division", [1991] Criminal Law Review 366-368; Research Note: case reporting by Rees and commentary by Smith;

REISER, L.I., "Annotation - Coercion, compulsion or duress as defense to criminal prosecution", (1955) 40 American Law Reports Annotated (2d) 908-919;

RICHARD, André, «État de nécessité, contrainte morale et légitime défense», Gazette du Palais, 1952, 2ième semestre, doctrine pp. 14-15.

RICHARDS, Norvin, "Acting Under Duress" (1987) 37 Philosophical Quarterly 21-36; also published in Michael J. Gorr and Sterling Harwood, eds., Controversies in criminal law : philosophical essays on responsibility and procedure, Boulder: Westview Press, 1992, xii, 273 p., at pp. 114 to approx. 124, ISBN: 0813314836 and 0813314844 (pbk.);

ROWE, Peter, "Duress as a Defence to War Crimes after Erdemovic: A Laboratory for a permanent Court?", (1998) 1 Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 210-228; title noted in my research but article not consulted; no copy of this book in the Ottawa area libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 19 December 2005);

RUBIN, G.R., "New Light on Steane's Case", (2003) 24 The Journal of Legal History 143-164;

RUTKOWSKI, David S., "A Coercion Defense for the Street Gang Criminal: Plugging the Moral Gap in Existing Law", (1996) 10 Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics & Public Policy 137-226;

SALAND, Per, "International Criminal Law Principles" in Roy S. Lee, ed., The International Criminal Court: The Making of the Rome Statute: Issues, Negotiations, Results, The Hague/London/Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1999, xxxv, 657 p., at pp. 189-216, ISBN: 904111212X (hardcover) and 904111243X (pbk.); see "XII. Article 31, Grounds for excluding criminal responsibility" at pp. 206-210; copy athe Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, Ottawa;

SCALIOTTI, Massimo, 1959-, "Defences before the International Criminal Court: Substantive grounds for excluding criminal responsibility – Part 1", (2001) 1
International Criminal Law Review 111-172, see "Duress/Necessity", at pp. 142-158;

SCHABAS, William A., "General Principles of Criminal Law in the International Criminal Court Statute (Part III)" (1998) 6(4) European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law, and Criminal Justice 400-428, see on duress, p. 425;

SHAHABUDDEEN, M., "Duress in International Humanitarian Law", in José Maria Ruda, 1924-, and Calixto A. Armas Barea, eds., Liber Amicorum 'In Memoriam' of Judge José Maria Rudda, The Hague/Boston : Kluwer Law International, 2000, xl, 625 p., at pp. 563-574, ISBN: 9041113673; title noted in my research but article not consulted; no copy of this book in the Ottawa area libraries comprised in the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 27 November 2004); copy at University of Montreal, AZZD M517 R913 2000;

SKINAZI, Heather R., Comment, "Not Using Just a 'Conjured Afterthought': Using Duress as a Defense for Battered Women Who 'Fail to Protect'", (1997) 85 California Law Review 993-1042;

SLIEDREGT, Elies van, "Defences in International Criminal Law", 44 p., see "Duress", at pp. 14-21, available at http://www.isrcl.org/Papers/Sliedregt.pdf (accessed on 11 August 2004); important contribution; "Paper to be presented at the conference Convergence of Criminal Justice Systems: Building Bridges Bridging the Gap, The International Society For the Reform of Criminal Law. 17th International Conference, 25 August 2003 -- not for quotation."; available at "This paper is based on the PhD research recently published at T.M.C. Asser Press: E. van Sliedregt, The Criminal Responsibility of Individuals for Violations of International Humanitarian Law, The Hague, 2003"; research note: this book has been ordered by Ottawa University, Law Faculty, on 20 April 2004 (11 August 2004);

SMITH, A.T.H., "Defences of General Application. The Law Commission's Report No. 83. (1) Duress", [1978] Criminal Law Review 122-128;

__________"Legislating the Criminal Code: The Law Commission's Proposals", [1992] Criminal Law Review 396-406, see pp. 403-404 for duress;

SMITH, J.C., "DURESS Murder -- defence of duress not available to persons charged with murder, whether principal in the first degree (the actual killer) or in the second degree (an aider and abettor) -- D.P.P. for Northern Ireland v. Lynch [1975] A.C. 653 departed from. Duress can contain objective element as stated in Graham [1982] 1 W.L.C. 294 R v Richards [1974] Q.B. 776 overruled. R. v. Burke, Howe, Bannister and Clarkson" [1987] Criminal Law Review 481-485; case reported by Maggy Pigott at pp. 480-481 and commentary by J.C. Smith at pp. 481-485;

___________"Individual Incapacities and Criminal Liabilities", (Summer 1998) 6 Medical Law Review 138-160;

SMITH, K.J.M. and William Wilson, "Impaired Voluntariness and Criminal Responsibility: Reworking Hart's Theory of Excuses - The English Judicial Response", (1993) 13 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 69-98; see "Duress and provocation" at pp. 92-97;

SMITH, K.J.M., "Duress and Steadfastness: In Pursuit of the Unintelligible", [1999] Criminal Law Review 363-376;

___________"Must Heroes Behave Heroically?" [1989] Criminal Law Review 622-628;

SORNARAJAH, M., "Duress and Murder in Commonwealth Criminal Law" (1981) 30 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 660-681;

___________"Transnational Crimes: The Third Limb of the Criminal Law", [2004] Singapore Journal of Legal Studies 390–413, and see "Duress, Necessity and Superior Orders", at pp. 411-412;

STALLYBRASS, W.T.S., "A comparison of the general principles of criminal law in England with the 'progretto definitivo di un nuovo codice penale' of Alfredo Rocco", (1932) 14 Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law 45-61 and (1933) 15 Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law 232-241; also with the same title in L. Radzinowicz and J.W.C. Turner, eds.,The Modern Approach to Criminal Law, London: University of Cambridge, 1945, x, 511 at pp. 390-466, and see "Coercion" at pp. 425-427 (series; English Studies in Criminal Science, Department of Criminal Science, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge; volume iv);

STEIN, Milton S., "Comment on Justification and Excuse; Duress: Section 611 (Stein; October 28, 1968)" in Working Papers of the National Commission on Reform of Federal Criminal Laws, Vol. I, Relating to Chapters 1 to 13 (Sections 101 to 138 of the Study Draft of a new Federal Criminal Code), Washington: US Government Printing Office 1970, xxxv, 742, [vii], p. at pp. 273-279;

STEPHENS, Alan, Annotation, "Coercion, Compulsion or Duress as Defense to Charge of Kidnapping", (1989) 69 ALR (4th) 1005-1025 and see August 2004 Supplement to vol.69, at pp. 44-45;

SWAAK-GODMAN, Olivia, "War crimes and crimes against humanity -- role of national law in interpreting international law --requirements for accepting guilty plea -- duress as a defence to charges of unlawful killing: PROSECUTOR v. ERDEMOVIC, Judgement. Case No. IT-96-22-A", (1998) 92 American Journal of International Law 282-287;

TOCZEK, R., "The actions of the reasonable man. Lawrence R Toczek examines duress, provocation and the 'reasonable man'", (7 June 1996) 146 New Law Journal 835; issue 6747;

TOLMIE, Julia, "Intoxication and Criminal Liability in New South Wales: - A Random Patchwork?", (1999) 23 Criminal Law Journal 218-237, see on duress, pp. 233-234;

TURNS, David, "The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: the Erdemovic Case", (1998) 47 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 461-474;

UNIACKE, Suzanne, "Emotional Excuses", (January 2007) 26(1) Law and Philosophy 95-117;

___________"Killing Under Duress" (1989) 6 Journal of Applied Philosophy 53-69; copy at Carleton University, Ottawa, B1.J54 Location: Floor 5 Serial;

VANDERVORT, Lucinda, "Social Justice in the Modern Regulatory State: Duress, Necessity and the Consensual Model in Law", (1987) 6 Law and Philosophy 205-225;

VIRGO, Graham, "Are the Defences of Provocation and Duress Analogous?", Butterworth News, issue 2, March 13, 1997 at pp. 5-8;

WALL, Illan Rua, "Duress, International Criminal Law and Literature", (2005) 4 Journal of International Criminal Justice 724-744;

WALLACE, R. Jay, "Addiction as Defect of the Will: Some Philosophical Reflections", (1999) 18 Law and Philosophy 621-654;

WALTERS, Lynden,"Duress-Precedent, Principle and the House of Lords" (1986) New Law Journal 959-962;

__________"Murder under duress and judicial decision-making in the House of Lords" (1988) 8 Legal Studies 61-73;

WASIK, Martin, "Duress and Criminal Responsibility" [1977] Criminal Law Review 453-464;

WERTHEIMER, Alan, "Coercion (Duress)" in Christopher Berry Gray, ed., The Philosophy of Law: An Encyclopedia, New York Garland Publishing, 1999, 2 volumes ( xxxviii, 950 p.), in vol. 1, at pp. 122-124 (series; Garland reference library of the humanities ; vol. 1743), ISBN: 0815313446;

WESTEN, Peter, and James Mangiafico, "The Criminal Defense of Duress: A Justification, not an Excuse--and Why it Matters", (2003) 6(2) Buffalo Criminal Law Review 833-950; available at http://wings.buffalo.edu/law/bclc/bclrarticles/6/2/westen.pdf (accessed on 21 March 2004);

WHITE, Stephen, "Duress, Compulsion and Parties to Crime in New Zealand" (1985) 9 Criminal Law Journal 354-366;

__________"Compulsion and Rape in New Zealand" (1985) 9 Criminal Law Journal 156-170;

WILLIAMS, C.R., "Criminal Law" in Robert Baxt and Gretchen Kewley, eds., An Annual Survey of Australian Law 1987, Sydney: The Law Book Company, 1988, xix, 405 p. at pp. 14-33, ISSN: 0727-4076; Research Note: see "Duress as a Defence to Murder" at pp. 20-25 for comments on the House of Lords decision of R. v. Howe, [1987] 2 W.L.R. 568.

WILLIAMS, Gerald A., "Notes: Criminal Law: Tully v. State of Oklahoma: Oklahoma Recognises Duress as a Defense for Felony-Murder", (1988-89) 41 Oklahoma Law Review 515-529;

WILSON, William, "The Filtering Role of Crisis in the Constitution of Criminal Excuses", (July 2004) 17(2) The Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 387-416, and see "Duress", at pp. 404-410;

YEO, S.M.H.(Stanley Meng Heong), "Case and Comment: Foster", (1990) 14 Criminal Law Journal 289-291; research note; the first line of the heading reads: "Duress- Threatened harm confined to physical harm and does not extend to threat of unlawful imprisonment";

___________"Challenging Moral Involuntariness as a Principle of Fundamental Justice", (2002) Queen's Law Journal 335-351; deals with R. v. Ruzic , [2001] 1 Supreme Court Reports 687;

___________"Coercing Wives into Crime", (1992) 6 Australia Journal of Family Law 214-228;

___________"Compulsion and Necessity in African Criminal Law", (2009) 53 Journal of African Law 90-110;

___________Compulsion in the Criminal Law, Sydney: The Law Book Company, 1990, xxiv, 300 p., ISBN: 0455209944;

___________"Considerations of Time and Space in Duress", (2004)16 Singapore Academy of Law Journal 354-376;

___________"Duress and Necessity", in Wing-Cheong Chan, Barry Wright, and Stanley Yeo, eds., Codification, Macaulay and the Indian Penal Code : the legacies and modern challenges of criminal law reform, Farnham, Surrey, England ; Burlington, VT, USA : Ashgate, c2011, xiii, 379 p., at pp. 203 to approx. 230; ISBN: 9781409424420 (hardback); title noted in my research but article not consulted yet (7 November 2011);

___________"Duress, Personality Disorders and Drug Syndicates", (1989) (I) Malayan Law Journal xviii-xxiv; title noted in my research but article not consulted; no copy in the Ottawa area libraries;

___________"Private Defence, Duress and Necessity", (1991) 15 Criminal Law Journal 139-151, see the discussion on duress at pp. 143-149;

___________"Proportionality in Criminal Defences", (1988) 12 Criminal Law Journal 211-227, see on duress, pp. 219-220;

___________"Recent developments in criminal law. The harmful response in self-defence, duress and necessity", [Sydney] : Committee for Post-Graduate Studies in the Dept. of Law, University of Sydney, 1989, 52 p.; notes: Lecture held 5th December 1989; At head of title: The University of Sydney, Faculty of Law, Continuing Legal Education, 1989; title noted in my research but article not consulted; no copy of this article in the Libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada; information from the catalogue of the University of Sydney (14 July 2005);

___________"Reforming Duress Under the Indian Penal Code", [1987] Journal of the Law Association for Asia and the Western Pacific 85-104;

___________"The Threat Element in Duress", (1987) 11 Criminal Law Journal 165-178;

___________"Voluntariness, Free Will and Duress", (1996) 70 Australian Law Journal 304-312;

ZEFFERTT, D., "Duress as a Criminal Defence", (1975) 92 South African Law Journal 321-325;