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by / Par ©François Lareau, 2003-, Ottawa, Canada
First posted on the internet on: 4 June 2003

Selected Bibliography on
Consent in Comparative Criminal law
-------------------------
Bibliographie choisie sur le
consentement en droit pénal comparé

authors/auteurs:
L-Z... see also:  authors/auteurs : A-K
                                       Consent/consentement: Canadian Law / Droit canadien
 
 

LACEY, Nicola, "Beset by Boundaries: The Home Office Review of Sex Offences", [2001] Criminal Law Review 3-14;  copy at Ottawa University, KD 7862 .C734  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

LAINGUI, André, La responsabilté pénale dans l'ancien droit: XVIe-XVIIIe siècle, Paris: Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 1970, xii, 367 p., voir "Le consentement de la victime" aux pp. 344-346 et aussi sur le consentement, les pp. 68-69 (Collection; Bibliothèque d'histoire du droit et droit romain, t. 17);

"Le consentement de la victime n'est pas un fait justificatif à caractère général.

    Les auteurs citent évidemment la maxime volenti non fit injuria, mais c'est pour en marquer aussitôt les limites, 'lorsque l'injure est de nature à exciter le ministère public', il appartient à l'État de se substituer à lui: Dominus membrorum suorum nemo videtur, disait encore la loi romaine." (pp. 344-345; notes omises)

LAIOU, Angeliki E., ed., Consent and coercion to sex and marriage in ancient and medieval societies, Washington, D.C. : Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1993, ix, 298 p., ISBN:  0884022137; copy at Carleton University, Ottawa, Floor 4, KJC8550.C66; see in particular, the following essays:

- Consent and sexual relations in classical Athens / David Cohen, at pp. 5-16;
- Livy's Lucretia and the validity of coerced consent in Roman law / Diana C. Moses, at pp. 39-81;
- Sex, consent, and coercion in Byzantium / Angeliki E. Laiou, at pp. 109-221;
- Consent and dissent to sexual intercourse in Germanic societies from the fifth to the
   tenth century / Suzanne F. Wemple at pp. 227-243;
- Implied consent to intercourse / James A. Brundage, at pp. 245-256, deals with canon law;

LAGE, Dietmar, Subject to consent: the ethics of human subjects research in Canada, Winnipeg: Wuerz Publishing, 1998, 391 p., ISBN: 0019553815; title noted in my research but book not consulted yet; no copy in the Ottawa area libraries (verification of the AMICUS catalogue on 24 August 2003);

 
LASSITER, Christo, "Lex Sportiva: Thoughts Towards a Criminal Law of Competitive Contact Sport", (2007) 22(1)  St. John's Journal of Legal Commentary 35; University of Cincinnati Law Research paper number 08-04; svailable at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1093526, (accessed on 22 February 2008);

"[The Law Commission] Change and consent", (March 1994) 144 New Law Journal 309; issue 6638; copy at Ottawa University, KD 322 .N49  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

LAWSON, John Davison, 1852-1921, Defences to crime : the adjudged cases in the American and English reports wherein the different defences to crimes are contained : with notes, 5 volumes, see v. 3, Disabilities of parties, agency, duress, accident, ignorance and mistake, consent, omissions and attempts, San Francisco:  S. Whitney, 1885-1886, see Chapter 5, "Consent" at pp. 289-407; microform reprint in the collection 19th-century legal treatises; no. 45567-45625; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada; note Lawson wrote vol. 2-5 and and  vol. 1 was written by L.B. Horrigan and Seymour D. Thompson;
 

LEADER-ELLIOTT, Ian and Ngaire Naffine, "Wittgenstein, Rape Law and the Language Games of Consent", (2000) 26(1) Monash University Law Review 48-73; copy at Ottawa University, KTA 0 .M65  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

LEIGH, L.H., "Sado-Masochism, Consent, and the Reform of the Criminal Law", (1976) 39 The Modern Law Review 130-146; copy at Ottawa University, KD 322 .M62  Location, FTX Periodicals;
 

LENG, Roger, "Consent and Offences Against the Person: Law Commission Consultation Paper No. 134", [1994] Criminal Law Review 480-488; copy at Ottawa University, KD 7862 .C734  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

___________"Consent in English Law.  The Background and Some Issues", article présenté à la Conférence "Reform of the Criminal Law", London (England), 26-29 July, 1987, 24 p. [unpublished]; conference organised by the International Society for the Reform of the Criminal Law, web site at  http://www.isrcl.org/ (accessed on 29 June 2003);
 

LE ROUX, Louis, La responsabilité en matière sportive, Rennes : impr. commerciale de Bretagne, 1935, 173 p.; Thèse de doctorat : Droit : Rennes: 1;  titre noté dans mes recherches; thèse non-consultée; aucune copie de ce document au Canada selon le catalogue AMICUS de Bibliothèque et Archives Canada (vérification du 24 août 2005);
 

LESPARRE, Joëlle, Le consentement du délinquant,  thèse de doctorat (nouveau doctorat, droit pénal, Bordeaux 1, 1994, 2 volumes, 508 feuilles; dir de thèse: Jacques Faget;

Résumé

"Il parait difficile de concevoir la justice répressive demander son accord à celui qu'elle s'apprête à pinir.  Pourtant nombreux sont les articles du Code de procédure pénale qui mentionnent expresséent le consentement du délinquant.  Si sa valeur est souvent criticable, notamment pendant l'enquête préliminaire ou les procédures rapides, le consentement est appréciable tant au règles pénales que civiles pour permettre au délinquant de stopper toute poursuite à son encontre ou pour lui accorder la possibilité de participer au choix et à l'application de sa peine.  La consentement symbolise alors le passage d'un modèle de justice à un autre, ou les parties privées sont au centre du processus de règlement de leur conflit, ou le délinquant-objet devient délinquant-sujet, acteur de la procédure pénale."

......

Summary

One can hardly imagine a repressive justice expecting an agreement from who is to be sentenced.  However, many are the clauses of the criminal procedure code which positively mention the delinquent's agreement.  If its importance is often suspected, particularly while primary investigations or fast procedures are in progress, the agreement would be appreciated either regarding the criminal rules or the civil ones, in order to help this delinquent to stop all prosecution against him or to give him the chance to take part in the choice and the application of his penalty.  The agreement then symbolises the transfer from a type of justice to another one, in which the private parts are at the center of a settling process of their contest, where the 'object-delinquent' becomes a 'subject-delinquent', as an actor of the penal process." (source: Catalogue Abes);

LIMPENS, Jean, Robert M. Kruithof and Anne Meinertzhagen-Limpens, "Liability for One’s Own Act", in André Tunc, Chief Editor,  International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, volume XI, Torts, Part 1, Chapter 2, pp. 2-2 to 2-140, and see in particular, "Grounds of Justifications", at pp. 2-167 to 2-192, and for "CONSENT OF THE VICTIM", pp. 2-186 to 2-187 and 2-192 to 2-193, Tübingen: Mohr J.C.B (Paul Siebeck) and The Hague/Boston/London: The Hague: Martin Nijhoff, 1983, ISBN: 3166445420 (Mohr) and 9024727871 (Nijhoff); copy at the Library of Parliament, Ottawa, Br. B K530 I58 V. II pt. 1; tort law but very useful for researchers; important contribution;

LOGOZ, Paul, Commentaire du Code pénal Suisse, Partie Générale, 2^e éd. mise à jour avec la collaboration d'Y. Sandoz, Neuchâtel, Delachaux & Niestlé, 1976, 569 p., ISBN: 2603000578;

    "On a dit que le consentement de la victime rend licite ce que la loi a déclaré illicite; c'est là, cependant, une question controversée.

    En tout cas, on ne saurait appliquer absolument en droit pénal moderne la règle du Digeste (loi 1, § 5, liv. 47, tit. 10): volenti non fit injuria.  Diverses réserves doivent être faites.

    a) Tout d'abord, le consentement de la victime ne peut évidemment pas exclure le caractère illicite de l'acte lorsqu'il s'agit d'un délit qui, par définition, suppose le consentement.  Exemples: CPM [Code pénal militaire] art. 95, ch. 1 al. 2 (mutililation d'un tiers, avec son consentement, pour le rendre totalement ou partiellement inapte au service militaire); CP art 114 (meurtre d'un consentant), 119 ch. 1 (avortement pratiqué avec le consentement de la femme enceinte), 157 (usure), etc.

    b) Il ne peut pas non plus être question d'un consentement de la victime en tant que fait justificatif à propos d'infractions qui, par définition, impliquent l'absence de ce consentement.  Par exemple, celui qui 'consent' ne peut pas être victime d'un délit de contrainte (art. 181); de même, on ne peut pas violer -- au sens de l'art. 187 -- une femme qui est d'accord.

    c) Abstraction faite des cas a) et b), on doit exclure encore les infractions telles qu'en ce qui les concerne, on ne saurait trouver une personne ayant qualité pour donner un 'consentement' valable (exemples: infractions contre l'État et la défense nationale, ou créant un danger collectif, ou dirigées contre des biens de la communauté tels que la santé publique, les communications publiques, etc.; cf. à ce sujet RO [Recueil officiel des arrêts du Tribunal fédéral] 65 I  46.

    Ces divers cas mis à part, le consentement de la victime ne peut être invoqué comme fait justificatif qu'à propos d'infractions dirigées contre un bien individuel dont l'intérêt général permet de laisser la libre disposition à celui auquel ce bien appartient.

    Il s'agit donc, dans chaque cas où la question se pose, de savoir si l'intérêt public à la protection du bien atteint par l'infraction est ou n'est pas assez important pour interdire que l'on tienne compte du consentement de la victime.  Comme exemples d'infractions de la seconde catégorie, THORMANN - VON OVERBECK (139, note 10) citent des lésions corporelles simples (art. 123 ch. 1 al. 1; cf. RO 42 II 47ss, mais aussi 57 II 67s) et les dommages non qualifiés à la propriété d'autrui (art. 145 a. 1).  Pour les lésions corporelles en général, on doit tenir compte aussi du fait que si, en principe, l'individu est maître de son corps (dominus membrorum suorum, cf. RO 20 1017ss), des restrictions peuvent cependant être apportées à ce droit dans l'intérêt général (cf. par exemple CPM art. 96). -- On peut également, semble-t-il, penser notamment aux délits contre l'honneur. -- Mais il faut reconnaître que la limite à tracer ici est incertaine.  On doit s'en remettre au juge du soin de la tracer dans chaque cas d'espèce.  Cf. encore là-dessus HAFTER, Allg. Teil, § 32 II, 3.

    En tout cas, le consentement de la victime ne peut être pris en considération que s'il a été sérieusement et librement donné -- avant la lésion -- par une personne capable de discernement (mais non nécessairement majeure).

    D'autre part, là où ce consentement peut entrer en ligne de compte, il ne saurait être considéré comme servant de base à un contrat entre l'auteur de l'acte et la victime.  De même, le droit pénal doit ici se dégager d'autres notions de droit civil.  Un arrangement qui serait civilement nul parce qu'il a pour objet une chose illicite ou contraire aux moeurs (CO art. 20) peut être relevant en droit pénal; l'article 27 CC n'est pas non plus applicable, en principe, pour la solution du problème du consentement de la victime en droit pénal.  Cf. dans le même sens HAFTER, Allg. Teil, § 32 I et II." (pp. 166-167)

LOVE, John J., "Criminal Law: Consent as a Defence to Criminal Battery --  The Problem of Athletic Contests", (1975) 28 Oklahoma Law Review 840-845; copy at Ottawa University, KFO 1269 .O35  Location, FTX Periodicals;
 

LWENGA, Eca Wa, "Le cadre légal et réglementaire de la médiation pénale en France", (décembre 2002) Revue de droit pénal et de criminologie 1156-1176;
 

LYON, Mathhew E., "No Means No?:  Withdrawal of Consent During Intercourse and the Continuing Evolution of the Definition of Rape", (Fall 2004) 95(1) The Journal of Criminal Law & Criinology 277-314;
 

MacKINNON, Catharine A., Toward a Feminist Theory of the State, Cambridge (MA) and London: Harvard University Press, 1989, xvii, 330 p., see  "Rape: On Coercion and Consent" at pp. 171-183, ISNBN: 0674896459; copy at Ottawa University, FTX General, K 644 .M33 1989  and MRT General,  K 644 .M33 1989; "Rape: On Coercion and Consent" is also published in Marilyn Pearsall, ed., Women and values : readings in recent feminist philosophy, 3rd ed., Belmont (California): Wadsworth Pub. Co., c1999, x, 421 p., at pp. 241-250, ISBN: 0534534694; copy at Ottawa University, MRT General, HQ 1221 .W89 1999;
 

MADRAS LAW JOURNAL, "Consent in the Criminal Law", (1895) 29 The Irish Law Times and Solicitors' Journal 427-431; note: The Irish Law Times and Solicitors' Journal reproduces an article from the Madras Law Journal;
 

MAGNOL, J., "Le consentement de la victime dans le délit de coups et blessures volontaires", [1937] Revue de science criminelle et de droit pénal comparé 680;  article non consulté; aucune copie de ce périodique, pour cette année-là, dans les bibliothèques de la région d'Ottawa;
 

MALM, H.M., "The Ontological Status of Consent and Its Implications for the Law on Rape", (1996) 2 Legal Theory 147-164; copy at Ottawa University, K 202 .L436  Location: FTX Periodicals;

MARKWICK, P., "Harming Consent", (2002) 8(2) Res Publica 157-162;
 

MASON,  J.K. (John Kenyon), 1919-, R.A. McCall Smith, and G. T. (Graeme T.) Laurie, Law and medical ethics, 6th ed, London : Butterworths, 2002, xlvi, 704 p., ISBN: 0406949956; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, K3601 M67 2002;
 

MASON,  S.A. (Susan A.) and C. (Christopher) Megone, eds., European neonatal research : consent, ethics committees and law, Aldershot, England ; Burlington, VT : Ashgate, 2001,  xiii, 272 p., ISBN: 0754613011; title noted in my research but book not consulted; no copy of this book in the Ottawa area libraries according to my AMICUS catalogue verification of 8 August 2003;
 

McCARDLE, David, "A Few Hard Cases?  Sports, Sadomasochism and Public Policy in the English Courts", (Fall 1995) 10(2) Canadian Journal of Law and Society 109-117; copy at Ottawa University, KE 3098 .A13 C287  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

McCOLGAN, Aileen, "Sex and Violence: The House of Lords Thrashes Out the Law", (1994) 4 King's College Law Journal 71-74; copy at Ottawa University, KD 460 .K5532  Location, FTX Periodicals; deals with the Brown decision;
 

McCONNELL, Terrance C., Inalienable Rights: the Limits of Consent in Medicine and Law, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, xi, 172 p.,  ISBN: 0195134621; copy at the library of the Supreme Court of Canada, KF 382 7I5;
 

McCUTCHEON, J. Paul, "Morality and the Criminal Law: Reflections on Hart-Devlin", (2002) 47(1) The Criminal Law Quarterly 15-38; copy at Ottawa University, KE 8802 .C534  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

___________"Sports Violence, Consent and the Criminal Law", (1994) 45 Northern Ireland Law Quarterly 267-284; copy at Ottawa University, KDK 87 .N67  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

McGREGOR, Joan, "Force, consent, and the reasonable woman", in Jules L.Coleman and Allen Buchanan, 1948-,  eds., In harm's way : essays in honor of Joel Feinberg, Cambridge [England] : New York, NY, USA : Cambridge University Press, 1994, x, 359 p., Essay 10 at pp. 231-254 (series; Cambridge studies in philosophy and law), ISBN: 0521454107; copy at Ottawa University, K 235 .I53 1994 MRT;
 

____________"Why When She Says No She Doesn't Mean Maybe and Doesn't Mean Yes: A Critical Reconstruction of Consent, Sex, and the Law", (1996) 2 Legal Theory 175-208; copy at Ottawa University, K 202 .L436  Location, FTX Periodicals;
 

McSHERRY, Bernadette, "Constructing Consent" in Patricia Weiser Easteal, ed., Balancing the scales : rape, law reform and Australian culture, Leichhardt, N.S.W. Federation Press, 1998, xxi, 225 p., at pp. 26-40, ISBN: 1862873046 and 1862873046 (pbk.); copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, KF9329 B35 1998;
 

___________"No! (means no?)", (February 1993) 18(1) Alternative Law Journal 27-30; copy at Ottawa University, KTA 0 .L43  Location, FTX Periodicals;
 

MEULDERS-KLEIN, M.T. (Marie-Thérèse), "Le droit de disposer de soi-même.  Étendue et limites en droit comparé", dans Licéité en droit positif et références légales aux valeurs:  contribution à l'étude du règlement juridique des conflits de  valeurs en droit pénal public et international / [par] Jean Ladrière ... [et al.] ; avant-propos de Jacques Verhaegen, Bruxelles, Bruylant, 1982, 706 p., aux pp. 215-288 (Collection; Bibliothèque de la Faculté de droit de l'Université catholique de Louvain; 14), ISBN: 2802703013; copie à l'Université d'Ottawa, FTX General, K 7033 .L524 1982; très importante contribution;
 

MILL, John Stuart, 1806-1873, On Liberty, 1859; available at http://www.bartleby.com/130/ (accessed on 11 July 2003);

"The object of this Essay is to assert one very simple principle, as entitled to govern absolutely the dealings of society with the individual in the way of compulsion and control, whether the means used be physical force in the form of legal penalties, or the moral coercion of public opinion. That principle is, that the sole end for which mankind are warranted, individually or   collectively, in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection. That the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not a sufficient warrant. He cannot rightfully be compelled to do or forbear because it will be better for him to do so, because it will make him happier, because, in the opinions of others, to do so would be wise, or even right. These are good reasons for remonstrating with him, or reasoning with him, or persuading him, or entreating him, but not for compelling him, or visiting him with any evil in case he do otherwise. To justify that, the conduct from which it is desired to deter him, must be calculated to produce evil to some one else. The only part of the conduct of   any one, for which he is amenable to society, is that which concerns others. In the part which merely concerns himself, his independence is, of right, absolute. Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign."

MILLER, Ruth K., "Informed Consent in the Military: Fighting a Loosing Battle Against the Anthrax Vaccine", (2002) 28 American Journal of Law and Medicine 325-343;
 

MISKOWIAK, Kristina, The International Criminal Court: consent, complementarity and cooperation, Copenhagen : DJØF, 2000, 127 p., ISBN:  8757403252; copy at the Department of Justice Ottawa Library, JX 5428 .M687; title noted in my research but book not consulted yet;
 

MISSA, Jean-Noël,  textes réunis par, Le devoir d'expérimenter : études philosophiques, éthiques et juridiques sur la recherche biomédicale, Paris : De Boeck université, c1996, 228 p., (Collection; Sciences, éthiques, sociétés, ISSN 0778-4082), ISBN: 280412245X; copie à l'Université Laval, W 20.5 D498 1996; titre noté dans mes recherches mais livre non consulté; aucune copie dans les bibliothèques de la région d'Ottawa, selon ma vérification du catalogue AMICUS (le 9 août 2003);

[Table des matières]  L'embryon humain comme objet expérimental / par Fernand Leroy -- L'expérimentation en reproduction humaine / par Yvon  Englert -- Les greffes expérimentales dans le cerveau de l'homme / par Jean-Noël Missa -- L'investigation clinique chez les    patients de soins intensifs / par Jean-Louis Vincent -- Etats végétatifs persistants et expérimentation humaine / par Robert  Jean Kahn -- Expérimentation, recherche, soins / par Yvon Kenis -- Les controverses sur l'expérimentation animale / par Charles Susanne -- Aspect juridique de l'expérimentation humaine / par Roger O. Dalcq -- L'expérimentation humaine / par Patricia Palermini -- Le rôle des comités d'éthique dans l'expérimentation humaine / par Florence Berrisch -- Nature humaine  ou expérimentation humaine chez Hans Jonas / par Marie-Geneviève Pinsart -- Expérimentation médicale sur l'être humain et  philosophie / par Marie-Luce Delfosse.

MOFFATT, R.C.L., "Consent and the Criminal Law", in Lyman Tower Sargent, 1940-, ed., Consent: Concept, Capacity, Conditions, and Constraints: papers from the Sixth Conference of Amintaphil 10-12 March, 1978 Hampshire College, Amherst, Massachussetts, U.S.A., [of ther International Association for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy. American Section] Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1979, viii, 231 p. at pp. 147-158 (series; Archiv für Rechts-und Sozial-philosophie, Beiheft neue folge, nr. 12, ISBN: 3515032134; copy at the Université of Montréal; title noted in my research but document not consulted yet; no copy of this book in the Ottawa area (verification of the AMICUS catalogue as of 9 August 2003);
 

MOLUSSON, Stéphanie, Le consentement de la victime dans les infractions contre les personnes, Mémoire. D.E.A. . droit pénal et sci. crim. : Bordeaux 4 : 1997, 1, 71 feuilles; titre noté dans mes recherches; thèse non-consultée; aucune copie de ce document au Canada selon le catalogue AMICUS;
 

MONAGHAN, J.R., Annotation, "Consent as defense to charge of mayhem", (1962) 86 ALR. (2d) 268-270; ALR=American Law Reports;
 

MORAN, Leslie J., "Laskey v. The United Kingdom: Learning the Limits of Privacy", (1998) 61 The Modern Law Review 77-84; copy at Ottawa University, KD 322 .M62  Location, FTX Periodicals; pas à FTX!!! pas à la CSC!!!
 

___________"Violence and the Law: the Case of Sado-Masochism", (1995) 4 Social and Legal Studies 225-251; copy at Ottawa University, K 202 .S63  Location,   FTX Periodicals;
 

MORTON, JAMES, "The Sexual Offences Bill", (2003) 67(3) The Journal of Criminal Law 183-185 (circa); copy at Ottawa University, KD 7862 .J653  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

MOSTAFA, Mahmoud M., Principes de droit pénal des pays arabes, Préface de Marc Ancel, Paris: Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence, 1972,  iii, 190 p., voir "Le consentement de la victime" aux pp. 43-44 (collection; Les grands systèmes de droit pénal contemporains; vol. 5); copie à l'Université d'Ottawa, FTX General,  FTX General: KMC 974 .M67 1972; discute Soudan, Italie, Koweït, Indes, et la Libye;
 

MULLENDE, Richard, Comments and Notes, "Sado-masochism, Criminal Law and Adjudicative Method: R. v. Brown in the House of Lords", (1993) 44(4) Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 380-387; copy at Ottawa University, KDK 87 .N67  Location, FTX Periodicals;
 

MUNRO, Vanessa E., "Concerning Consent: Standards of Permissibility in Sexual Relations", (Summer 2005) 25(2) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 335-352; note: "A review of A. Wertheimer, Consent to Sexual Relations (Cambridge University Press, 2003)";
 

MURPHY, Jeffrie G., "Some Ruminations on Women, Violence, and the Criminal Law" in Jules L.Coleman and Allen Buchanan, eds., In harm's way : essays in honor of Joel Feinberg, Cambridge [England] : New York, NY, USA : Cambridge University Press, 1994, x, 359 p., Essay 10 at pp. 209- 230 (series; Cambridge studies in philosophy and law), ISBN: 0521454107; copy at Ottawa University, K 235 .I53 1994 MRT;
 

MURPHY, Michael Emmet, Criminal Procedure, "A trial court is required to give a jury instruction that a rape defendant's actual and reasonable mistaken belief of consent is a dense to rape only if there is substantial evidence of the prosecutrix' equivocal conduct which would lead a person to reasonably believe she had consented: People v. William", (1993) 20 Pepperdine Law Review 1635-1639; copy at Ottawa University, KFC 69 .P46  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

NASH,  Susan, 'Consent: Public policy or legal moralism?' (15 March 1996) 146 New Law Journal  382 (1 p.); issue number 6735; deals with the 1996 Wilson case; copy at Ottawa University, KD 322 .N49  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

NASR, Seyyed Mohsen,  L'influence du consentement de la victime sur la responsabilité pénale, Lyon: Bosc frères & L. Riou, 1933, 164 p.; thèse, droit, Grenoble 1933; titre noté dans mes recherches mais thèse non consultée; aucune copie au Canada, selon le catalogue AMICUS (vérification du 12 juillet 2003);
 

NATIONAL COMMISSION ON REFORM OF FEDERAL CRIMINAL LAWS, Final Report of the National Commission on Reform of Federal Criminal Laws - A Proposed New Federal Criminal Code (Title 18, United States Code), Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971, xxv, 364 p., see "§ 1619. Consent as a Defense" at  pp. 182-183; the proposed code is available on the internet at the  Buffalo Criminal Law Center, at "Materials on Federal Criminal Code Reform"; 

NHL Rulebook, available at  http://www.nhl.com/hockeyu/rulebook/index.html# (accessed on 31 May 2006);
 

NIELSEN, Bradley C., "Controlling Sports Violence: Too Late for Carrots -- Bring on the Big Stick", (1988-89) 74 Iowa law Review 681-712;

NISOT, Pierre, L'âge et le consentement de la victime en matière d'infractions contre les moeurs perpetrées envers des filles mineures; étude de droit comparé, Renaix: Des presses de J. Leherte-Courtin et fils [1926?], 2 p. l., [7]-155 p.; titre noté dans mes recherches mais livre non consulté car aucune copie disponible dans les bibliothèques au Canada, selon le catalogue AMICUS (13 juillet 2003);
 

NOAH, Lars, "Informed Consent and the Elusive Dichotomy Between Standard and Experimental Therapy", (2002) 28 American Journal of Law and Medicine 361-408;
 

The Norwegian Penal Code, Translated by Harald Schjoldager and Finn Backer, South Hackensack (N.J.):  F. B. Rothman,  [1961],  xi, 167 p. (series; The American Series of Foreign Penal Codes; vol. 3); copy at Ottawa University,   FTX General, KKW 3794.31902 .A5213 1961;

"Section 235

Punishment according to sections 228 and 229 shall not apply when the act is committed against someone who has consented thereto.

If somebody is killed or seriously injured in body or health with his own consent or if anybody kills a hopelessly sick person out of mercy, or is accessory thereto, the punishment may be reduced below the minimum provided, and to a milder form of punishment." (pp, 95-96)
 

O'CONNOR, D. (Desmond) and P.A. (Paul A.) Fairall, Criminal Defences, 3rd ed., Sydney: Butterworths, 1996, xxxii, 328 p., see Chapter 5, "Consent"  at pp. 83-100, ISBN: 0409308463; copy at the library of the Supreme Court of Canada, Ottawa, KF9240 O26 1996;
 

O’DONOVAN, Katherine, “With sense, consent, or just a con?  Legal subjects in the discourse of autonomy” in Ngaire Naffine and Rosemary J. Owens, eds., Sexing the subject of law, North Ryde (NSW): LBC Information Services, xxxii, 299 p., at p. 47, ISBN: 0455214697; title noted in my research but document not consulted; no copy of this book in the Ottawa area libraries according to my verification of the AMICUS catalogue; copy at McGill University, K;349;S49;1997 law;
 

OMEROD, D.C. and M.J. Gunn, "Criminal Liability for the Transmission of HIV",  [1996] 1 Web Journal of Current Legal Issues;
 

___________"The Second Law Commission Consultation Paper on Consent (2):  Consent - A Second Bash",  (1996) Criminal Law Review 694-706;  copy at Ottawa University, KD 7862 .C734  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

OMEROD, David, "'Consent and offences against the person: Law Commission Consultation Paper no 134", (1994) 57 The Modern Law Review 928-940; copy at Ottawa University, KD 322 .M62  Location, FTX Periodicals;
 

___________Case and Comment, "Contact Sports -- Application of defence of consent where bodily harm sustained in course of contact sports: R. v Barnes -- Court of Appeal (Criminal Division): Lord Woolf C.J., Cresswell and Simon JJ.: December 21, 2004; [2004] EWCA Crim 3246", [2005] The Criminal Law Review 381-384; case reported by Stephen Leake, at pp. 381-382 and commentary by Omerod, at pp. 382-384;
 

___________"Sadomasochism", (1994) 5 The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry 123-133; copy at the Solicitor General Canada, Ministry Library and Reference Centre / Solliciteur  général Canada, Bibliothèque ministérielle et centre de référence, Ottawa;
 

OMITOWOJU, Rosanna, Rape and the politics of consent in classical Athens, New York : Cambridge University Press, 2002, ix, 249 p. (series; Cambridge classical studies), ISBN: 0521800749; copy at Carleton University,  Floor 4, HV6569.G82 A846 2002;
 

PA, Monica, "Beyond the Pleasure Principle: The Criminalization of Consensual Sadomasochistic Sex", (2001) 11(1) Texas Journal of Women and the Law 51-92; copy at Ottawa University, KF 477 .A15 T49, FTX: Periodicals;

PANCKHURST, Graham, "Consent in rape: an elusive concept", in J. Bruce (James Bruce) Robertson, ed., Essays on criminal law: a tribute to Professor Gerald Orchard, Wellington: Brookers, 2004, at pp. 182-196; title noted in my research but article not consulted yet (30 April 2007);

PATEMAN, Carole, "Women and Consent", (1980) 8 Political Theory 149-168; copy at Ottawa University, JA 1 .A1 P64  Location, MRT Periodicals;
 

PAUTREL, Carole, Le principe du consentement du mis en cause dans les différents actes de la procédure pénale, Mémoire DEA : Droit pénal et sciences pénales : Paris 2 (Université Panthéon-Assas (Paris) .Université de soutenance) : 2002, 98 feuilles; thèse sous la direction de Monsieur Debove; titre noté dans mes recherches; thèse non consultée;
 

PHIPPS, Charles A., "Misdirected Reform: On Regulating Consensual Sexual Activity between Teenagers", (2002-2003) 12 Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy 373-445;

PIN, Xavier, Le consentement en matière pénale, Thèse doctorat : Droit privé : Grenoble 2 : 1999, 649 p., catalogue Abes (France); No notice: 048464406; titre noté dans mes recherches; thèse non consultée; aucune copie au Canada, selon le catalogue AMICUS;
 

__________Le consentement en matière pénale, préf. de Patrick Maistre de Chambon, Paris : LGDJ (Librairie générale de droit et de jurisprudence), 2002, 724 p., (Collection; Bibliothèque des sciences criminelles; tome 36), ISSN: 2275021868; copy at Ottawa University, MRT General, KJV 8026 .P547 2002;

Résumé
    "Cette étude souligne le rôle croissant du consentement en droit pénal et en procédure pénale, tout en démontrant que ce phénomène n'implique nullement une contractualisation de la matière.  La démonstration s'appuie sur la théorie générale des actes juridiques et repose sur une classification des différents types de consentements, d'abord au stade de l'applicabilité de la loi pénale (consentement à l'infraction) puis au stade de son effectivité (consentement à la mesure pénale).  Il en ressort que la prise en compte du consentement par le droit procède toujours d'un double souci de respect de la liberté individuelle et d'efficacité répressive.

    Le consentement à l'infraction recouvre deux réalités: il s'agit tout d'abord du consentement de la victime ou consentement permissif.  Il consiste en une autorisation, c'est-à-dire un acte unilatéral révocable, qui suspend une incrimination protégeant un intérêt disponible, soit comme obstacle à sa constitution matérielle, soit comme élément de justification.  Il s'agit ensuite d'un consentement révélant une participation criminelle ou consentement participatif. Il est un fait générateur de responsabilité pénale qui constitue, à la fois un critère de distinction entre la complicité et la coaction et un critère d'imputation de l'infraction commise en participation.

    Le consentement à la mesure pénale -- entendu comme l'acceptation d'une mesure émanant des autorités répressives, au stade du procès ou de la sanction --illustre, quant à lui, une certaine justice consensuelle qui coexiste avec la justice pénale impérative, sans se confondre avec une justice négociée ou contractuelle.  Le consentement qui s'y rencontre emprunte les techniques de l'acte unilatéral.  Il s'agit, dans certains cas, d'un consentement abdicatif ou d'une renonciation, c'est-à-dire un acte unilatéral irrévocable, par lequel le justiciable abandonne un bénéfice légal (assentiment à une perquisition, renonciation à nullité...).  Dans d'autres cas, l'accord consiste pour le justiciable à accepter le remplacement des règles normalement applicables par des règles dérogatoires (médiation, transaction pénale, travail d'intérêt général...).  Il s'agit alors d'un consentement substitutif ou d'un acte d'option, qui permet de choisir un statut." (source: la page arrière de couverture du volume)
 

PINEAU, Lois, "Date Rape: A Feminist Analysis", (1989) 8 Law and Philosophy 217-243; copy at Ottawa University, K 2021 .L39  Location: FTX Periodicals; also published in Leslie Francis, 1946-, ed., Date Rape: Feminism, Philosophy and the Law, University Park: Pennylvania State University Press, 1996, xix, 186 p., at pp. 1-26, ISBN: 0271015896 and 027101590X (pbk.); copy of the book at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, KF 9329 D38 1996;

"ABSTRACT.  This paper shows how the mythology surrounding rape enters into a criterion of 'reasonableness' which operates through the legal system to make women vulnerable to unscrupulous victimization.  It explores the possibility for changes in legal procedures and presumptions that would better serve women's interests and leave them less vulnerable to sexual violence.  This requires that we reformulate the criterion of consent in terms of what is reasonable from a woman's point of view." (p. 217)

PIRAGOFF, Donald K., "Evidence", in Roy S. Lee, ed., and Hakan Friman, Silvia A. Fernandez de Gurmendi, Herman von Hebel, and Darryl Robinson, associate editors, The International Criminal Court: Elements of Crimes and Rules of Procedure and Evidence, Ardsley (NY): Transnational Publishers, 2001, lxvi, 857 p., at pp. 349-401, ISBN: 1571052097; copy at Ottawa University, FTX General KZ 6310 .I579 2001,
 

PLAMENATZ, J.P. (John Petrov), Consent, Freedom and Political Obligation, 2nd ed., London: Oxford University Press, 1968, xi, 182 p. (Series; A Galaxy book, GB258); copy at Ottawa University,  FTX General,  JC 257 .P55 1968; political philosophy; copy at Ottawa University, FTX general: JC 257 .P55 1968;
 

PORTUGAL, Penal Code, article 31(2)(d); available at http://www.cea.ucp.pt/lei/penal/penalind.htm (accessed on 2 July 2003); and in English at  http://www.verbojuridico.net/download/portuguesepenalcode.pdf (accessed on 30 September 2007);

"CÓDIGO PENAL
ARTIGO 31º

Art. 31º Exclusão da ilicitude
...
2 Nomeadamente, não é ilícito o facto praticado: ...

d) Com o consentimento do titular do interesse jurídico lesado."

---------

"Article 31
Exclusion of unlawfulness

1- The act is not criminally punishable when its unlawfulness is excluded by the legal system considered as a whole.

2- Namely, the act is not unlawful when committed:
a) In legitimate defence;
b) In the exercise of a right;
c) In fulfilment of a duty imposed by law or by an authority legitimate order;
d) With the consent of the holder of the harmed legal interest."  

PRADEL, Jean, "Le consensualisme en droit pénal comparé" dans Estudos em homenagem ao Prof. Doutor A. Ferrer-Correia, Coimbra:  Universidade de Coimbra, 1988; titre noté dans mes recherches mais article non consulté; aucune copie de cette publication dans les bibliothèques de la région d'Ottawa (vérification du cataloge AMICUS, 12 mai 2004); l'article est général et ne concerne certainement pas seulement le consentement comme justification;

PRICE, David P. T., Legal and ethical aspects of organ transplantation, Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000, xix, 487 p., 0521651646; copy at Ottawa University, FTX General: K 3611 .T7 P75 2000; does not deal spcifically with criminal law;
 

PUTTKAMMER, Ernst Wilfred, "Consent in Criminal Assault", (1924-25) 19 Illinois Law Review 617-628; copy at Ottawa University, KFI 1269 .I55, Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

___________"Consent in Rape", (1924-25) 19 Illinois Law Review 410-428; copy at Ottawa University, KFI 1269 .I55, Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

PY, Bruno, Recherches sur les justifications pénales de l'activité médicale, thèse de doctorat en droit (Doctorat Nouveau Régime, Droit privé), Université de Nancy II, Faculté de droit, de Sciences économiques et de Gestion, 1993, 571 p.; disponible à  http://www.iscrimed.com/these1_py.htm (visionné le 19 juillet 2003) et à http://www.univ-nancy2.fr/ISCRIMED/Documents_telechargeables/Bruno_Py_Recherches_sur_les_justifications_penales_de_l_activite_medicale.pdf  (site visité le 12 juillet 2006); contribution importante au sujet;
 

QUELOZ, Nicolas, "Euthanasie, assistance au décès, droit de mourir dans la dignité : un défi que nos sociétés doivent relever : quelques développements relatifs à la Suisse", (1998) 51(2)  Revue internationale de criminologie et de police technique 140-153;

"Résumé

La question de l'euthanasie a été une problématique régulière de toute la seconde moitié du XX^e siècle.  Elle est relancée avec vigueur depuis le début des années 1990 surtout dans des pays occidentaux (États-Unis, Canada, Europe, également Australie).  Sur le plan criminologique, elle représente une très petite fraction des homicides découverts, mais sa visibilité est évidemment très faible.  Le cadre juridique est généralement aussi flou que lacunaire sur ce sujet et renvoie souvent aux directives médico-éthiques, ce qui n'est pas satisfaisant.  Des projets législatifs précisant les conditions d'une interruption non punissable de la vie ont été publiés (en Suisse en particulier) et sont présentés.  Ils posent deux questions plus larges: celle du rôle d'ultimes arbitres dévolu aux médecins et celle de la qualité de la vie dans nos sociétés." (p. 140)

RAINS, Cameron Jay, Notes, "Sports Violence: A Matter of Societal Concern", (1979-80) 55 Notre Dame Lawyer 796-813;

QUÉNIVET, Noëlle N.R., Sexual Offenses in Armed Conflict & International Law, Ardsley (N.Y.): Transnational, c2005, xvii, 210 p., and see "The Lack of Consent", at pp. 18-34, ISBN: 1571053417; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, K5194 Q46 2005;
 

RAMIREZ, Juan Bustos and  Manuel Valenzuela Bejas, Le système pénal des pays d'Amérique latine (avec référence au Code pénal type latino-américain),  Traduit de l'espagnol par Jacqueline Bernat De Celis, Paris: Éditions A. Pedone, 1983, 159 p., voir le "Consentement" à la p. 89, ISBN: 2233001184; important contribution;

"Le consentement.  De nombreuses questions se posent au sujet du consentement.  C'est pourquoi il est préférable de laisser la discussion de cette problématique à la doctrine et à la jurisprudence, sans donner de formule légale rigide.  Nous croyons en tout cas que la disposition du Code pénal de Costa Rica (art. 26) est trop large, et que c'est une erreur méthodologique que d'inclure le consentement dans les causes de justification." (p. 89)

RAZ, Joseph, The Morality of Freedom, Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Clarendon Press; New York : Oxford University Press, 1986, ix, 435p., ch. 13 and 14; copy at Carleton University, JC571.R39; copy at St-Paul University, Ottawa;
 

RAZACK, Sherene, "From Consent to Responsibility, from Pity to Respect: Subtexts in Cases of Sexual Violence Involving Girls and Women with Developmental Disabilities", (1994) 19 Law and Social Inquiry 891-922; copy at Ottawa University, KF 297 .A1 A425  Location: FTX Periodicals;

"[Abstract]  How might feminist law reform serve all women?  The author explores this question within the context of sexual violence involving girls and women with development disabilities.  She presents the difference impasse as a theoretical tool for understanding how women are positioned in law differently and unequally in relation to each other.  She explores how, within the consent framework of a rape trial, competing social narratives of subtexts about race, class, gender, and disability, circulate in the courtromm.  She also explores  the issue of pity in rape trials and argues that focusing on interlocking systems of domination and on our complicity in maintaining categories of women in law and law reform is a useful approach for feminist law reformers." (p. 891)

Recent Cases, Note, “Assault and Battery -- Consent -- Consent of Masochist to Beating by Sadist is No Defense to Prosecution for Aggravated Assault -- People v. Samuels, 58 Cal. Rptr. 439 (Ct. App., 1st Dist. 1967)”, (1968) 81 Harvard Law Review 1339-1342; copy at Ottawa University, KFM 2469 .H457  Location, FTX Periodicals;
 

REED, A., "Non-fatal offences against the person, consent and the European Convention", (1998) 83 The Criminal Lawyer 1-5; title noted in my research but I have been unable to locate a copy of this article in Canada; article not read;
 

REMICK, Lani Anne, "Read Her Lips: An Argument for a Verbal Consent Standard in Rape", (1993) 141 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 1103-1151; copy at Ottawa University, KFP 69 .U54  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

Research note: researchers should follow academic developments following the deaths of the cojoined twins from Iran, 29-year-old sisters, Ladan and Laleh Bijani, deceased during the separation operation on 8 July 2003 in Singapore (F. Lareau);
 

REYNOLDS, Paul, "Rape, law and Consent: The Scope and Limits to Sexual Regulation by Law", (2002/2003) 6(1) Contemporary Issues in Law 92-102; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, periodicals;
 

RILEY, Patrick, 1941-, Will and Political Legitimacy, Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press, 1982, xiii, 276 p., ISBN: 0674953169; deals with the history of the social contract; copy at Ottawa University, MRT General, JC 336 .R53 1982; covers Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Kant, Hegel;
 

RIPSTEIN, Arthur, Equality, responsibility, and the law, Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1999, xii, 307 p., see on consent, pp. 201-214 (series; Cambridge studies in philosophy and law), ISBN: 0521584523; copy at Carleton University,  Floor 4, K579.L5R57; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, K579 L5 R57 1999;
 

RITCHIE, David George, 1853-1903, Darwin and Hegel, with other philosophical studies, London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1893, xv, 285 p., see "Contributions to the History of the Social Contract Theory" at pp. 196-226; copy at Carleton University, B1649.R43D3 1893;
 

ROBERTS, Paul, "Consent to Injury: How Far Can You Go?", (1997) 113 The Law Quarterly Review 27-35; copy at Ottawa University, KD 322 .L37  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

___________"The Philosophical Foundations of Consent in Criminal Law", (1997) 17(3) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 389-414; copy at Ottawa University, KD 418 .O93  Location, FTX Periodicals;
 

___________"Philosophy, Feinberg, Codification, and Consent: A Progress Report on English Experiences of Criminal Law Reform", (2001-2002) 5 Buffalo Criminal Law Forum 173-253; available at  http://wings.buffalo.edu/law/bclc/bclrarticles/5(1)/Roberts.pdf.pdf (accessed on 2 July 2003); important contribution; copy at Ottawa University, K 5000 .A13 C747  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

___________"Privacy, autonomy and criminal justice rights: philosophical preliminaries" in  Peter Alldridge and C.H. (Chrisje H.) Brants, eds., Personal Autonomy, the Private Sphere and the Criminal Law: A Comparative Study, Oxford ; Portland, Ore. : Hart Pub., 2001, xxv, 274 p., at pp. 49-78, ISBN:  1901362825; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, KJC1646 P47 2001; does not deal directly with consent but useful;
 

ROBERTS, Richard J. and Peter Maplestone, "The Age of Consent and Gay Men in New South Wales", 2001, 69 p., ISBN: 0958005206; available at http://www.glrl.org.au/pdf/major_reports/age_of_consent.pdf (accessed on 14 August 2003);
 

ROBINSON, Paul H., 1948-, Criminal Law Defences, St. Paul (Minnesota): West, 1984,  2 volumes, see in volume 1,  "§ 66. Consent", at pp. 307-319, ISBN: 0314815139 (for the set of two volumes);

"§ 66. Consent
Table of Subsections
Subsec.
(a) In General.
(b) Consent Negating an Element.
(c) Consent as a Defense to Speific Offenses.
(d) Consent Precluding the Harm or Evil of the Offense.
(e) Rejection of Consent as a Defense.
(f) Consent as a Sentencing Mitigation.
(g) Ineffective Consent.
(h) Mistake as to Victim's Consent."

ROGERS, L.R., Annotation, "Assault with intent to commit unnatural sex act upon minor as affected by latter's consent", (1959), 65 ALR 2d 748-759; ALR=American Law Reports;
 

ROTH, Loren H., Alan Meisel and Charles W. Lidz. "Tests of Competency to Consent to Treatment" (1977), 134 American Journal of Psychiatry 279-284; cited by the Supreme Court of Canada in Jobidon; copy at Ottawa University, RC 321 .A52, Location:  RGN Periodicals;
 

ROTH, Robert, 1952-,  "Droit pénal du sport" dans, sous la direction de, de Louis Dallèves et Margareta Baddeley, Chapitres choisis du droit du sport : cycle de  conférences données à l'Université de Genève, année  académique 1991-1992t, Genève: Médecine et Hygiène, 1993, 1993, 148 p., aux pp. 101-114, ISBN: 2880490766; copie à l'Université Laval, K 3702 C463 1993; titre noté dans mes recherches mais article non consulté; aucune copie de ce livre dans les bibliothèques de la capitale nationale (vérification du catalogue AMICUS, le 2 juillet 2003);
 

___________Le droit pénal face au risque et à l'accident individuels, Lausanne: Payot, 1987, x, 139 p. (Collection;  Collection juridique romande. Études et pratique), ISBN: 2601027355; copie à la Bibliothèque de droit de l'Université d'Ottawa, Fauteux: KKW 3800.R67 1987;
 

ROUX, J.-A., Cours de droit criminel français, deuxième édition revue et augmentée, Paris: Recueil Sirey, 1927, 2 volumes, voir "Consentement de la victim" aux pp. 298-210; livre rare au Canada;

"L'adage volenti non fit injuria a pu avoir historiquement une application plus étendue.  Lorsqu'en effet, l'infraction était considérée plutôt comme un délit privé que comme un délit public, et que sa poursuite était subordonnée à la plainte d'une victime réclamant vengeance ou réparation du tort qui lui aurait été causé, il est manifeste que le consentement, que celui-ci avait donné, rendait sa demande irrecevable.  Une restriction s'est faite seulement lorsque et à mesure que le délit a pris le caractère d'une offense à l'ordre public: alors à la maxime volenti not fit injuria s'est opposée la règle jus publicum privatis pactis mutari non potest." (p. 208)

ROZOVSKY, Fay A. (Fay Adrienne), 1950-,  Consent to Treatment: A Practical Guide, 3rd ed.,  Gaitherburg (Maryland): Aspen Publishers, 2000- , see, in particular, Part 4, "Prisoners and Detainees", ISBN: 0834218755; loose-leaf, copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada;
 

RUBINSTEIN, Amnon, "The Victim's Consent in Criminal Law: An Essay on the Extent of the Decriminalizaing Element of the Crime Concept", in Edward M. Wise and Gerhard O.W. Mueller, eds., Studies in Comparative Criminal Law, Springfield (Illinois): Charles C. Thomas, 1975, x, 328 p., Chapter 11  at pp. 189-210,  (series; Publications of the Criminal Law Education and Research Center; vol. 11), ISBN: 0398031681;
 

RUSSELL, Steve, "Consent as a Defense to Criminal Liability",  in Richard A. Wright and J. Mitchell Miller, eds., Encyclopedia of Criminology,  Scarborough : Routledge/Taylor & Francis, 2004, vol. 1, at pp. 224-226; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, HV 61017 E53 2005 REF;
 

RUTHEFORD, Andrew, "Consent in the Criminal Law", (1996) 1 Archbold News 4; copy at the Library of the Department of Justice Canada, Ottawa, 1 KE/190/.Ar22/1993; article not consulted;
 

SALVAGE, Philippe, "Le consentement en droit pénal", (1991) Revue de science criminelle et de droit pénal comparé 699-716; copy at Ottawa University, KJJ 0 .R489  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

SARDELLITTI, Marie-Claire, Le consentement à l'acte médical : aspects juridiques, déontologiques et éthiques, Thèse, Médecine,  Nancy, 1986, 146 p.; titre noté dans mes recherches mais thèse non consultée; aucune copie de disponible au Canada, selon le catalogue AMICUS (vérification du 1 août 2003);
 

SARTORIUS, Rolf, ed., Paternalism, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983, xii, 287 p., ISBN: 0816611726; copy at Ottawa University, MRT General, JC 571 .P355 1983; copy at Carleton University, Floor 4, JC571.P3;

"Contents

Preface v; Introduction ix Rolf Sartorius

Part I
1. Legal Paternalism 3, Joel Feinberg; 2 Paternalism 19, Gerald Dworkin; 3 Persuasion and Codercion for Health 35, Daniel Wikler; 4 Medical Paternalism 61, Allen E. Buchanan; 5 Paternalism and the Midly Retarded 83, Daniel Wikler; 6 Paternalistic Grounds for Involuntary Civil Commitment: A Utlitarian Perspective 95, Rolf Sartorius

Part II
7  Paternalism: Some Second Thoughts 105, Gerald Dworkin; 8 Paternalism, Freedom, Identity, and Commitment 113, Donald H. Regan; 9 A Paternalistic Theory of Punishment 139, Herbert Morris; 10  The Limits of Proxy Decision-Making 153, Akken E. Buchanan; 11 Cooperative Paternalism versus Conflictful Paternalism 171, Jack D. Douglas; 12 Noncoercive Exploitation 201, Joel Feinberg; 13 Paternalism and Promoting the Good 237, Dan Brock; 14  Paternalism and Rationale Desire 261, Norman O. Dahl

Bibliography 275, Mary Ellen Waither; Contributors 279; Index 283"

"Résumé

La procédure pénale est souvent envisagée sous l'emprise de ceux qui sont chargés d'appliquer la loi pénale (police, poursuite, juge).  Envisager la volonté de la personne poursuivie, autrement dit ses possibilités d'action et de décision, conduit à déplacer le centre de gracité du procès en attirant l'attention non plus seulement sur les organes processuels mais aussi sur ce personnage central  du procès qu'est le poursuivi.  Les sytèmes pénaux d'Europe et d'Amérique du Nord, d'inspiration accusatoire ou inquisitoire, prennent en comptent à des degrés divers la volonté du poursuivi.  Celui-ci peut ainsi exiger l'audition d'un témoin à décharge, s'opposer à l'administration de certaines preuves, contester une décision de l'autorité judicaire, participer à des procédures de justice négociée.  La prise en compte de la volonté du poursuivi s'inscrit dans une perspective d'humanisation de la justice pénale, mais aussi de simplification de cette même justice.  La volonté du poursuivi sert alors davantage les intérêts du système répressif et peut se retourner contre ceux de celui qui l'exprime."

.........

[Summary]

"Penal procedure is often considered  as being under the control of those who are in charge of implementing penal law (police, prosecution, judge).  Taking into consideration the defendant's will, or in other words his possibilities of action and decision, transfers the centre of gravity of the trial by drawing the attention not only to the proceeding's actors, but also to the trial's main character: the defendant.  European and north American penal systems, of accusatorial or inquisitorial type, take into account, to various degrees, the defendant's will: for example, he has the possibility to demand the hearing of a defence witness, to oppose the admission of evidences, to disagree with a decision of the judicial authority, to make transactions.  Considering the defendant's will fits into a perspective of humanization of penal justice, but also of simplification.  The will of the defendant serves then more the interests of the repressive system and may well turn against the defendant himself."  (source: catalogue Abès, à  http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/, visionné le 8 juillet 2003)

SCHONSHECK, Jonathan, On Criminalization: An Essay in the Philosophy of Criminal Law, Dordrecht ; Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers, c1994, xi, 312 p., (series; Law and philosophy library; Volume 19), ISBN:  0792326636; title noted but book not consulted yet; no copy in the Ottawa libraries;

Contents
"Introduction & Preview. Part One: On the Deciding whether Criminalization is Morally Justified. One: `Balancing' as a Decision-Procedure for Morally Justified Criminalization. Two: The Topography of Actions Relevant to Criminalization. Three: `Filtering' as a Decision Procedure for Morally Justified Criminalization. Part Two: Failures to Justify Coercion. Four: Issues in Paternalism. Five: Oblique Attempts to Expand the Criminalizing Authority of the State. Six: The War on `Drugs'. Overview and  Review. Index." (source: http://www.wkap.nl/prod/b/0-7923-2663-6?a=2, accessed on 6 July 2003)

SCHULLHOFER, Stephen J., "Rape in the Twilight Zone: When Sex is Unwanted But Not Illegal", (2004-2005) 38 Suffolk Law Review 415-425;

___________Unwanted Sex: The Culture of Intimidation and the Failure of Law, Cambridge, Mass and London: Harvard University Press, 1998, xii, 318 p., ISBN:  0674576489 and 0674002032; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, KF9325 S38 1998;

"Complete contents:  Unchecked abuses -- Disappointing  reforms -- Fear and desire -- The search for solutions -- Feminist conceptions/judicial innovations -- The missing  entitlement: sexual autonomy -- Sexual coercion: the problem of threats and resistance -- Sexual bargaining: legitimate and illegitimate offers -- Supervisors and teachers: the problem of power -- Psychiatrists and psychologists: the problem of trust -- Doctors and lawyers: the problem of professional authority -- Dating: what counts as consent? -- Taking sexual autonomy seriously -- Model criminal statute for sexual offenses." (sourcee:  AMICUS catalogue)

SCOTLAND, Scottish Government, "Scottish Government Consultaton.   The Scottish Law Commission  Report on Rape and other Sexual Offences.  Cabinet Secretary for Justice's Foreword", [2008], available at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/925/0055159.pdf and http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Justice/criminal/17543/Scottishgovtconsultation/Scotgovtconsultationpdf (accessed on 27 February 2008);

SCOTLAND, Scottish Law Commission, Discussion Paper on Rape and Other Sexual Offences, Edinburgh: The Stationery Office, 2006, viii, 140 p., (series; Discussion paper; number 131), ISBN: 0108881806; available at http://www.scotlawcom.gov.uk/downloads/dp131_rape.pdf (accessed on 1 February 2006);

"CONTENTS ...
Part 3
Sexual autonomy and consent

                                                         Paragraph  Page

Sexual autonomy and the criminal law 3.1    20
Consent and sexual offences 3.2    20
Problems with consent as part of the law of sexual assaults 3.8    22

Alternative models of sexual offences 3.17    25

Refining consent: an active, not passive, model of consent 3.30    29
General definition of consent 3.45    34" (p. iv)

___________Scottish Law Commission, Report on Rape and other Sexual Offences, Edinburgh: The Stationery Office, 2007, xi, 199 p., (series; number 209), ISBN: 9780108882166; available at http://www.scotlawcom.gov.uk/downloads/rep209.pdf (accessed on 20 December 2007);

SCUTT, J.A. (Jocelynne A.), "Consent versus Submission: Threats and the Element of Fear in Rape", (1977-78) 13 University of Western Australia Law Review 52-76; copy at Ottawa University, KTA 0 .U46  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

____________"The Standard of Consent in Rape", [1976] New Zealand Law Journal 462-467; copy at Ottawa University, KTC 0 .B887  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

SHAMOO, Adil E. and  David B. Resnik, Responsible conduct of research, New York : Oxford University Press, 2003, viii, 345 p., see Chapter 9, "The Use of Human Subjects in Research", at pp. 181-213, ISBN: 0195148452 and   0195148460; copy at Ottawa University,  RGN General, R 852 .S47 2003;
 

SHERWIN, Emily, "Infelicitous Sex", (1996) 2(3) Legal Theory 209-231; copy at Ottawa University, K 202 .L436  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

SHIELDS, Robert S., "The Criminal Law And Boxing",  [1997] The Journal of the Law Society of Scotland 327-328 and 333; not at Ottawa University;
 

___________"Criminal Liability in Sport: Prosecution and Sentencing in Scotland", (2000/2001) 5(4) Contemporary Issues in Law 325-337; copy at Ottawa University, FTX Periodicals, KD 7100 A13 C65;
 

SHIPLEY, W.E., Annotation, "Consent as Defense to Charge of Criminal Assault", (1974) 58 ALR 3d 662-667; ALR=American Law Reports;
 

SHUTE, Stephen, "The Second Law Commission Consultation Paper on Consent (1): Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed: Three Aspects of the Project",  (1996) Criminal Law Review 684-693; copy at Ottawa University, KD 7862 .C734  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

SILANCE, Luc, "Formation de la règle de droit dans le milieu sportif" dans Chaim Perelman, sous la direction de, La règle de droit: Études publiées par Ch(aïm) Perelman, Bruxelles: E. Bruylant, 1971, 327 p., aux pp. 296-312 (Collection; Travaux du Centre national de recherches de logique); titre noté dans mes recherches mais article non consuilté, aucune copie de ce livre dans la région d'Ottawa, selon ma vérification du catalogue AMICUS (vérification du 29 juillet 2003);
 

SILVING, Helen, Constituent Elements of Crime, Springfield (Illinois): Charles C. Thomas, 1967, xxiv, 458 p., see "Consent" at p. 418;

"CONSENT
METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

    It is necessary to differentiate (1) the situations in which consent of the victim, by virtue of the definition of the pertinent crime, e.g., larceny, eliminates an essential element of the actus reus [larceny, by definition requires taking against the will of the owner] from (2) the situations in which such is not the case.  In the former, obviously, there is no need for inclusion of a provision on the 'exemption of consent' in the General Part of the Code; for that exemption is implicit in the crime definition.  In the latter consent affords no justification, since under present jurisprudential doctrine there are no private crimes, all crimes being deemed a matter of public concern.  To be sure, there are cases in which consent immunizes a conduct though lack of consent is not expressly made a part of the definition of a crime.  Bettiol, at 268, mentions in this context surgery which is justified if performed with the patient's consent.  However, in our scheme this exemption is covered by Section 144, dealing with acting pursuant to legal authority or leave.  In the case of surgery the leave is conceded on condition that the patient consents.

    However, in those instances in which consent does not by virtue of the crime definition immunize, the Draft accepts consent as a mitigation ground.  Section 165 § 2." (p. 418)

SIMMONS, A. John, 1950-, "Consent" in Edward Craig, general editor, Routledge encyclopedia of philosophy, London/New York: Routledge, 1998, vol. 2, pp. 596-599, ISBN: 0415073103 (10-volume set); copy at St-Paul University, Ottawa, Ref B51 R68C72 1998 2;

"Meaning and importance

Consent is an act by which one freely changes the existing structure of rights and obligations, typically by undertaking new obligations and authorizing others to act in ways which would otherwise have been impermissible for them.  In standard cases, one consents to an act or arrangement in response to a request by others; but consenting is so strongly linked with such acts as promising, contracting, taking oaths and entrusting, that it is best to regard all of these sources of self-assumed obligations as kinds of consent (as in Locke's political philosphy; see LOCKE, J. §10).  In the most general terms, then, consent is any act by which an agent deliberately and suitably communicates to another the intention to undertake by that act new obligations and to convey by that act new rights to others.  Given the satisfaction of various conditions, consent then authorizes, permits, justifies or legitimates actions by others or arrangements on which they may rely.

    It is important to distinguish consent thus understood as a positive act from the weaker notions of consent -- an attitude of approval, acceptance or agreement or as mere passivity, acquiescence or submission. These weaker forms of consent are far less important than and quite different from consent properly so-called.  A 'pro-attitude' is neither necessary nor sufficient for true (morally binding) consent.  Cases of grudging, off-hand or insecere consent show that a positive attitude is not necessary, while commonplaces cases in which we approve of an arrangement without having in any way altered (or attempted to alter) the existing structure of rights and duties show that such an attitude is not sufficient.  Similarly, one may passively submit to or even acquiesce in the control of a bully without thereby incurring new obligations of future compliance.  Binding consent must be a positive act with the explicit, conventional or otherwise clear meaning of a voluntary undertaking." (pp. 596-597)

___________On the Edge of Anarchy: Locke, Consent, and the Limits of Society, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, c1993, ix, 293 p. (series; Studies in moral, political, and legal philosophy), ISBN: 069103303X; copy at Ottawa University, JC 153 .L87 S57 1993 MRT;

"TABLE OF CONTENTS:
List of Abbreviations, Acknowledgments, Introduction 3

Pt. 1  Nonconsensual Relations11; 1 The Lockean State of Nature13; 1.1 Locke's State of Nature13; 1.2 The Moral, Social, and Historical Dimensions 23; 1.3 The Point of State-of-Nature Stories 33;  2 Force and Right 40; 2.1 The State of War 40; 2.2 How Rights Are Lost 46; 2.3 Despotism: Slavery and Absolute Government  48;

 Pt. 2  Consent and Government  57; 3 Political Consent 59; 3.1 The Content of Lockean Consent 59; 3.2 Consent, Contract, and Trust 68; 3.3  The Appeal of Consent Theory 72; 4 The Varieties of Consent 80; 4.1 Express and Tacit Consent 80; 4.2 Majority Consent 90;

Pt. 3   The Limits of Society 99; 5 Inalienable Rights101; 5.1 The Property of Inalienability101; 5.2 Locke on Inalienability   108; 5.3 Locke's Commitments 119; 5.4 Toleration123; 5.5 Inalienability and Absolutism137; 6 Dissolution and Resistance 147; 6.1  The Revolutionary Stance 147; 6.2 The Right of Resistance 155; 6.3 The Consequences of Dissolution 167; 6.4 The Duty to Resist178;

Pt. 4  Consent and the Edge of Anarchy193; 7 The Critique of Lockean Consent Theory197; 7.1 Hume's Attack 197; 7.2 The Meaning of Consent in Locke 202; 8 Consent, Obligation, and Anarchy 218; 8.1 Consent and Voting 218;  8.2 Consent and Residence 225; 8.3 Duress, Hard Choices, and Free Choice232; 8.4 Lockean Anarchism 248;

Works Cited 271; Index 285" (source:  http://pup.princeton.edu/TOCs/c5367.html, accessed on 22 August 2003)

SIMON, Jules, "Le consentement de la victime justifie-t-il les lésions corporelles?", (1933) Revue de droit pénal et de criminologie 457; article non consulté; aucune copie de ce périodique, pour cette année-là, dans les bibliothèques de la région d'Ottawa;
 

SIMONS, Kenneth W., "The Conceptual Structure of Consent in Criminal Law -- Book Review of Peter Westen, The Logic of Consent: The Diversity and Deceptiveness of Consent as a Defense to Criminal Conduct (Ashgate 2004)", draft of 8 November 2005, 57 p., available at  http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=850227 (accessed on 1 December 2005); published in (2005-2006) 9 Buffalo Criminal Law Review 577-704; available at  http://wings.buffalo.edu/law/bclc/bclr.htm;
 

SIMPSON, Antony E., "Vulnerability and the age of  female consent" in  G.S. Rousseau and Roy Porter, 1946-, eds., Sexual underworlds of the Enlightenment, Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press, 1988,  x, 280 p., [xiv], at pp. 181-205, ISBN : 0807817821; copy at Ottawa University, HQ 18 .E8 S49 1987 MRT;
 

SKEGG, P.D.G., " 'Informed Consent' to Medical Procedures", (1975) 15 Medicine, Science & the Law 125-132; copy at Ottawa University, RA 1001 .M49  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

___________"A Justification for Medical Procedures Performed without Consent", (1974) 90 The Law Quarterly Review 512-530; copy at Ottawa University, KD 322 .L37  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

___________Law, Ethics and Medicine, Rev. ed., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988, xii, 278 p., see chapter 5, at pp. , ISBN: 0198256426; copy at Ottawa University,  FTX General: KD 3395 .S57 1988;
 

___________“Medical Procedures and the Crime of Battery” [1974] Criminal Law Review 693-700; copy at Ottawa University, KD 7862 .C734  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

SNARE, F., "Consent and Conventional Acts in John Locke", (1975) 13 Journal of the History of Philosophy 27-36; copy at Ottawa University, B 1 .A214  Location, MRT Periodicals;
 

SOMIN,  Ilya, "Revitalizing Consent", (1999-2000) 23 Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 753-805; copy at Ottawa University, K 8 .A683  Location: FTX Periodicals; political philosophy of law; re on the consent to be governed;
 

SOUTH AFRICA, South African Law Commission, South African Law Commission, Sexual Offences: process and procedure, [Pretoria]: South African Law Commission, [2001], 4 volumes (series; Project; number 107) (series; discussion paper; number 102), 4 volumes; available at  http://wwwserver.law.wits.ac.za/salc/discussn/discussn.html (accessed on 14 August 2003);
 

___________Sexual Offences: the Substantive Law, [Pretoria] : South African Law Commission, 1999, xxxii, 284 p. (series; Project; number 107) (series; discussion paper; number 85), ISBN: 0621293741; available at  http://wwwserver.law.wits.ac.za/salc/discussn/sex.pdf (accessed on 14 August 2003);
 

___________South African Law Commission, Sexual Offences: report, Pretoria : South African Law Commission, 2002, xvi, 376, 33 p. (series; Project; number 107); available at   http://wwwserver.law.wits.ac.za/salc/report/report.html (accessed on 14 August 2003);
 

SPAIN, Penal Code, art. 155; available at  http://civil.udg.es/pagina/leges/penal.htm (accessed on 2 July 2003);

"Artículo 155.

En los delitos de lesiones, si ha mediado el consentimiento válida, libre, espontánea y expresamente emitido del ofendido, se impondrá la pena inferior en uno o dos grados.

No será válido el consentimiento otorgado por un menor de edad o un incapaz."

STALLYBRASS, W.T.S., "A comparison of the general principles of criminal law in England with the 'progretto definitivo di un nuovo codice penale' of Alfredo Rocco", (1932) 14 Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law 45-61 and (1933) 15 Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law 232-241; also with the same title in L. Radzinowicz and J.W.C. Turner, eds., The Modern Approach to Criminal Law, London: University of Cambridge, 1945, x, 511 p., at pp. 390-466, and see "The Consent of the Injured Person" at pp. 433-436 (series; English Studies in Criminal Science, Department of Criminal Science, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge; volume iv);
 

STEIN, Milton S., "Comment on Consent as a Defense: Section 1619 (Stein; October 29, 1968)" in Working Papers of the National Commission on Reform of Federal Criminal Laws, Vol. II, Relating to Chapters 14 to 36 (Sections 1401 to 3605 of the Study Draft of a new Federal Criminal Code), Washington: US Government Printing Office 1970, xxxiv, 705 (pp. 743 to 1448), [vii], at pp. 849-852;
 

STEPHEN, James Fitzjames, A Digest of the Criminal Law (Crimes and Punishments), 4th ed., London: MacMillan, 1887, 441 p., see pp. 147-150;

[p. 147]
"ARTICLE 203.
CONSENT TO BODILY INJURY

    The consent of a person killed or maimed to the infliction of death or bodily harm, affects the criminality of such infliction to the extent defined in Articles 204-209, both inclusive.  In each of these Articles the word 'Consent' means a consent freely given by a rational and sober person so situated as to be able to form a rational opinion upon the matter to which he consents.

    Consent is said to be given freely when it is not procured by force, fraud, or threats of whatever nature.
 

[p. 148]
ARTICLE 204.
RIGHT TO CONSENT TO BODILY INJURY FOR SURGICAL PURPOSES.

    ¹ Every one has a right to consent to the infliction of any bodily injury in the nature of a surgical operation upon himself or upon any child under his care, and too young to exercise a reasonable discretion in such a metter, but such consent does not discharge the person performing the operation from the duties hereinafter defined in relation thereto.
 
 

ARTICLE 205.
SURGICAL OPERATION ON PERSON INCAPABLE OF ASSENT.

    (SUBMITTED) --²  If a person is in such circumstances as to be incapable of giving consent to a surgical operation, or to the infliction of other bodily harm of a similar nature and for similar objects, it is not a crime to perform such operation or to inflict such bodily harm upon him without his consent or in spite of his resistance.

    Illustrations.

    (1.)  A is rendered insensible by an accident which renders it necessary to amputate one of his limbs before he recovers his senses. The amputation of his limb without his consent is not an offence.

    (2.)  If the accident made him mad, the amputation in spite of his resistance would be no defence.

    (3.)  B is drowning and insensible.  A, in order to save his life, pulls B out of the water with a hook which injures him.  This is no offence.
 
 

ARTICLE 206.
RIGHT TO CONSENT TO BODILY INJURY SHORT OF MAIM.

    ³ Every one has a right to consent to the infliction upon

¹ I know of no authority for these propositions, but I apprehend they require none.  The existence of surgery as a profession assumes their truth.

² See note 1, p. 128.  Draft Code, s. 67.

³ The positive part of this Article is proved thus: -- Injuries short of maims are not criminal at common law unless they are assaults, but an assault is inconsistent with consent.  As to the definition of a maim, see 1 Hawk.  P.C. 107.  He expressly mentions castration.
 
 

[p. 149]
himself of bodily harm not amounting to a maim.  A maim is bodily harm whereby a man is deprived of the use of any member of his body or of any sense which he can use in fighting, or by the loss of which he is generally and permanently weakened, but a bodily injury is not a maim merely because it is a disfigurement.

    Illustration.

    (1.)  It is a maim to strike out a front tooth.  It is not a maim to cut off a man's nose.  Castration is a maim.
 
 

ARTICLE 207.
NO RIGHT TO CONSENT TO INFLICTION OF DEATH.

    ¹ No one has a right to consent to the infliction upon himself of death, or of an injury likely to cause death, in any case (other than those mentioned in Article 204), or to consent to the infliction upon himself of bodily harm amounting to a maim, for any purpose injurious to the public.

    Illustrations.

    (1.) ² A and B agree to fight a duel together with deadly weapons.  If either is killed or wounded his consent is immaterial.

    (2.) ³ A gets B to cutt off A's right hand, in order that A may avoid labour and be enabled to beg.  Both A and B commit an offence.
 
 

ARTICLE 208.
NO RIGHT TO CONSENT TO INJURY CONSTITUTING A BREACH OF THE PEACE

⁴ No one has a right to consent to the infliction of bodily

¹ Draft Code, s. 69.

² R. v. Barronet, Dear. 51.  The law has never, I believe, been disputed.  It is also immaterial whether the duel is or is not what is called fair.  See, too, authorities as to suicide, Article 227.

³ 1 Inst. 107 a, b.  I think the qualification in the Article, 'for any purpose injurious to the public,' must be supplied.  It seems absurd to say that if A gets a dentist to pull out a front tooth of A's because it is unsightly, though not diseased, A and the dentist both commit a misdemeanor.  When it was an essential part of a common soldier's drill to bite cartridges I believe that it was not an uncommon military offence to get the front teeth pulled out, and this would, I presume, be an offence at common law also.

⁴ Foster, 260; 1 East 270; R. v. Billingham, 2 C. & P. 234; R. v. Perkins, 4 C. & P. 537; R. v. Coney, L.R. 8 Q.B.D. 534.
 
 

[p. 150]
harm upon himself in such a manner as to amount to a breach of the peace, or in a prize fight or other exhibition calculated to collect together disorderly persons.
 
 

ARTICLE 209.
CONSENT TO BE PUT IN DANGER.

¹ It is uncertain to what extent any person has a right to consent to his being put in danger of death or bodily harm by the act of another.

    Illustration.

(1.) A, with B's consent, wheels B in a barrow along a tight rope at a great height from the ground.  C hires A and B to do so, D, E, and F pay money to C to see the performance.  B is killed.
     Quaere, are A, C, D, E, and F, or any and which of them, guilty of manslaughter?
......

¹ There is, so far as I know, no authority on this point, but the principle on which prizefights have been held to be illegal might include such a case.  Such an exhibition might also under circumstances be a public nuisance.  To collect a large number of people to see a man put his life in jeopardy is a less coarse and boisterous proceeding than a prizefight, but is it less immoral?"

___________A History of the Criminal Law of England, London, MacMillan, 1883, vol. 3, pp. 16-17;

"The only additional remark I have to make upon the law relating to justification and excuse for the infliction of bodily injury has reference to the subject of consent.  Where death is caused the consent of the party killed to his own death is regarded as wholly immaterial to the guilt of the person who causes it.  If an injury less than death is caused the consent of the party injured seems to supply a defence, unless the injury itself is illegal, or unless the circumstances under which it is inflicted make it illegal.  A consent to be maimed, or a consent to be beaten in a prize fight does not prevent the offender from being guilty of an offence." (pp. 16-17)

____________R. v. Coney, (1882) 8 Q.B.D. 534;

___________see also GREAT BRITAIN, Parliament, House of Commons, Bill 178, Criminal Code (Indictable Offences) Bill, 1878, supra; Bill drafted by Stephen;
 

STEPHENS, Jim, "Criminal Law", (1994) 47 Current Legal Problems 39-71, and on consent, see pp. 42-64; copy at Ottawa University, K 179 .C87  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

STOLL, Hans, "Grounds of Justification as a Defence to Liability -- German Law", in Journées d'études sur le droit de la responsabilité (1984: Gand, Belgique), Limpens, Jean, 1910-1979, Centre interuniversitaire de droit comparé, In  memoriam Jean Limpens : Studiedagen aansprakelijkheidsrecht, Gent, 23-24 maart 1984 = In memoriam Jean Limpens : Journées d'études sur le droit de la responsabilité, Gent, 23-24 mars 1984 = In memoriam Jean Limpens : Symposium on Civil Liability, Gent, 23-24 March 1984, Antwerpen : Kluwer rechtswetenschappen, 1987, xxvii, 311 p., at pp. 207-221, and see "Consent of the Victim", at pp. 215-217 (series; Interuniversitair Centrum voor Rechtsvergelijking; 12), (Collection; Centre interuniversitaire de droit comparé; 12), ISBN: 9063212879; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, K923 Z9 I56 1987; civil law but useful for researchers;
 

STRAUSS, Marcy, "Reconstructing Consent", (2002) 92 Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology 211-272; copy at Ottawa University, HV 6001 .J633  Location MRT Periodicals; deals with volontary consent searches under the US 4th Amendment;
 

STRAUSS, S.A., "Bodily Injury and the Defence of Consent", (1964) 81 South African Law Journal 179-193 and 332-345; important contribution;
 

[p. 179]
    "According to Roman law bodily harm caused to a consenting person was generally not unlawful, except in isolated cases.  An iniuria could not be committed against a consenting party.¹  The actio legis Aquiliae was not available where a man had been killed in wrestling, in the pancratium, in a boxing-match or in a public contest.²  A fortiori bodily injuries inflicted in these circumstances could not bring about Aquilian liability.  It may be stated with some certainty that at least during the period of the Empire the killing of a consenting person was not punishable.³  Ulpian⁴ states that all persons are by nature free to apply violence against their own bodies.  But in at least one case self-infliction of bodily harm was punishable, viz. when a soldier mutilated his body in order to evade military duty.⁵  Mutilation inflicted by another person with the consent of the soldier must a fortiori have been punishable.  Moreover, Hadrian forbade castration of a free man or slave, even where it took place with the consent of the victim.⁶

    To Roman-Dutch authors bodily injury inflicted with the consent of the injured was fundamentally unlawful, certain exceptions being recognized.  According to Damhouder,⁷ a man who inflicts injuries upon himself 'uyt vreeze van eenig aan-staande quaad, met voor-bedacht' was punishable as if he had injured another.  Without a doubt a person who injured another by his consent must have been punishable likewise.  Damhouder⁸ also states that castration upon
----
¹ D. 47.10.1.5;  D. 39.3.9.1.
² D. 9.2.7.4.
³ See A. Pernice, Labeo, Römisches Privatrecht im ersten Jahrbunderte der Kaiserzeit, 2nd ed., II (1895), p. 88.  Compare Breithaupt, Volenti non fit iniuria (1891), p. 8.
⁴ D. 15.1.9.7.
⁵ D. 48.19.38.12.  Compare Pernice, op. cit., p. 87; Breithaupt, op. cit., p. 9.
⁶ D. 48.8.4; C. 4.42.1.  Compare Pernice, op. cit., p. 87; Th. Mommsen, Römisches Strafrecht (1899), p. 637.
⁷ Practijcke in Civile en Crimineele Saeken, cap. 81.
⁸ Ibid.
 
 

[p. 180]
the request of a victim is punishavle.  Grotius⁹ tells us that no person may bind his body by contract, except in matrimony. But a person may submit to an amputation in order to save his life.¹⁰  A man who was wounded in a fight in which he voluntarily took part may not claim a penalty.¹¹  Matthaeus¹² warns that a man who is requested by another to inflict a bodily injury upon such other should bear in mind that the victim is not dominus membrorum suorum.¹³  But several authors, including Voet,¹⁴ maintain that an iniuria cannot be committed against a consenting party.
.......
----
⁹ Inleiding tot de Hollandsche Rechtsgeleertheyd, 2.1.46.
¹⁰ Ibid.
¹¹ Grotius, op. cit., 3.34.5.  But according to Schorer, on Grotius 2.1.44, duels fall into the same category as suicide, which is forbidden.
¹² De Criminibus, Prof. 3.3.  Compare Moorman, Verhandelinge over de Misladenen der selver Straffen, Inl. 3.4; 2.11.4,5; van Leeuwen, Het Rooms-Hollands-Recht, 4.35.9.
¹³ Our authors clearly relied on the words of Ulpian in D. 9.2.13: quoniam dominus membrorum suorum nemo videtur.  But the authority of this text is doubtful.  Clearly all that Ulpian wanted to convey was that a proprietary right could exist only in things outside the subject's body.  Therefore the actio legis Aquilae did not lie where a person's body was injured; accordingly a remedy in the form of the actio utilis had to be granted.  Ulpian's rule cannot be seen as a limitation of the general principle nulla iniuria est quae in volentem fiat.
¹⁴ Commentarius ad Pandectas 47.10.4,7,7; 48.5.9.  Compare Grotius 3.35.1.
 
 

[p. 181]
...

    German authors have suggested various standards for determining the scope of consent as a defence where bodily injury was inflicted, amongst which are the gravity of the harm, the balance between the interest of the State and the individual interest, and the ethical evaluation of the object of the injury.²²  The German legislature accepted the standard of contra bonos mores ('Sittenwidrigkeit') by the introduction of article 226a in the Penal Code of 1933.  The Swiss Penal Code contains no similar provision, but Noll²³ maintains that since Swiss law is basically individualistic the individual is fundamentally dominus membrorum suorum.  He advocates a distinction in criminal law between slight injury and serious bodily harm.  The former is unlawful only if the objective sought to be attained by the injury is reprehensible; the latter is lawful only where the objective is commensurate with the gravity of the injury.²⁴  In all cadses where consent does not avail as a defence it should according to Noll serve as an extenuating circumstance. ...
----
²² See P. Noll, Ubergesetzliche Rechtfertigungsgründe, ium besondern die Einwilligung des Verletzten (1955), pp. 83, 84.
²³ Op. cit., pp. 87, 88.
²⁴ Ibid." (pp. 179-181)
 

SUISSE, Code pénal, article 64;

"Art. 64
2. Atténuation de la peine.  Circonstances atténuantes

Le juge pourra atténuer la peine:
lorsque le coupable aura agi

en cédant à un mobile honorable,
dans une détresse profonde,
sous l’impression d’une menace grave,
sous l’ascendant d’une personne à laquelle il doit obéissance ou de laquelle il dépend;
lorsqu’il aura été induit en tentation grave par la conduite de la victime;

lorsqu’il aura été entraîné par la colère ou par une douleur violente, produites par une provocation injuste ou une offense imméritée;
lorsqu’il aura manifesté par des actes un repentir sincère, notamment lorsqu’il aura réparé le dommage autant qu’on pouvait l’attendre de lui;
lorsqu’un temps relativement long se sera écoulé depuis l’infraction et que le délinquant se sera bien comporté pendant ce temps;
lorsque l’auteur était âgé de 18 à 20 ans et ne possédait pas encore pleinement la faculté d’apprécier le caractère illicite de son acte." (disponible à  http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/c311_0.html, visionné le 30 juillet 2003).
 

"212.3  Actes licites
...
Nous avons renoncé à codifier les faits justificatifs extra-légaux développés par la doctrine et la jurisprudence, tels que le consentement de la victime ou la sauvegarde d'intérêts prépondérants.  Le champ d'application de ces faits justificatifs est en effet mal délimité.  Une disposition légale ne pourrait dès lors être que trop générale, donc inutile, ou extrêmement compliquée, donc inapplicable." (pp. 1810-1811)

SVORANOS, Barbara, "Fighting?   It's All in a Day's Work on the Ice: Determining the Appropriate Standard of a Hockey Player's Liability to Another Player", (1997) 7 Seton Hall Journal of Sports Law 487-511;
 

TADROS, Victor,  "No Consent: A Historical Critique of the Actus Reus of Rape" (1999) 3(3) Edinburgh Law Review 317-340; title noted in my research but article not consulted; bno copy of this periodical in the Ottawa area libraries according to the AMICUS catalogue (verification of 6 August 2003);

"[Synopsis]
"In modern Scots law, as in English law, force is not a necessary part of the actus reus of rape so long as the victim remained unwilling throughout (although the case of the insensible victim is excluded). It is argued that this leads to an inadequate construction of the offence of rape and of the role of women in sexual relationships. An alternative and preferable formulation would be based around the idea of the victim’s will being overcome, or the victim not having a fair opportunity to exercise her will." (source: http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/Elr/v3n3syn.htm, accessed on 30 July 2003)

TAHON, René, "Le consentement de la victime", (1951-52) 31 Revue de droit pénal et de criminologie 323-342; titre noté dans mes recherches; copie à la Bibliothèque du Solliciteur général, Ottawa; article non consulté; aucune copie de ce périodique, pour cette année-là, dans les bibliothèques de la région d'Ottawa;


TADROS, Victor, "Rape Without Consent", (2006) 26 Oxford Journal of  Legal Studies 515-543;

TCHEN, Christina M., "Rape Reform and a Statutory Consent Defense", (1983) 74 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 1518-1555;
 

TELLING, David, "Rape -- Consent and Belief", (1983) 47 Journal of Criminal Law 129-139; copy at Ottawa University, KD 7862 .J653  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

TEMKIN, Jennifer, "The Limits of Reckless Rape", [1983] The Criminal law Review 5-16;  copy at Ottawa University, KD 7862 .C734  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

___________"Rape and Criminal Justice at the Millennium"  in Donald Nicolson and Llois Bibbings, eds., Feminist Perspectives on Criminal Law, London/Sydney: Cavendish Publishing Limited, 2000, xxx, 282 p., Chapter 10 at pp. 183-203, and see "The meaning of 'consent' at pp. 187-189, ISBN: 1859415261; copy at Ottawa University, FTX general, KD 7850 .F46 2000;
 

___________Rape and the legal process, 2nd ed., Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2002, xxxviii, 385 p. (series; Oxford monographs on criminal law and criminal justice), ISBN: 0198763549 and 0198763557 (pbk.); copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, KF9329 T46 2002;
 

TEMKIN, Jennifer, and Andrew Ashworth, "The Sexual Offences Act 2003.  (1) Rape, Sexual Assaults and the Problem of Consent", [2004] The Criminal Law Review 328-346;
 

THOMAS III, George C., "Realism about Rape Law: A Comment on 'Redefining Rape' ", (2000) 3(2) Buffalo Criminal Law Review 527-555; available at http://wings.buffalo.edu/law/bclc/bclrarticles/3(2)/Thomas.pdf (accessed on 11 July 2003);
 

TITTLE, Peg. "Sexual Activity, Consent, Mistaken Belief, and Mens Rea",  (1996) 3(1) Philosophy in the Contemporary World 19-23;  title noted in my research but article not consulted; no copy of this periodical according to the AMICUS catalogue (verification 29 July 2003);

"Abstract: The gendered subcultures of our society may have different value systems.  Consequently, sexual activity that involves members of these subcultures may be  problematic, especially concerning the encoding and decoding of consent. This has serious consequences for labelling the activity as sex or sexual assault. Conceiving consent not as a mental act but as a behavioural act (that is, using a performative standard) would eliminate these problems. However, if we remove the mental element  from one aspect, then to be consistent we must remove it from all; and, as a result, the "mistaken belief" defense would be eliminated and mens rea would become insignificant (in other words, if what the woman means is irrelevant, then what the man believes or intends should also be irrelevant). This consequence suggests major changes to our current conceptions of legal justice, which changes, if undesirable, prompt reconsideration of the initial proposal to use a performative standard for consent." (available at  http://www.phil.stmarytx.edu/SPCWhm/abstracts/Abstract_all.htm (accessed on 29 July 2003)

TUR, Richard H.S., "Rape: Reasonableness and Time", (1981) 1 Oxford Journal of legal Studies 432-441; copy at Ottawa University, KD 418 .O93  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

UNITED STATES, Supreme Court of the United States, Lawrence et al. v. Texas, 26 June 2003; "The Texas statute making it a crime for two persons of the same sex to engage in certain intimate sexual conduct violates the Due process Clause" (headnote); available at  http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/26jun20031200/www.supremecourtus.gov/opinions/02pdf/02-102.pdf (accessed on 29 July 2003); 

VALOTEAU, Aude, La théorie des vices du consentement en droit pénal, Aix-en-Provence: Presses universitaires d'Aix-Marseille, 2006, 377 p., ISBN: 2731405317; titre noté dans mes recherches mais livre pas encore consulté (17 novembre 2006);

WAABEN, Knud, "La théorie générale de l'infraction", dans Le droit pénal des pays scandinaves, sous la direction de Marc Ancel et de Ivar Strahl avec la collaboration de Johs. Andenaes et de Knud Waaben,  Paris : Les éditions de l'Épargne, 1969, x, 224 p., pp. 23-65, voir «Le consentement de la victime» aux pp. 36-38 (Collection; "Les grands systèmes de droit pénal contemporains"; vol. 4);

"Le consentement de la victime

    Les traités théoriques comptent généralement au nombre des causes d'impunité pénale le fait que la victime ait donné son consentement à la commission de l'infraction.  Aucun des codes pénaux scandinaves ne contient des règles générales à cet égard.  Il est difficile de donner un critère général permettant de déterminer quels sont les délit pour lesquels le consentement de la victime peut faire disparaître la répression, et quels sont ceux pour lesquels cela n'est pas possible.  La solution doit être recherchée avant tout dans l'interprétation des dispositions relatives aux différents types de délits, mais l'on peut cependant formuler des principes plus généraux.

    [...]

    D'une façon généraler on peut admettre le principe que le consentement d'une personne ne peut abolir la responsabilité pénale que si la criminalisation des faits en question avait pour but la protection des individus.  Un fonctionnaire ne saurait, par son consentement, faire disparaître la culpabilité de celui qui commet ou propose une corruption, car les actes de corruption ne sont pas criminalisés pour protéger les fonctionnaires individuellement.  Une femme ne peut pas, par son consentement, conférer l'impunité à l'homme déjà marié qui l'épouserait, car la bigamie est punie, non seulement afin de protéger les individus, mais aussi pour la protection de l'ordre social dans ce domaine.  Le consentement de la victime sera donc inopérant dans le cas de toute une série d'actes dont la criminalisation vise à protéger l'État et les autorités publiques, les intérêts généraux de la société ou des valeurs juridiques propres à un grand nombre de citoyens.

    Par contre, un individu peut consentir à une atteinte à son honneur ou à un attentat à la pudeur (si d'autres personnes n'en sont pas victimes en même temps), car ces actes sont criminalisés uniquement -- ou de façon prépondérante -- pour la défense des individus contre de tels actes.  Il en est de même pour toute une série d'infractions relatives aux biens: une personne peut consentir à ce que ses propres biens soient détruits, endommangés ou enlevés.  Dans ce domaine patrimonial, on peut affirmer que le consentement sera souvent l'expression d'une disposition de droit civil modifiant la situation patrimoniale sur laquelle se fondait le caractère punissable de l'acte.  Si un prêteur autorise son emprunteur à vendre ou à mettre en gage la chose prêtée, il ne saurait plus être question d'inculpation pour détournement frauduleux.  Et ce résultat est la conséquence du changement que le consentement a provoqué, sur le plan du droit civil, dans la situation réciproque des parties; il n'est pas dû à un caractère absolutoire du consentement sur le plan pénal." (pp. 36-37)

WAIBLINGER, M., "Consentement du lésé, 'negotiorum gestio'", Fiches juridiques suisses 1207 avec mise à jour en 1958, 8 p. (pp. 1 à 7 sur le consentement du lésé); copie à l'Université d'Ottawa, KKW 1600 .A13 F5  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

WARBURTON, Damian, "A Critical Review of English Law in respect of Criminalising Blameworthy Behaviour by HIV + Individuals", (2004) 68(1) The Journal of Criminal Law 55-77, see "Consent" at pp. 63-67;
 

WARNER, Kate, "The Mental Element and Consent under the New 'Rape' Laws", (1983) 7 Criminal Law Journal 245-261; copy at Ottawa University, KTA 0 .C735  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

WEAIT, Matthew, "Knowledge, Autonomy and Consent: R. v. Konzani", [October 2005] The Criminal Law Review 763-772; HIV, consent and recklessness;
 

WEISSTUB, David N., 1944-, Christian Hervé, et Christian Mormont, sous la direction de, L'éthique de la recherche, Paris : L'Harmattan, c2001, 4 volumes; Réflexions philosophiques et historiques (tome I); La régulation de la recherche (tome II; ISBN: 2747509915); Populations vulnérables (tome III; ISBN:  2747509923); et Le consentement et la recherche épidémiologique,(Tome IV; 256 p., ISBN: 2747514048); I have not consulted these books has none are available in the libraries of the Ottawa region! (AMICUS catalogue verification of 25 August 2003);
 

WEISSTUB, David N.,  and George F. Tomossy, eds., Human experimentation and research, Burlington, VT : Ashgate, 2003, (series;  SERIES: International library of medicine, ethics, and law), ISBN:  0754622266; no location in Canada yet, verification with AMICUS catalogue on 29 July 2003; book not consulted yet;
 

WELLMAN, Carl, An approach to rights : studies in the philosophy of law and morals,  Dordrecht ; Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997, ix, 271 p. (series; Law and philosophy library; v. 29), ISBN: 0792344677; copy at the Supreme Court of Canada, Ottawa, K258 W452 1997;
 

WERTHEIMER, Alan, "Consent and Sexual Relations", (1996) 2 Legal Theory 89-112; copy at Ottawa University, K 202 .L436  Location: FTX Periodicals;
.

___________Consent to sexual relations, New York : Cambridge University Press, 2003, (series; Cambridge studies in philosophy and law), ISBN:  0521829267 and  0521536111 (pbk.); copy at Ottawa University, FTX General, HQ32 .W463 2003;

"Contents
Preface...page xi
Acknowledgments...xiii
Abbreviations...xv

1. Introduction...1
2. Law...11
3. The psychology of sex...37
4. The psychology of perpetrators...70
5. The harm and wrong of rape...89
6. The value of consent...119
7. The ontology of consent...144
8. Coercion...163
9. Deception...193
10. Competence...215
11. Intoxication...232
12. Sex and justice...258
Appendix: Alphabetical list of hypothetical cases...277
Index...287" (p. ix)

___________"Intoxicated Consent to Sexual relations", (2001) 20(4) Law and Philosophy 373-401; copy at Ottawa University, K 2021 .L39  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

___________"What Is Consent?", (2000) 3(2) Buffalo Criminal Law Review 557-583; available at:  http://wings.buffalo.edu/law/bclc/bclrarticles/3(2)/wertheimerfinal.pdf (accessed on 11 July 2003);
 

WEST, Robin, "A Comment on Consent, Sex, and Rape", (1996) 2 Legal Theory 233-251; copy at Ottawa University, K 202 .L436  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

WESTEN, Peter, 1943-, The Logic of Consent : The Diversity and Deceptiveness of Consent as a Defense to Criminal Conduct, Burlington (Vermont): Ashgate, c2003, viii, 383 p. (series; Law, justice, and power), ISBN: 0754624072; copy at the University of Ottawa,  FTX General, KF 9248 .W47 2004;

"Contents

Preface...vii

INTRODUCTION...1

PART I  FACTUAL CONSENT
Introduction...15
1. A Core Conception of Consent: An Attitude of Factual Acquiescence...25
2. An Expression of Factual Acquiescence...65

PART II  LEGAL CONSENT
Introduction...107
3. Offenses to Which Consent is a Defense...111
4.  Prescriptive Consent: An Attitude or an Expression?...139
5. Prescriptive Attitudinal Consent...177
6. Non-contemporaneous Prescriptive Consent...247
7. Imputed Consent...269.

PART III  THE CONSEQUENCES OF CONCEPTUAL COMPLEXITY
Introduction...307
8. The Confusions of Consent...309
Conclusion...337
Bibliography...351
Index of Cases...367
Index...371" (p. vi)
 

"§ 141. [A party may by assent to an injury bar a prosecution. Volenti non fit injuria.]  Volenti non fit injuria is a maxim known both to the Roman and the English law; and in all prosecutions in which the injury is purely private, and is inflicted on the alienable as distinguished from the inalienable rights of the party injured, the maxim is recognized as good by all modern jurisprudence.  Of this we will have frequent illustrations in the following pages.  Thus, consent by an owner to the taking of goods is a defence to a prosecution for larceny; consent to entrance into a house is a defence to a prosecution for burglary; consent to an assault, not connected with a breach of public order, is a defence to a prosecution for assault;  consent to an intended rape bars a prosecution for rape; consent to an intended robbery bars a prosecution for robbery.  But it is to be remembered that this proposition is by its very terms limited to injuries strickly private, and to those which concern the merely alienable rights of the party injured.  And it should be also kept in mind that where an attempt is resisted, an indictment may be maintained for the attempt, though the consummated offence was subsequently agreed to.  Another qualification to be observed is, that a consent to the doing a particular thing is a bar only to a prosecution for doing such thing precisely and nothing more.

    § 142. [But not as to public criminal immoralities.]  Any injury committed in such a way as to be an offence to the body politic can be prosecuted in defiance of the consent of the party immediately injured.  Prize fighters, for instance, may agree to beat each other, and if this is done in private, and death or mayhem does not ensue, no prosecution lies at each other's instance; but it is otherwise when there is a breach of the peace, or when the fighting is so conspicuously brutal as to produce public scandal, or work public demoralization.  Consent cannot cure duels, or incest, or seduction, or adultery, or the maiming of another so as to render him unfit for public service, or such operations on women as prevent them from having children, or operations to produce miscarriage, or (when this is by statute indictable) profligate dealings with minors.  The reason is that parties cannot by consent cancel a public law necessary to the safety and morality of the State.  Jus publicum privatorum voluntate mutari nequit.

    § 143. [Nor as to inalienable rights.]  The distinction between alienable and inalienable rights is asserted in the Declaration of Independence, and in the Bills of Rights of most of the United States.  Inalienable rights as thus generally defined are life, liberty, and the pursuit of hapiness.  The distinction, however, is not modern; it lies at the basis of the penal sections of the canon law, and from that law is more or less fully absorbed into the common law of continental Europe.

    § 144. [Consent will not excuse taking of life.]   Life is the first of these inalienable prerogatives.  Thus, a man who kills another with the latter's consent is guilty of homicide. Although some of the jurists of the stoical school have argued in the negative, the affirmative was determined under the Justinian Code; and by the English common law the criminality of the act is such that the consent of the party slain does not even lower the degree.  And this rule exists not only in cases where there is malice, but where no malice exists, as in agreements for concurrent suicides.  Yet we may readily conceive of cases where the degree of guilt would be greatly reduced.  A physician, at the request of a dying man suffering intolerable agonies, may, from humane motives, precipitate death; or a soldier on the battle-field, after urgent appeals, may, with intense agony on his own part, yet from the same humane motives, take the same course as to a dying comrade.  Yet even here the maxim Volenti non fit injuria cannot be applied.  There is nothing in the consent to bar a verdict of guilty.  That verdict, however, would be for the lowest form of voluntary manslaughter, and could properly be followed by executive pardon.

    We may, therefore, justly argue that if life be an inalienable prerogative, then taking it by self is public wrong, and those who are accessaries to this public wrong cannot plead in defence the suicide's consent.

    As will hereafter be more fully illustrated, consent will authorize a surgical operation, in cases of danger, though the effect of such operation may be fatal.

    § 145. [Nor the deprivation of liberty.] Deprivation of liberty, no matter on what pretext, rests on the same principles.  No man has a right to take away another's liberty, even though with consent, except by process of law.  And the reason is that liberty is an inalienable prerogative of which no man can divest himself, and of which any divestiture is null.  Undoubtedly this on one relation conflicts with the attitude once assumed by English and American courts, when maintaining that the slave trade is not piracy but the law of nations.  But the abolition of slavery in the United Staes and the civil rights amendments and enactments that followed, relieve the courts in this country from the pressure of the precedents referred to, and restore the old doctrine of inalienability of liberty.  It is true that cases of this class are not likely to arise.  But should it appear that incarcerations are affected, even by consent, by ecclesiastical or medical authority, of persons whose liberty is thus wrongfully destroyed, the fact of consent could not, if the doctrine here advanced be correct, be used as a defence, when such party seeks release.  And a fortiori would it be no defence to an indictment  for kidnapping Africans, that the Africans consented to be kidnapped.  Agreements, also, by a party absolutely giving up the exercise of his business capacity, are void, though agreements not to do business in particular localities may be sustained." (pp. 165-170; all footnotes omitted)

......

    § 150. [Consent obtained by fraud or force no bar]  Consent obtained by fraud, as a general rule, is to be treated as a nullity.  Thus, consent to a sexual offence, if fraudulently obtained, does not bar a prosecution for such offence; nor does consent to entering a house, if fraudulently obtained, bar a prosecution for burglary; nor does consent, when there is any deception as to the thing to be taken, bar a prosecution for larceny.  And consent obtained from a drunken man does not bar a prosecution for kidnapping.  Consent obtained by coercion is also no defence." (p. 175; all footnotes omitted)
 

WIENER, Robin D., "Shifting the Communication Burder: A Meaningful Consent Standard in Rape", (1986) 6 Harvard Women's Law Journal 143-161; copy at Ottawa University, KF 3467 .W6 H37  Location: FTX Periodicals;

WIKIPEDIA -- The Free Encyclopedia, "Consent (criminal)", available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_purpose (accessed on 15 July 2006);
 

WILLIAMS, Glanville, 1911-, "Authoritarian Morals and the Criminal Law", [1966] Criminal Law Review 132-147;   copy at Ottawa University, KD 7862 .C734  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

___________ "Consent and Public Policy", [1962] Criminal Law Review 74-83 and 154-159;  copy at Ottawa University, KD 7862 .C734  Location: FTX Periodicals; the points covered are as follows:

• The authoritarian philosophy of morals;
• The philosophy of liberty in relation to criminal law;
• Consent and protective legislation;
• The use of the criminal law to overcome harmful custom;
• The rule against unregulated fights;
• Consent in games;
• Dangerous performances;
• Hurts voluntarily incurred; and
• The legality of surgical operations.

__________Textbook of Criminal Law, 2nd ed., London : Stevens, 1983, xlvii, 1007 p., see Chapter 25, "Consent and Entrapment", at pp. 549-596 (entrapment only covers pp. 593-594), ISBN: 0420468501 and 0420468609 (pbk.); important contribution;

"CONSENT AND PUBLIC POLICY

The relation between criminal law and morality has been much discussed.  It usually comes down to the question whether society, through the law, has any right to interfere with solitary conduct, or conduct between consenting adults, that does not affect any third person. .... We shall be concerned ... with the extent to which consent is vitiated on grounds of public policy in crimes like murder, manslaughter and assault.

    The two sides that line up on the issue are one aspect of the schism between the philosophy of libertarianism and that of authoritarianism.

    Libertarians support the individual's claim to autonomy.  Everyone prizes the right to live his own life, not to be made to conform to important decisions made on his behalf by others.  This principle yields the two postulates ... that, in general, (1) nothing must be done to a person without his consent and (2) anything can be done to him with his consent. ...

    ...authoritarianism or paternalism ...has two postulates.  The one relevant to this chapter is that nothing must be done to a man, even with his consent, if it is to his disadvantage or is otherwise regarded as antisocial. (The other, to be considered in the next chapter, is that anything can be done to a man, even without his consent, if this is necessary for his own or the public good, as seen by the legislature or the courts).

    The leading philosophical exponents of the libertarian view where the individualists of the 19th century, led by J S Mill, who contended that the law could properly be used against the individual only to prevent him from harming others.  Its most celebrated affirmation in the present century was by the Wolfenden Committee on Homosexuality and Prostitution, though neither they nor Mill considered the principle in the context of the consensual infliction of harm." (pp. 576-577; notes omitted)

___________"Theft, Consent and Illegality", [1977]  Criminal Law Review 127-138, 205-209, and 327-338; copy at Ottawa University, KD 7862 .C734  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

WILSON, W., "Consenting to Personal Injury: How Far Can you go?", [1995/96]1 Contemporary Issues in Law 415-460; copy at the library of the Supreme Court of Canada, Ottawa;
 

WISE, Steven A., "State v. Heisinger: 'Statutory Rape's Presumption of Incapacity to Consent -- Rebuttable or Conclusive?", (1979) 24 South Dakota Law Review 523-540; copy at Ottawa University, KFS 3069 .S69  Location: FTX Periodicals;

Abstract
"In 1975, the South Dakota Legislature enacted a statute providing that a person under seventeen years of age was presumed incapable of consenting to sexual intercourse.  This note analyzes the recent South Dakota Supreme Court decision, State v. Heisinger, which held that the presumption was rebuttable rather than conclusive, and thus opened the door to consent as a possible defense to 'statutory rape.'  The door was closed, however, by the 1977 Legislature, which returned the law to its pre-1975 language, imposing absolute liability on a defendant who has intercourse with a person under fifteen years of age.  This note examines Heisinger and the problems surrounding presumptions and statutory rape legislation." (p. 523)

YEO, Stanley, "Accepted Inherent Risks Among Sporting Participants", (2001) 9 Tort Law Review 114-129; copy at Ottawa University, KU 940 .A13 T67  Location: FTX Periodicals;

Abstract
"Like all other duty relationships, a participant in a sporting activity is legally obliged to maintain a specified standard of care towards another participant.  However, unlike other legal standards, the one served by sporting participants is modified to account for the fact that the participants have mutually accepted the inherent risks attending their chosen sport. Although this much has been expressly recognised by the courts, there has been very little by way of judicial guidance as to the method and form by which such acceptance of inherent risks modifies the standard of care among sporting participants.  This article applies general principles of the tort of negligence and existing case authorities to chart the role to be given to accepted inherent risks within the framework of the tort, the concept of the reasonable sportsperson, and the application of the standard of care." (p. 114)

___________"Determining Consent in Body Contact Sports", (1998) 6 Tort Law Review199-220; copy at Ottawa University, KU 940 .A13 T67  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

YOUNG, Peter W., The Law of Consent, North Ryde, N.S.W.: Law Book, 1986, xxxvi, 229 p., ISBN: 0455206791 see circa 124-134; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, KF801 Y68;
 

YTREBERG, Dag E., Annotation, "Admissibility of prosecution evidence on issue of consent, that rape victim was a virgin, absent defense attack on her chastity", (1971) 35 ALR 3d 1452-1454; ALR=American Law Reports;
 

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