Selected Bibliography on the
Discipline of Children /

Bibliographie choisie sur la
discipline des enfants                                                                                        

                                                                  See also my main page on criminal law at http://www.lareau-law.ca/droitpenal_.htm
                                                                  Voir aussi ma page principal sur le droit pénal à http://www.lareau-law.ca/droitpenal_.htm
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See also /Voir aussi: Canadian Law -- Discipline of Children / Droit canadien -- discipline des enfants
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II: Comparative Law/Droit comparé
 

AHDAR, Rex & James Allan, "Taking Smacking Seriously: The Case for Retaining the Legality of Parental Smacking in New Zealand", [2001] New Zealand Law Review 1-34; important contribution;
 

ALEXANDER, Lawrence A. and Paul Horton, Ingraham v. Wright: A Primer for Cruel and Unusual Punishment, (1978-79) 52 Southern California Law Review 1305-1403; copy at the University of Ottawa, law library, KFC 69 .S696,  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

AMELUNG, Knut, "Obedience to Superior Order and Corporal Punishment as an Educational Method [in Germany]", (1996) 30 Israel Law Review 154-160;
 

AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS, Committee on Social Health, "Corporal Punishment in Schools", (2000) 106 Pediatrics 343 (1 page only); copy at Ottawa University, RGN Periodicals,  RJ 1 .P365;

"ABSTRACT.  The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that corporal punishment in schools be abolished in all States by law and that alternatives forms of student behavior management be used." (p. 343)

THE AMERICAN LAW INSTITUTE, Model Penal Code and Commentaries (Official Draft and Revised Comments), Part I - General Provisions §§3.01 to 5.07, Philadelphia: The American Law Institute, 1985, xl, 506 p., see "Section 3.08.  Use of Force by Persons with Special Responsibility for care, Discipline or Safety of Others" at pp. 136-146;
 

___________Model Penal Code: Proposed Official Draft, Philadelphia: The American Law Institute, 1962, xxii, 346 p., see section 3.08,  "General Requirements of Culpability" at  pp. 59-62, and more particularly sections 3.08(1) and (2) at pp. 59-60;

"Section 3.08.  Use of Force by Persons with Special Responsibility for Care, Discipline or Safety of Others.

The use of force upon or toward the person of another is justifiable if:

(1) the actor is the parent or guardian or other person similarly responsible for the general care and supervision of a minor or a person acting at the request of such parent, guardian or other responsible person and:

(a) the force is used for the purpose of safeguarding or promoting the welfare of the minor, including the
prevention or punishment of his misconduct; and

(b) the force used is not designed to cause or known to create a substantial risk of causing death, serious
bodily harm, disfigurement, extreme pain or mental distress or gross degradation;

(2) the actor is a teacher or a person otherwise entrusted with the care or supervision for a special purpose of a minor and:

(a) the actor believes that the force used is necessary to further such special purpose, including the maintenance of reasonable discipline in a school, class or other group, and that the use of such force is consistent with the welfare of the minor; and

(b) the degree of force, if it had been used by the parent or guardian of the minor, would not be unjustifiable under Subsection (1)(b) of this Section;"

___________Model Penal Code: Tentative Draft No. 8, Philadelphia: The American Law Institute, 1958, [vi],139 p., see "COMMENTS: Section 3.08.  Use of Force by Persons with Special Responsibility for Care, Discipline or Safety of Others" at  pp. 71-76;
 

ANDERSON, Simon, Lorraine Murray and Julie Brownlie, Disciplining Children: Research with Parents in Scotland, Edinburgh: Scottish Executive Central Research Unit, 2002, vi, 69 p.; available at  http://www.scotland.gov.uk/cru/kd01/blue/dcrp.pdf (accessed on 18 February 2003);
 

ARTHUR,  Raymond, "The European Court of Human Rights and the Abolition of Corporal Punishment",  (1999) 7 Irish Student Law Review 96-111; available at  http://www.islr.ie/Reviews/1999/Review99Download.pdf (accessed on 2 November 2002);
 

AUSTRALIA, Tasmania Law Reform Institute, Physical Punishment of Children, Hobart: Tasmania Law Reform Institute, October 2003, 75 p. (series; final report; number 4); available at  http://www.law.utas.edu.au/reform/PhysPunFinalReportOct.pdf (accessed on 14 December 2003);
 

BARTMAN, Angela, Note, "Spare the Rod and Spoil the Child - Corporal Punishment in Schools around the World", (2003-2003) 13 Indiana International & Comparative Law Review 283-315;
 

BARTON, Chris, "Parental Hitting -- The 'Responses' to 'Protecting Children, Supporting Parents'", (2002) 32 Family Law 124-130;
 

___________"Physical Punishment of Children -- The Consultation Document", (2000) 30 Family  Law 257-259;
 

BAUMIND, Diana, “A Blanket Injunction Against Disciplinary Use of Spanking is Not Warranted by the Data”, (1996) 98(4) Pediatrics 828-831; copy at the University of Ottawa, RJ 1 .P365,  Location: RGN Periodicals; Pediatrics is published by the American Academy of Pediatrics;
 

___________"The Discipline Controversy Revisited", (October 1996) 45(4)  Family Relations 405-414; copy at the University of Ottawa, HQ 1 .C6  Location, MRT Periodicals; article not read yet; vol. 45 still missing from the collection (last checked 12 March 2002);
 

BENATAR, David, "The child, the rod and the law", [1996] Acta Juridica197-214;
 

___________"Corporal Punishment", (1998) 24 Social Theory and Practice 237-260; copy at the University of Ottawa, H 1 .S63  Location MRT Periodicals;

BENJET, Corina and Alan E. Kazdin, "Spanking Children: the controversies, findings, and new directions", (2003) 23 Clinical Psychology Review 197-224;
 

BENTHAM, Jeremy, 1748-1832, Theory of Legislation, by Jeremy Bantham; translated from the French of Etienne Dumont by R. Hildreth, London : Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, 1900, xv, 472 p., see "Grounds of Justification", at  pp. 266-267 and 270;
 

"Grounds of Justification

I PROCEED to speak of some circumstances which, in connection with an offence, operate to take away its injurious quality.  We may give these circumstances the common name of means of justification, or, for shorthness, justifications.

General justifications, which apply to nearly all offences, may be reduced to the following heads: --

1st.  Consent.
2nd. Repulsion of a greater evil.
3rd.  Medical practice.
4th. Self-defence.
5th. Political Power.
6th. Domestic power.

How do these circumstances furnish justifications?  We shall see that sometimes they import proof of the absence of evil;  and sometimes they evince that the evil has been compensated -- that is, that a good more than equivalent has resulted from it.  The question here relates to the evil of the first order; for in all these cases there is no evil of the second order.  I confine myself to some general observations.
.........
5th and 6th.  Political and Domestic Power.--  The exercise of lawful power implies the necessity of doing evil to repress evil.  Lawful power may be divided into political and domestic.  The magistrate and the father, or he who stands in the father's place, cannot maintain their authority, the one in the state, and the other in the family, unless they are armed with coercive means against disobedience.  The evil which they inflict is called punishment or chastisement.  The whole object of these acts is the good of the great or little society which they govern; and it is hardly necessary to say that this exercise of lawful authority is a complete ground of justification, since no one would choose to be a magistrate or a father, if he were not secure in the exercise of his power" (pp. 266-267 and 270)

BERNARD, Marie-Paul, Histoire de l'autorité paternelle en France, Montdidier: Imprimerie administrative Radenez, 1863, xx, 511 p.; copie à McGill University, Nahum Gelber Law Library/Université McGill, Bibliothèque de droit Nahum Gelber, KJV;917;B47;1863 law; titre noté dans ma recherche mais livre pas encore consulté;
 

BERTHELEMY, Henry Louis Jean Baptiste, "Necessité de modifier la législation sur l'emprisonnement par voie de correction paternelle; rapport présenté au comité de défense des enfants traduits en justice", (1899) Revue philantropique, 29 pages; titre noté dans ma recherche; article non consulté; aucune localisation trouvée pour le Canada;
 

BIBLE, Proverbs/Les Proverbes 13: 24, "He who spares his rod hates his son, but he who loves him is careful to discipline him" / "Qui épargne la baguette hait son fils, qui l'aime prodigue la correction" (La Sainte Bible traduite en français sous la direction de l'École biblique de Jérusalem, Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 1961, p.818);
 

BISHOP, Joel Prentiss, 1814-1901, Commentaries on the Criminal Law, vol. 1, 7th ed., Boston: Little, Brown, 1882,  xlviii, 803 p., see "Chapter LVII. The Domestic Relations", at pp. 528-533; there is a reprint in: Buffalo (N.Y.): William S. Hein, 1986, ISBN: 0899415474;

"§ 882.  Good Fait in Parent -- (Parental Judgment). -- The law has provided no means whereby a parent, meditating chastisement, can first obtain a judicial opinion as to its necessity, the proper instruments, and its due extent.  In reason, therefore, if he acts in good faith, prompted by true parental love, without passion, and inflicts no permanent injury on the child, he should not be punished merely because a jury, reviewing the case, do not deem that it was wise to proceed so far.  And something like this appears to have been held in North Carolina.  'A very large margin' said McCay, J., in the Georgia court, 'must be left to the judgment of the parent.'" (vol. 1, part of § 882, at pp. 529-530, notes omitted)

"III. Teacher and Pupil.  § 886.  Chastisement.--
"... . It should not be excessive and cruel, it should be proportioned to the gravity of the offence, and always within the bounds of moderation.  But plainly the teacher's calm and honest judgment as to what is required should have weight, as in the case of the parent.  And, where no improper weapon has been employed, the presumption, until the contrary appears in the proofs, will be that what was done was done rightly.  On the whole, and for several reasons which will occur to the reader, the extent of the teacher's power will vary in some degree with what in the relation is special to the particular instance, and it will seldom quite equal the parental right. Yet on this question we have little direct authority." (vol. 1, part of § 886, at p. 533, notes omitted)

BITENSKY, Susan H., “Spare the Rod, Embrace Our Humanity: Toward a New Legal Regime Prohibiting Corporal Punishment of Children”, (1997-98) 31 University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform 353-474; see on Sweeden, pp., 362-367;  Finland, pp. 368-370; Denmark, pp. 371-373; Norway, pp. 373-375; Austria, pp. 375-378; Cyprus, p. 379;  Italy, ppp. 380-386; Minnesota, pp. 386-388 and International law, pp. 388-414; available at  http://www.dcl.edu/faculty/bitensky/abstract.htm;
 

BJÖRNBERG, Kjell, "[Suède] Maltraitance, Délinquance et représentation de l'enfant en justice" dans Enfance et violences, sous la direction de Jacqueline Rubellin-Devichi et Michel Andrieux, Lyon : Presses universitaires de Lyon, c1992, 345 p., voir "Les mineurs délinquants" aux pp. 336-339, ISBN: 2729704256; notes: Based on an international conference on "Enfance et violences" organized in Paris in April 1990 by the Centre de droit de la famille and by ANPASE, Association nationale des personnels et acteurs de l'action sociale en faveur de l'enfance et de la famille.  Includes bibliographical references.
 

BLACKSTONE, William, 1723-1780, Commentaries on the Laws of  England,  vol. 3, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1768, p. 120;

"But battery is, in some cases, justifiable or lawful; as where one who hath authority, a parent or master, gives moderate correction to his child, his scholar, or his apprentice."

BLOOM, Scott, Comment, “Spare the Rod, Spoil the Child? A Legal Framework for Recent Corporal Punishment Proposals”, (1995) 25 Golden Gate University Law Review 361-389; copy at the University of Ottawa, law library, FTX Periodicals, KFC 69 .G642;
 

BREEN, Claire, "The Corporal Punishment of Children in New Zealand: The Case for Abolition", [2002] New Zealand Law Review 359-391;

Abstract
"This paper focuses on the theme of equality and human rights with specific regard to the right of the child not to be subjected to corporal punishment.  It draws upon provisions contained in a number of general human rights instruments, in addition to those provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child that prohibit a practice that has been sanctioned by New Zealand domestic law.  On a broader level it assesses what impact New Zealand's international human rights obligations have had upon its domestic law, both in terms of legislation and case law.  The paper draws upon the New Zealand experience, with particular reference to the defence of 'reasonable chastisement' in cases regarding the corporal punishment of children.  It also considers the European Court of Human Rights' approach to the defence of reasonable chastisement.  The paper concludes with an assessment of the steps that have to be taken to ensure that New Zealnd conforms with its international human rights obligations." (p. 359)

___________The standard of the best interests of the child : a  western traditon in international and comparative law, Boston : Kluwer Law International, 2002, xii, 321 p., see "Article 3: Corporal Punishment as Inhuman or Degrading Punishment", at pp. 269-274,  ISBN: 9041118519, copy at Ottawa University, Law library, K 3240.5 .I58 v. 72 2002; discusses the following cases: Tyrer v United Kingdom; Campbell and Cosans v United Kingdom; Costelloe-Roberts v United Kingdom; and A v United Kingdom;
 

BRIN, Henri Louis, Les innovations du décret-loi du 30 octobre 1935 en matière de droit de correction, Paris: Sirey, 1938, 172 p.; copie à l'Université de Sherbrooke, Faculté de droit, 18.2/JJ.5/B75i/1938; le seul endroit où l'on retrouve cette thèse au Canada selon le catalogue AMICUS; titre noté dans mes recherches mais livre non consulté encore (18 avril 2003);

BROOKBANKS, Warren J., "The physical discipline of children: proposals for reform?",  in J. Bruce (James Bruce) Robertson, ed., Essays on criminal law: a tribute to Professor Gerald Orchard, Wellington: Brookers, 2004, at pp. 163-181; title noted in my research but article not consulted yet (30 April 2007);

CALDWELL, J.L., "Parental Physical Punishment and the Law", (1989-89) 13 New Zealand University Law Review 370-388;
 

CAREY, Timothy A., "Spare the Rod and Spoil the Child: Is this a Sensible Justification for the Use of Punishment in Child Rearing?", (1994) 18 Child Abuse and Neglect 1005-1010; copy at University of Ottawa, HV 701 .C47  Location, MRT Periodicals;
 

CAYET, S., "Qui aime bien, châtie bien, le droit de correction paternel au XIXe siècle", (1997) 8 Les Épisodiques, Centre d'histoire judiciaire, Universitaire Lille 2, ISSN: 0981-843X; titre noté dans ma recherche mais non consulté; ce périodique ne semble pas disponible au Canada;
 

CENTER FOR EFFECTIVE DISCIPLINE, available at  http://www.stophitting.com/ (accessed on 3 December 2004);
 

CENTRE DE GUIDANCE INFANTILE (PARIS). Journée scientifique (16 ; 1988 ; Paris), Quand et comment punir les enfants ? / Seizième journée scientifique du Centre de guidance infantile de l'Institut de puériculture de Paris ; Jean Bergeret, Jean-Claude Chanseau, Colette Chiland, Albert Dingli...[et al.],  2e éd., Paris : ESF Ed, 1990, 157 p. (Collection; La Vie de l'enfant), ISBN: 2710108364; titre noté dans ma recherche mais livre pas encore consulté;
 

CHILDREN ARE UNBEATABLE web site at  http://www.childrenareunbeatable.org.uk/ ; note: United Kingdom organization;
 

CLARK, Gerard J., "Ingraham v. Wright and the Decline of Due Process",  (1978) 12 Suffolk University Law Review 1151-1183; copy at the University of Ottawa, KFM 2469 .S84, Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

CLIVE, Eric (from CBE, Edinburgh), Pamela Ferguson (from Dundee), Christopher Gane and Alexander McCall Smith presented A Draft Criminal Code for Scotland with commentary to the Minister of Justice in August 2003; see s. 22, "Lawful authority", at pp. 59-63; available at  http://www.scotlawcom.gov.uk/downloads/cp_criminal_code.pdf  (accessed on 24 September 2007);

COOK, Alice, Julia James and Penelope Leach,  Positively no smacking : health visitors and the physical punishment of children, London : Health Visitors' Association with EPOCH, 1991, 55 p., ISBN: 1872278132; title noted in my research but document not consulted yet; no Canadian University Library seems to have a copy of this publication;
 

COOK, Atlas Frank, III, Trends in the Use of Corporal Punishment in School Systems in the United States (Discipline), Ed.D. thesis, East Texas State University, 1990, 342 p.;

[Abstract] "Purpose. The purpose of this study was to identify trends relating to the practice of corporal punishment in public schools and to develop projections based on those trends.

Procedures. Trends were identified through review of relevant court decisions, state legislation, state education agency directives, and positions of professional organizations.

Findings. Major findings revealed the following trends: (1) a move away from schools having unquestioned authority granted by in loco parentis, (2) a move  from abusive corporal punishment (with no teacher liability) to reasonable physical punishment (with teacher liability for unreasonable use), (3) the recognition of children's rights, shown by nineteen states abolishing corporal punishment since 1972 compared to only one in the previous one hundred years, (4) the abolishment of corporal punishment in northern states while still practiced in southern states, (5) an increase in number and type of organizations to endorse abolition of corporal punishment, and (6) an increase in teacher associations to oppose corporal punishment while administrator organizations endorsed it.

The following projections were made: (1) Parental concern over corporal punishment will continue to increase, resulting in a greater number of court cases won by students. (2) An increased number of civil and criminal charges will be filed against teachers and administrators using unreasonable force with damages awarded to a larger number of students. (3) Additional laws will be enacted prohibiting corporal punishment of schoolchildren. (4) Northern states that allow corporal punishment will prohibit its use by 2000, while southern states will continue the practice until federal law abolishes its use. (5) Teacher organizations opposed to corporal punishment will increase; however, administrator organizations will resist relinquishing choice of discipline practices. (6) Organizations opposing corporal punishment will grow in number, membership, and influence while educator organizations supporting its use will decrease in number and have less influence.

Conclusions. The following conclusions were supported: (1) Many parents are no longer willing to grant the school unlimited authority in discipline. (2) Society does not afford to schoolchildren the same protection from corporal punishment that adults enjoy. (3) School administrators present the most united efforts to retain corporal punishment in schools. (4) Southern states are more tenacious than northern states in preserving corporal punishment." (Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 52-02, Section: A, p. 0356)

CRIN (Child Rights Information Networks), http://www.crin.org/ (accessed on 24 May 2006); 

CUMMING, C.E., and Scottish Council for Research in Education, Making the change : a study of the process of the abolition of corporal punishment, Edinburgh : Hodder and Stoughton, 1981, viii, 48 p. (series; SCRE publication 76), ISBN: 0340281804; copy at University of Calgary, Library, LB3025 .M33 1981; title noted in my research but volume not consulted yet;
 

DAVIDSON, Scott A., "When is Parental Discipline Child Abuse? -- The Vagueness of Child Abuse Laws", (1995-96) 34 University Louisville Journal of Family Law 403-419; research note: with volume 37, the periodical changes name to Brandeis Law Journal;
 

DENENHOLZ SWEENEY, Cynthia, Comment, "Corporal Punishment in Public Schools: A Violation of Substantive Due Process?", (1982-83) 33 Hastings Law Journal 1245-1283; copy at the University of Ottawa, law library,  KF 292 .H3 H367, FTX Periodicals;
 

DIETZ, Tracy L., "Disciplining Children: Characteristics Associated with the Use of Corporal Punishment", (2000) 24 Child Abuse & Neglect 1529-1542; copy at University of Ottawa, HV 701 .C47  Location, MRT Periodicals;
 

DOBSON, James C., 1936-,  The New Dare to Discipline, Wheaton (Ill.): Tyndale House Publishers, 1992, 276 p., ISBN: 0842305076; copy at Carleton University, Ottawa, 649.64/D635/1992; note: revised edition of Dare to Discipline, 1970; title noted in my research but book not consulted yet;
 

DORR, Darwin, Melvin Zax and Jack W. Bonner, III, eds., The Psychology of discipline, New York, N.Y.: International Universities Press, c1983, xvi, 263 p., ISBN:  0823655814; copy at the University of Ottawa, BF 723 .D54 P79 1983 MRT;
 

" Dossier: Nos enfants sont-ils des têtes à claques?", (26 juin - 2 juillet 2008) numéro 2277 Le nouvel Observateur 6-13;

DU PLESSIS DE GRENEDAN, Joachim,  1870-, Histoire de l'autorité paternelle et de la société familiale en France avant 1789 : Les origines. - L'époque franque. - Le moyen-age et les temps modernes, Paris: A. Rousseau,  1900, ix, 625 p.; copie à l'Université de Montréal, microfiches; titre noté mais livre pas encore consulté; disponible à http://www.archive.org/details/histoiredelauto00grengoog (vérifié le 12 novembre 2008);

DURRANT, Joan E., "Corporal Punishment: Prevalence, Predictors and Implications for Child Behaviour and development", in Stuart N. Hart with Joan Durrant, Peter Newell and F. Clark Power, eds., Eliminating Corporal Punishment: The Way Forward to Constructive Child Diuscipline, Preface by Jaap E. Doek, Foreword by Paulo Sergio Pinheiro, Paris: United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 2005, 162 p., at pp. 49-90 (series; Education on the Move), ISBN: 92310399911; 

Eliminating corporal punishment: a human rights imperative for Europe's children, Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 2005, 220 p., ISBN: 9287158827; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, KJC1018 E45 2005; important contribution;

EAMON, Mary Keegan, "Antecedents and socioemotional consequences of physical punishment on children in two-parent families", (June 2001) 25(6) Child Abuse and Neglect 787-802;  
 

EDWARDS, Leonard P., "Corporal Punishment and the Legal System", (1996) 36 Santa Clara Law Review 983-1023;
 

ELLIMAN, David and Margareth A. Lynch, "The physical punishment of children", (2000) 83 Archives of Disease in Childhood 196-198; copy at the University of Ottawa, RJ 1 .A72, Location: RGN Periodicals;
 

EPOCH (End Physical Punishment of Children), Child abuse and physical punishment : report of a survey of UK social services and social work departments on policies and practice regarding physical punishment and perceptions of its relationship to child abuse, London : APPROACH Ltd., 1990, 15 p., ISBN: 0951515519;  title noted in my research but document not consulted yet; it appears that there is no copy of this document in Canada;
 

___________Ending physical punishment of European children : final report from two-day seminar,  March 1992, London, London ; Stockholm : EPOCH : Rädda Barnen, [1993?]; title noted in my research but document not consulted yet; it appears that there is no copy of this document in Canada;
 

EPOCH NZ Website at http://epochnz.virtualave.net/; (as seen on 9 February 2002); EPOCH NZ = End Physical Punishment of Children New Zealand;
 

EUROPE, Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, see ARTICLE 3; available at  http://www.echr.coe.int/Convention/webConvenENG.pdf;
 

EUROPEAN Court of Human Rights, A. v. THE UNITED KINGDOM, Application number 00025599/94, 23 September 1998, available on the internet at http://www.dhcour.coe.fr/hudoc/ViewRoot.asp?Item=3&Action=Html&X=807070300&Notice=0&Noticemode=&RelatedMode=0; reported as: A  v. United Kingdom (Human Rights: Punishment of Child), [1998] 2 FLR 959;
 

EZER, Tamar, "Children's Rights in Israel: An End to Corporal Punishment ", (2003) 5 Oregon Review of International Law  139-214;

FAHD, Toufy et Muhammad Hammoudi, "L'enfant dans le droit islamique" dans L'Enfant, Bruxelles : Éditions de la Librairie encyclopédique, 1975, aux pp. 287-346, voir sur le droit de correction, les pp. 339-341 (Collections; Recueil de la Société Jean Bodin pur l'histoire comparative des institutions; Tome 35); le titre complet du tome 35 est : L'enfant, Première partie : Antiquité -- Afrique -- Asie; copie de ce livre à la Douglas Library, Queen's University, Kingston, H13 S622 no. 35;
 

FALK, Herbert Arnold, 1889-, Corporal punishment : a social interpretation of its theory and practice in the schools of the United States, New York: Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1941 (series; Contributions to education; number 835); originally presented as the author's thesis,  reprint: New York : AMS Press, 1972, 162 p., bibliography at  pp. 149-159, ISBN: 0404558356; title of book noted in my research but not consulted yet; copy at the Université de Sherbrooke, LB/3025/.F3c/1941;
 

FAMILY RESEARCH LABOTORY at http://www.unh.edu/frl/ (as seen on 10 February 2002);
 

FLYNN, Clifton P., "Exploring the Link Bewteen Corporal Punishment and Children's Cruelty to Animals", (1999) 61 Journal of Marriage and the Family 971-981; copy at the University of Ottawa, HQ 1 .J48  Location, MRT Periodicals;
 

___________"To Spank or Not to Spank: The Effect of Situation and Age of Child on Support for Corporal Punishment", (1998) 13(1) Journal of Family Violence 21-37;
 

FORTIN, Jane, Children's Rights and the Developing Law, 2nd ed., London: LexisNexis, 2003, l, 663 p., see "Schools' powers and duties", at pp. 171-173 and "The Child's Right to Care and Control, the Parents' Right to Discipline", at pp. 276-285 (series; Law in context), ISBN: 040693407X; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, KF 479 F67 2003;
 

___________"Children's rights and the use of physical force", (2001) 13(3) Child and Family Law Quarterly 243-264; copy at the library of the Supreme Court of Canada, Ottawa;
 

___________"Rights Brought Home for Children", (1999) 62 The Modern Law Review 350-370, see "Children's family life and the use of corporal punishment" at pp. 359-363;
 

FOSTER, Michael, Sir, 1689-1763, A report of some proceedings on the commission of Oyer  and terminer and goal delivery; for the trial of the  rebels in the year 1746 in the county of Surry, and of crown cases. To which are added discourses upon a  few branches of the crown law, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1762, 412 p.; reprint in: Abingdon (Oxon): Professional Books Limited, 1982, ISBN: 0862051363;

"It is not Sufficient that the Act upon which Death ensueth be Lawful or Innocent, it must be done in a proper Manner and with due Caution to prevent Mischief.  Parents, Masters, and other Persons having Authority in Foro Domestico, may give reasonable Correction to those under their Care; and if Death ensueth without their Fault, it will be no more than Accidental Death.  But if the Correction exceedeth the Bounds of due Moderation, either in the Measure of it or in the Instrument made use of for that Purpose, it will be either Murder or Manslaughter according to the Circumstances of the Case.  If with a Cudgel or other Thing not likely to Kill, though Improper for the Purpose of Correction, Manslaughter.  If with a Dangerous Weapon likely to Kill or Main, due Regard being always had to the Age and Strength of the Party, Murder." (p. 262)

FREEMAN, Michael, "Time to stop hitting our children", (October 1988), number 51 Childright 5-8; Childright is a bulletin of law and policy affecting children and young people in England and Wales published by: London : Children's Legal Centre, 1983-; copy at the University of Ottawa, law library, KD 4102 .C4 C45, Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

FRIEDMAN, Stanford B. et al., "The short and long-term consequences of corporal punishment : proceedings of a conference held on February 9 and 10, 1996 in Elk GroveVillage, Illinois and organized by the Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center and theAmerican Academy of Pediatrics", (1996) Pediatrics 803-860; contains a series of articles; copy at the University of Ottawa, RJ 1 .P365  Location: RGN Periodicals;
 

FULCHIRON, Hugues, "L'autorité parentale" dans Jacqueline Rubellin-Devichi, sous la direction de, Droit de la famille : mariage, divorce, concubinage, filiation, adoption, nom, prénom, autorité parentale, assistance éducative, aide sociale à l'enfrance, prestations familiales, obligations alimentaires, Paris : Dalloz, 1999, xii, 895 p. , aux pp. 613-681, ISBN: 2247019935;

"DROIT DE CORRECTION

1873.  Définition. -- Le Code civil de 1804 reconnaissait au père un droit de correction, entendu comme le droit pour lui de faire détenir l'enfant pendant un certain temps, dans l'hypothèse où il aurait 'des sujets de mécontentement très graves sur la conduite de l'enfant'.  Ces dispositions ont leur place aujourd'hui au titre de l'assistance éducative (V. infra, n^o 2684).

1874.  Droit coutumier. --  Quant au droit coutumier de correction, entendu comme le droit d'infliger à l'enfant des châtiments corporels à des fins éducation, il est laissé à la discrétion des parents selon les usages et les cultures.  Le juge civil comme le juge pénal veillent cependant à ce que les parents ne confondent pas nécessités pédagogiques et maltraitance. [...]" (p. 623)

FULLER, Jason M., "The Science and Statistics Behind Spanking Suggest that Laws Allowing Corporal Punishment Are in the Best Interests of the Child", (2009)  42 Akron Law Review 243-317; available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1357669; available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1357669 (accessed on 15 March 2009);

FUSTEL DE COULANGES, Numa Denis, La cité antique; étude sur le culte, le droit, les  institutions de la Grèce et de Rome, 26^e édition, Paris: Hachette, 1920, 478 p.; disponible à http://www.archive.org/details/lacitantique00fustuoft (vérifié le 16 juillet 2008);

FUZIER-HERMAN, Edouard, De la protection légale des enfants contre les abus de l'autorité paternelle, Paris: A. Marescq, 1878; disponible à http://books.google.com/books?vid=HARVARD32044103175840&printsec=titlepage#PPP11,M1 et http://books.google.com/books?id=ck4OAAAAYAAJ&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 (vérifié le 14 juin 2008);

GELLES, Richard and Ake W. Edfeldt, “Violence towards children in the United States and Sweden”, (1986) 10 Child Abuse and Neglect 501-510; copy at University of Ottawa, HV 701 .C47  Location, MRT Periodicals;

GERSHOFF, Elizabeth Thompson, "Corporal Punishment by Parents and Associated Child Behaviors and Experiences: A Meta-Analytic and Theoretical Review", (2002) 128(4) Psychological Bulletin 539-579; extensive bibliography at pp. 567-579; other articles in the same issue;
 

GHANDI, Sandy, "Spare the Rod: Corporal Punishment in Schools and the European Convention on Human Rights", (1984) 33 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 488-494; copy at the University of Ottawa, law library, K 1701 .I569, Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

GILBERT, "Section 59 crimes Act [of New Zealand] and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989... the beat goes on", (1994) 26 Youth Law Review 15; New Zealand periodical; article not consulted; no copy located in Canada;
 

GLOBAL INITIATIVE TO END ALL CORPORAL PUNISHMENT OF CHILDREN,  "Key Judgments" available at  http://endcorporalpunishment.org/pages/hrlaw/judgments.html (as seen on 9 February 2002); judgments from the European Court of Human Rights; Italy Supreme Court; Israel Supreme Court; South African Constitutional Court; Canada; India High Court of Delhi, Nambia's Supreme Court; Zimbabwe Supreme Court; see home page at  http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/ (accessed on 16 August 2005); very important contribution to the subject;
 

GOOD, Jeanette Anderson, Shame, images of God, and the cycle of violence in adults who experienced childhood corporal punishment, Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1999, xvii, 198 p., ISBN:  0761814833; copy at University of Western Ontario, D.B. Weldon Library, HM1116.G66 1999; title noted in my research but book not consulted yet; no copy in the Ottawa area libraries;

GORDON, Evelyn, "The [Israeli] Supreme Court in Loco Parentis: Ideas for the  Jewish Nation", (Spring 2000) -- Azure -- 5760; available at http://www.jafi.org.il/education/azure/10/10-gordon.html  (accessed on 24 April 2006);

GOTTARDI, Aurélie, Les chatiments corporels en droit suisse : analyse de la législation pertinente et de son application en pratique, mémoire, présenté à l'Unité d'enseignement et de recherche en Droits de l’enfant de l’Institut Universitaire Kurt Bösch
pour obtenir le grade de Master of Arts interdisciplinaire en droits de l’enfant, disponible à http://doc.rero.ch/lm.php?url=1000,41,13,20101004174508-ZA/Gottardi_Aur_lie_-_M_moire_Orientation_Professionnalisant.pdf (vérifié le 24 novembre 2011);  

GRAVES HIGGS, Judith, note, "Corporal Punishment, For School Children Only", (1977-78) 27 Drake Law Review 137-165; copy at the University of Ottawa, law library, KFI 4269 .D72  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

GREAT BRITAIN, Department of Education and Science, Corporal punishment in schools : a consultative document, London : Department of Education and Science, 1983, 6 p.; copy at University of Victoria, Diana M. Priestly Law Library; title noted in my research but not consulted yet;
 

___________Consent in the criminal law : a consultation paper, London : H.M.S.O., 1995, xii, 290 p., see Part XI, "Lawful Correction" at pp. 153-161 (series; Consultation paper; no. 139) , ISBN: 0117302244; available at  http://alternate.com/downloads/LawCommConsultationPaper139.pdf (accessed on 2 July 2003);
 

GREFFULHE, Jacques, La réforme du droit de correction paternelle : Décret-loi du 30 octobre 1935, Nîmes, A. Larguier, imprimeur, 1936, 3 p.l., [5]-111 p.; titre noté dans ma recherche mais livre non consulté; aucune localisation de ce livre trouvée au Canada; copie à Harvard University;
 

GREVEN, Philip, Spare the child : the religious roots of punishment and the psychological impact of physical abuse, New York : Alfred A. Knopf, 1991, xiv, 263 p., ISBN:  0394578600; copy at the University of Ottawa, HQ 770.4 .G74 1990 MRT;
 

GROSS, Emanuel, "Discussion Report [Israel-Germany Bi-national Colloquium on Reform of Criminal Law], (1996) 30 Israel Law Review 340-346, see at p.343;
 

HALE,  Matthew, 1609-1676,  Historia Placitorum Coronae - The History of the Pleas of the Crown, Savoy (in the): E.R. Nutt and R. Gosling, 1736, 2 vol., [xx], [8], 710 p. for vol. 1 and [4], 414, [198] p. for vol. 2; reprint in : Abingdon Oxon: Professional Books, 1987; series: Classical English Law Texts);

    "But if a school-master correct his scholar, or a master his servant, or a parent his child, and by strugling, or otherwise, the child or the scholar, or servant dies, this is only per infortunum. Crompt. Just. 28. b.
     But this is to be understood, when it happens only upon moderate correction, for if the correction be with an unfit instrument (d), or too outragious, then it is murder, as it happend in a case at Norwich assizes 1670, where the master struck a child, that was his apprentice, with a great staff, of which it died, it was ruled murder" (pp. 473-474)
---------
(d) As with a bar of iron, or a sword, or a great cudgel, Kel. 64, 133.

HAMILTON, Carolyn, "Physical restraint of Children: A New Sanction for Schools", (1997) 138 Childright; title of article noted in my research; not consulted; no copy of this number in the Ottawa area libraries; Childright is a bulletin of law and policy affecting children and young people in England and Wales published by: London : Children's Legal Centre, 1983-;
 

____________"Rights of the child: a right to education and a right in education" in Caroline Bridge, ed., Family Law Towards the Millennium: Essays for PM Bromley, London: Butterworths, 1997, xxxix, 416 p. at pp. 200-233, ISBN: 0406895430;
 

HARRELL, Karen Fair and Earleen H. Cook, Corporal punishment in public schools : a selected bibliography, Monticello, Ill. : Vance Bibliographies, [1983], 11 p., ISBN:  088066634X; copy at Université Laval, Bibliothèque générale, Z/7164/A2/P976/1264; title noted in my research but document not consulted yet;
 

HERMAN, Dean, "A Statutory Proposal to Prohibit the Infliction of Violence Upon Children", (1985-86) 19 Family Law Quarterly 1-52;
 

HODGKIN, Rachel, and Peter Newell, prepared for UNICEF, Implementation handbook for the Convention on the Rights of the Child, fully revised edition, New York : UNICEF, 2002, xix, 762 p., see "Protection from corporal punishment", at pp. 265-269, ISBN: 9280637822; copy at the Library of Parliament, HQ 789 U5Y A37 1989 Guide 2002;
 

HOGGART, Keith, To beat or not to beat : is it a class question? : Corporal punishment in secondary schools, London : King's College, 1985, 30 p.; copy at University of Calgary, Library, H61 .A1 U55 NO.25; title noted in my research but document not consulted yet;
 

HOPKINS, Kenneth, A descriptive of African-American Professionals' Attitudes Toward Corporal Punishment, Ed.D. thesis, Temple University, 1997, 129 p.; title noted in my research but not consulted yet;

[Abstract] "The purpose of this study was to examine African American professionals' attitudes toward corporal punishment. A survey was mailed to 856 African American professionals. Results show that 59.1% of African American professionals sampled support or strongly support use of corporal punishment as a discipline method, while 30.8% of respondents oppose or strongly oppose corporal punishment use on children for discipline purposes. Fully 76.3% of African American professionals reported rarely to never using corporal punishment on any children in the home, while only 23.2% of the respondents reported having used corporal punishment on their children several times a year or more. Those respondents more likely to oppose use of corporal punishment were: females more than males; older respondents than younger respondents; and those African American professionals who used corporal punishment infrequently in the home. Regarding religion, Catholics opposed corporal punishment use more so than Baptists. Moreover, those African American professionals who were reared as Lutheran tended to report the highest current use of corporal punishment in the home. Training/education in child discipline changes African American professionals' views to less favorable attitudes toward corporal punishment. Another significant finding is that as the frequency of corporal punishment received as a child rose, the more severe it was perceived by the respondents. On the other hand, perceptions of the severity of corporal punishment received as a child was not related to present day attitudes and use in the home by African American professionals. When compared to certain Whites on similar corporal punishment measures, African American professionals: (a) begin and end its use on children who are generally older than what is reported by Whites, (b) use less explanation and time-out with children who misbehave than Whites, and (c) recall higher frequencies of more severe corporal punishment as a child than Whites. The results of this study suggest that previous experiences with corporal  punishment and demographic variables are predictors of present day attitudes and behaviors regarding corporal punishment. Furthermore, training/education effect change in attitude to more opposing views toward corporal punishment use as a method of discipline." (Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 58-10, Section: B, p. 5633)

HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, Spare the child : corporal punishment in Kenyan schools, New York ; London : Human Rights Watch, 1999, 57 p : (series;  Human Rights Watch report ; v. 11, no. 6(A)); available at  http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/kenya/ (as seen on 2 February 2002);
 

HURTADO POZO, José,  Droit pénal, Partie spéciale, Infractions contre la vie et l'intégrité corporelle, 2e édition, révisée et mise à jour, Fribourg (Suisse): Éditions universitaires, 1991, xxx, 198 p., ISBN: 2827103796; copie à la Bibliothèque de la Cour suprême du Canada; note: il existe une 3e édition: Zürich : Schulthess Polygraphischer Verlag, 1997;

"Illicéité
Les faits justificatifs prévus par la loi, la jurisprudence et la doctrine permettent d'écarter l'illicéité d'un comportement.  Leur application aux lésions corporelles ne pose en règle générale de problèmes. [...] En revanche, le droit de correction ne saurait être invoqué: on admet actuellement que 'l'éducation d'un enfant ne justifie jamais qu'on lui inflige des lésions corporelles'⁴²⁵. [...]
------
425.  Conseil fédéral, Message 1985, p. 1042; cf. Schubarth, BT 1, Art. 123 n. 19.  En France, le droit de correction des instituteurs est fortement contesté.  En ce qui concerne les parents ce droit est moins discuté, néanmoins il est 'enfermé dans des limites très étroites compte tenu de l'évolution des moeurs', Véron, DPS, p. 120." (p. 111, éd. de 1991)

HYMAN, Irwin A and James H. Wise, eds., Corporal punishment in American education : readings in history, practice, and alternatives...pref. by Nat Hentoff, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1979, xv, 471 p. (series; Temple University Press, Philadelphia; Readings in History, Practicve, and Alternatives), ISBN:  0877221472; contains 32 articles; copy at the University of Ottawa, LB 3025 .C67 1979 MRT;
 

HYMAN, Ronald T. and Charles H. Rarhbone, eds., Corporal punishment in schools : reading the law,  Topeka, Kan.: NOLPE, 1993, 83 S. (series; NOLPE monograph series; number 48), ISBN: 1565340760; title noted in my research but book not consulted yet; copy at the University of British Columbia, Walter C. Koerner Library, KN184.25 .H86 1993 AEF-0269;
 

INDIA, Indian Law Commissioners,  A Penal Code prepared by the Indian Law Commissioners, and  published by Command of the Governor General of India in Council -- Reprinted from the Calcutta Edition,  London: Pelham Richardson, 1838, viii, 138 p., reprint in  Birmingham (Ala.):  Legal Classics Library, c1987; and in Union (New Jersey): The Lawbook Exchange Ltd., 2002, ISBN: 158477018X; the Indian Law Commissioners were: Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1800-1859, J.M. MacLeod, G.W. Anderson and F. Millett; this work is also available in British Parliamentary Papers (1837-38) XLI  463, command number 673;

"71.  Nothing which is done in good faith for the benefit of a person who is under twlve years of age, or of unsound mind, by that person's lawful guardian or guardians, or by the authority of such lawful guardian or guardians, is an offence by reason of any harm which it may cause to that person:
    Provided,
    First, That this exception shall not extend to the intentional causing of death, or to the attempting to cause death;
    Secondly, (2) That this exception shall not extend to the doing of any thing which the person doing it knows to be likely to cause death, for any purpose other than the preventing of death or grievous hurt;
    Thirdly, That this exception shall not extend to the voluntary causing of grievous hurt, or to the attempting to cause grievous hurt, unless it be for the purpose of preventing death or grievous hurt, or in the performance of the rite of circumcision;
    Fourthly, That this exception shall not extend to rape, or to the gratification of unnatural lust, or to the attempting to commit rape or to gratify unnatural lust;
    Fifthly, That this exception shall not extend to the abetment, either previous or subsequent, of any offence, to the committing of which offence it would not extend.

    Illustrations.

    (a) A, a parent, whips his child moderately, for the child's benefit.  A has committed no offence.

    (b) A confines his child, for the child's benefit.  A has committed no offence...." (pp. 8-9)

Ingraham v. Wright, 430 U.S. 651 (1977) (United States Supreme Court)
 

IRAQ, Penal Code, available at available at http://www.law.case.edu/saddamtrial/documents/Iraqi_Penal_Code_1969.pdf (accessed on 18 July 2006);

IRELAND,  Law Reform Commission, Report on non-fatal offences against the person, Dublin : The Law Reform Commission, 1994, xii, 346 p.; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, KF384 ZC6 R46 LRC 45; available at http://www.lawreform.ie/publications/data/lrc77/lrc_77.html  and and http://www.lawreform.ie/publications/data/lrc77/lrc_77.pdf (accessed on 10 August 2006);

ISRAEL SUPREME COURT, Criminal Appeal 4596/98 Plonit v. A.G. 54(1) P.D. p. 145,  January 2000, Unofficial Translation, available at http://endcorporalpunishment.org/pages/pdfs/Israel_Judgment.pdf (as seen on 9 February 2002); the judgment also covers Canadian law;
 

IZENBERG, Dan, "Israel Bans Spanking", Jerusalem 26 January 2000, Supreme Court: Corporal punishment of children is indefensible; available at http://www.naturalchild.com/advocacy/worldwide/israel_spanking.html; case of Nathalie Baku;
 

JOHNSON, Kandice K., "Crime or Punishment: the Parental Corporal Punishment Defense - Reasonable and Necessary, or Excused Abuse?", [1998] University of Illinois Law Review 413-487;
 

JOUSSE, 1704-1781, Traité de la justice criminelle de France : où l'on  examine tout ce qui concerne les crimes & les peines en général & en particulier... , Paris: Debure, 1771, 4 tomes, voir le tome 1 à la p.637; les 4 tomes sont disponibles à la Bibliothèque nationale de France, Gallica, voir tome 1,  tome 2,  tome 3,  tome 4;

JurisPedia, "Ordre de la loi (fr)", disponible à http://fr.jurispedia.org/index.php/Ordre_de_la_loi_%28fr%29 (site visité le 26 juillet 2006);

KAZDIN, Alan E. and Corina Benjet, "Spanking Children: Evidence and Issues", (June 2003) 12(3) Current Directions in Psychological Science 99-103;
 

KEARNEY, Mary Kate, "Substantive Due Process and Parental Corporal Punishment: Democracy and the Excluded Child", (1995) 32 San Diego Law Review 1-51; copy at the University of Ottawa, law library, periodicals, FTX, KFC 69.S35;
 

KEMMER, Elizabeth Jane, Violence in the family : an annotated bibliography, New York : Garland Pub., 1984, xii, 192 p. (series; arland reference library of social science; v), ISBN: 082409090X; copy at the University of Ottawa, MRT Reference, HV 741 .K42 1984;
 

KENNY, Courtney Stanhope, Outlines of Criminal Law Based on Lectures Delivered in the University of Cambridge, new edition revised by G. Godfrey Phillips, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1933, xxxviii, 552, xiv p., see "Infancy" at pp. 50-52;

"But it is not illegal for parents to administer domestic punishment to such children, if they have in fact become old enough to understand it³. ...
---
³ Reg. v. Griffin, 11 Cox 402." (p. 51)

Key Words:  abolition of corporal punishment for children, application of reasonable force by way of parents, bibliography on the discipline of children, child abuse,  child discipline,  corporal punishment by teacher,  correction of child by force, correction of children, defence of lawful correction, disciplining of children, in loco parentis, justifiable assault, justification, nanny statism,  paddling, parental discipline,  parental corporal punishment, parental physical punishment,  parental right of punishment, physical punishment of children,  punishment of children by parents, reasonable chastisement, reasonable force, rod, rules concerning people who have authority over children, section 43 of the Criminal Code of Canada,  right of  chastisement, rod, "spare the rod, spoil the child", use of force by way of correction toward a pupil or child, use of spanking, United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child /// article 43 du Code criminel du Canada, l'autorité parentale, autorité sur un enfant, châtiment corporel, discipline des enfants, droit de correction paternelle, emploi de la force raisonnable pour corriger un enfant par le père, mère, personne qui remplace le père ou la mère, instituteur, Nations-Unies Convention relative aux droits de l'enfant, puissance paternelle

KHAN, Ramona Paula, Alternative methods to corporal punishment in managing young children's behaviour : a case study, M.Ed. thesis, University of Sheffield, Department of Educational Studies, 2001; title noted in my research but thesis not consulted yet;

KING, Nigel, Trevor Butt and Lorraine Green, "Spanking and the corporal punishment of children: The sexual story", (2003) 11 The International Journal of Children's Rights 199-217;
 

KUBOTA, Takeshi, School revolution, without corporal punishment and strict regulations, Tokyo : Natsume Shobo Pub. Co., 2000, 109 p., ISBN: 493139177X; no copy in Canada (9 February 2002);
 

KURKI, Leena, “International Standards for Sentencing and Punishment” in Michael Tonry, and Richard S. Frase, Sentencing and Sanctions in Western Countries, Oxford (England) and New York: Oxford University Press, 2001, ix, 440 p., at pp. 331-378, see “Corporal Punishment” at pp. 352-354, ISBN: 0195130537 and  0195138619 (pbk.); copy at the Supreme Court of Canada, K5121 S46 2001;
 

LASCOUMES, Pierre, "Les mineurs et l'ordre pénal dans les codes de 1791 et 1810", dans Protéger l'enfant : raison juridique et pratiques socio-judiciaires, XIXe-XXe siècles / textes réunis par Michel Chauvière, Pierre Lenoël, et Eric Pierre, Rennes : Presses universitaires de Rennes, [1996], 183 p. (Collection; Collection "Des sociétés"); titre noté dans mes recherches, mais article non consulté encore; copie à l'Université de Montréal, KJV 3620 P76 1996;
 

LAZELERE, Robert E.,  Discipline Bibliography, available at http://people.biola.edu/faculty/paulp/larzbibldisc.html;
 

___________"A Review of the Outcomes of Parental Use of Nonabusive or Customary Physical Punishment, Pediatrics", (1996) 98(4) Pediatrics 824-828; copy at Ottawa University, RGN Periodicals,  RJ 1 .P365;
 

___________“Should the Use of Corporal Punishment by Parents be Considered Child Abuse? No” and "Robert E. Larzelere Responds" in Mary Ann Mason and Eileen Gambrill, eds., Debating Children's Lives: Current Controversies on Children and Adolescents, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1994, xviii, 355 p., at pp. 204-209 and 217-218,  ISBN: 0803954581 and 080395459X (pbk.); copy at the University of Ottawa, HQ 792 .U5 D45 1994 MRT;
 

LARZELERE, Robert E., Ph.D.,  Diana Baumrind, PhD and Kenneth Polite, Ph.D., "The Pediatric Forum - Two Emerging Perspectives of Parental Spanking From Two 1996 Conferences" available at  http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/issues/v152n3/ffull/plt0398-2.html  as seen on 27 January 2002;

LARZELERE, Robert E., and Brett R. Kuhn, "Comparing Child Outcomes of Psysical Punishment and Alternative Disciplinary Tactics: A Meta-Analysis", (March 2005) 8(1) Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review  1-37;

LEACH, Penelope, "Physical Punishment in the Home" available at  http://www.empathicparenting.org/punish.htm (as seen as 9 February 2002);
 

____________The physical punishment of children : some input from recent research, London : NSPCC, 1999, iv, 23 p.  30cm (series; Policy practice research series), ISBN: 0902498967; title noted in my research but no copy found in Canada; document not consulted;
 

LEBLOIS-HAPPE, Jocelyne, Xavier Pin et Julien Walther, "Chronique de droit pénal allemand (Période du 1er octobre 2003 au 31 décembre 2004)", (2005) 76(1-2) Revue internationale de droit pénal 139-168, voir "Du renouveau en matière de faits justificatifs", aux pp. 146-148;

LEE, Virginia, "A Legal Analysis of Ingraham v. Wright" in Irwin A Hyman and James H. Wise, eds., Corporal punishment in American education : readings in history, practice, and alternatives...pref. by Nat Hentoff, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1979, xv, 471 p. at pp. 173-195 (series; Temple University Press, Philadelphia; Readings in History, Practicve, and Alternatives), ISBN:  0877221472; contains 32 articles; copy at the University of Ottawa, LB 3025 .C67 1979 MRT;
 

LEVY, Sheldon S., "Criminal Liability for the Punishment of Children: An Evaluation of Means and Ends", (1952-53) 43 Journal of Criminal Law Criminololy and Police Science 719-734;

“When a child deviates from the accepted norms of conduct by eiher endangering himself or others, parents feel an immediate deprivation of their own values and must counter this feeling by punishment. …
…
We must fully realize, therefore, that children are not punished for their own good, (a feeble excuse, at best), nor merely because of parental love and affection.  Children are punished in order to achieve maximum security for the sacred values of the perpetrator of the punishment.  Call it what you may, but, in the final reckoning, the maximization of self-interests is the essence of human existence, and as human beings we must accept it as such.  Nevertheless, let us not leap blindly from this statement to the conclusion that no punishment is preferable to this sadistic torture.  Perhaps in Aldous Huxley’s totalitarian ‘Brave New World,’ when babies are conceived from bottles and reared cattle-like at government expense, we can attain a society devoid of discipline and punishment.  However, until that time, no society or family or individual can long exist without discipline.”  (p. 722)

LOGAN, Wayne A., "Criminal Law Sanctuaries", (Summer 2003) 38(2) Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 321-391;

"In sum, family abuse and violence has been met with an ambivalent response from government over time.  The family, as Professor Teitelbaum has observed, has existed as 'an institution simultaneously defined by, and separate from, the state.'  'By regarding the family as an entity which is left free by government silence, the effects of a policy permitting personal domination are obscured." (p. 348; two footnotes omitted)

LUDBROOK, "Corporal Punishment: The Last Days of an Uncivilised Institution", (1998) 40 Youth Law Review 6; New Zealand publication; title noted in my research but article not consulted yet; it appears that there is no copy of this periodical in Canada;
 

MacEWAN, Norman, "Corporal Punishment: The European Commission's ruling", (1981) 26 Journal Law Society of Scotland 235-239;
 

MAGAGULA, Cisco M., The use of corporal punishment in Swaziland secondary & high school, Kwaluseni, Swaziland : Faculty of Education, University of Swaziland, [1986], 35 leaves; title noted in my research but not document not consulted yet;
 

MAURER, Adah, Paddles away : a psychological study of physical punishment in schools, Palo Alto, Calif. : R. & E. Research Associates, 1981, ix, 142 p., ISBN: 0882475991; copy at the University of Ottawa, MRT General, LB 3025 .M28 1981;
 

MERRICK, Joav, "Physical punishment of children in Denmark : an historical perspective", (1986) 10 Child abuse and neglect 263-264; copy at University of Ottawa, HV 701 .C47  Location, MRT Periodicals;
 

McCORMICK, Kenehelm F., "Attitudes of Primary Care Physicians Toward Corporal Punishment", (1992) 267(32) The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) 3161-3165; copy at the University of Ottawa, R 15 .A5, Location: RGN Periodicals;

"In this study, most primary care pediatricians and family physicians were found to support the use of corporal punishment in childhood discipline. This opinion is held in spite of considerable evidence that corporal punishment is neither necessary nor beneficial in child-raising.  The opinion is also held contrary to the official position of scientific and professional groups.  Also, only about half of family physicians include discussion of discipline issues when providing anticipatory guidance to parents." (p. 3165)

MISKIN, Amy K, Corporal punishment : why some parents use less severe discipline practises than they experienced as children, Thesis (Ph.D.), Temple University, 1987, 125 p.; copy at Simon Fraser University, W.A.C. Bennett Library; title noted in my research but document not consulted yet;
 

MITFULL, Cathy and Louis Schetzer, Sufficient protection for Australian children rights? Beyond the Corbett Bill : a comparative analysis of attitudes and legal responses to corporal punishment in the home, Sydney : National Children's and Youth Law Centre, 2000, 28 p., (series; Discussion paper (National Children's and Youth Law Centre (Australia)), ISBN: 187697401X; title noted in my research but book not consulted; no location found for this book in the Ottawa area libraries;

"Summary: The Crimes Amendment Child Protection - Excessive Punishment Bill 2000 seeks to claryfy the law regarding corporal punishment of children. Addresses the right to the private autonomy of the family and the right to cultural self-determination and the level of physical punishment appropriate to be used against children." (source:  http://ilms.nla.gov.au/webpac-bin/wgbroker?111204323633141+1+search+-redir+1-1+select+2+6 accessed on 11 November 2002)

MOLDRICH, Donovan, Somewhere a child is crying : a plea for the abolition of corporal punishment of children and adults, [Colombo] : D. Moldrich, 1986, ii, 201 p.; concerns child abuse in Sri Lanka; title noted in my research but volume not consulted yet; no location found for this book in Canada;
 

MOLLET, Th., De la correction paternelle, Paris: Imprimerie de H. Jouve, 1905, 155 p.; thèse de doctorat, Université de Paris;  titre noté dans mes recherches mais livre non consulté; aucune copie au Canada selon le catalogue AMICUS (18 avril 2003);
 

MURPHY, Elizabeth, A cross-cultural investigation into parental physical punishment, Ph.D. thesis, University of  London 1999, 276 leaves; no abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International; title noted in my research but thesis not consulted yet;
 

MLYNIEC, Wallace J., "Corporal Punishment in the United Kingdom and the United States: Violation of Human Rights or Legitimate State Action?", (1985) 8(1) Boston College International and Comparative Law Review 39-73; important contribution; copy at University of Ottawa, law library, K 202 .B68  Location, FTX Periodicals;
 

MUYART, Frédéric, "Le droit de correction paternelle sous l'ancien régime" dans Hommages à Gérard Boulvert, Nice : Centre d'histoire du droit, 1987, iii, 532 p. aux pp. 381-392, ISBN: 2950097510; copie à McGill University, Nahum Gelber Law Library/Université McGill, Bibliothèque de droit Nahum Gelber, KJV;253;B68;1987 law; titre noté dans ma recherche mais article pas encore consulté;
 

NATIONAL COMMISSION ON REFORM OF FEDERAL CRIMINAL LAWS, Final Report of the National Commission on Reform of Federal Criminal Laws - A Proposed New Federal Criminal Code (Title 18, United States Code), Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971, xxv, 364 p., see "§ 605. Use of Force by Persons with Parental, Custodial or Similar Responsibilities" at pp. 46-47; the proposed code is available on the internet at the Buffalo Criminal Law Center, at "Materials on Federal Criminal Code Reform" which includes also: "Selected Bibliography on Federal Criminal Code Reform", "Special Collection on Federal Criminal Code Reform" and "Conferences on Criminal Code Reform";
 

"§ 605.  Use of Force by Persons with Parental, Custodial or Similar Responsibilities.
The use of force upon another person is justified under any of the following circumstances:
(a) a parent, guardian or other person responsible for the care and supervision of a minor under eighteen years old, or teacher or other person responsible for the care and supervision of such a minor for a special purpose, or a person acting at the direction of any of the foregoing persons, may use force upon the minor for the purpose of safeguarding or promoting his welfare, including prevention and punishment of his misconduct, and the maintenance of proper discipline. The force used for this purpose may be such as is reasonable, whether or not it is "necessary" as required by section 607(1), but must not be designed to cause or known to create a substantial risk of causing death, serious bodily injury, disfigurement or gross degradation;"
------------------------
"§ 607. Limits on the Use of Force: Excessive Force; Deadly Force.
(1) Excessive Force. A person is not justified in using more force than is necessary and appropriate under the circumstances."

NEVER HIT A CHILD, Web site, available at  http://www.neverhitachild.org/  (accessed on 3 December 2004);
 

NEWELL, Peter, 1940-, Children are People Too: The Case against Physical Punishment, London: Bedford Square, 1989, x, 174 p., (series; Society Today), ISBN: 0719912407; title noted in my research but book not consulted as no copy of this book is found in the Ottawa area libraries;

____________"The Human Rights Imperative for Ending all Corporal Punishment of Children", in Stuart N. Hart with Joan Durrant, Peter Newell and F. Clark Power, eds., Eliminating Corporal Punishment: The Way Forward to Constructive Child Diuscipline, Preface by Jaap E. Doek, Foreword by Paulo Sergio Pinheiro, Paris: United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 2005, 162 p., at pp. 25-48 (series; Education on the Move), ISBN: 92310399911; 
 

NEWSON, John, 1925-, and Elizabeth Newson, The extent of parental physical punishment in the UK, London : APPROACH (Association for the Protection of All Children), ISBN: 0951515500; title noted in my research but document not consulted yet; no copy found in Canadian libraries in my research;
 

NEW ZEALAND, Crimes Act 1961,  section 59 :

"59. Domestic discipline.
    (1) Every parent of a child and, subject to subsection (3) of this section, every person in the place of the parent of a child is justified in using force by way of correction towards the child, if the force used is reasonable in the circumstances.

    (2) The reasonabless of the force is a question of fact.

    (3) Nothing in subsection (1) of this section justifies the use of force towards a child in contravention of section 139A of the Education Act 1989."  (see  http://rangi.knowledge-basket.co.nz/gpacts/reprint/text/1999/se/020se59.html)

NEW ZEALAND, Ministry of Justice, Survey on Public Attitudes Towards the Physical Discipline of Children, Wellington: Ministry of Justice, 2001, available at  http://www.justice.govt.nz/pubs/reports/2001/children/index.html;

"Age groups of children
In regards to the questions on the age groups of children, the results indicate that most respondents view punishing very young and older children as unacceptable. This possibly reflects attitudes towards the maturity of the child in  terms of physicality and intellectual development.
      23% thought it was acceptable to physically discipline children under two years old.
      62% thought it was acceptable to physically discipline children 2-5 years old.
      72% thought it was acceptable to physically discipline children 6-10 years old.
      43% thought it was acceptable to physically discipline children 11-14 years old.
      16% thought it was acceptable to physically discipline children 15-17 year olds."

NEW ZEALAND HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION, Public statement on corporal punishment in schools, Wellington, New Zealand : The Commission, 1985, 10, [7] leaves, ISBN:  0477053092; copy at University of Saskatchewan, Libraries, KF4159 .N48 1985; title noted in my research but document not consulted yet;
 

"Ni claques, ni fessées!", site web sur l'internet, disponible à  http://www.niclaquesnifessees.org/ (visionné le 15 juillet 2005);
 

NOBES, Gavin and Marjorie Smith, "Family Structure and the Physical Punishment of Children", (April 2002) 23(3)  Journal of Family Issues 349-373;

___________"Psysical Punishment of Children in Two-parent Families", (1997) 2(2) Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 271-281;

NOBES, Gavin, Marjorie Smith, Penny Upton and Andrea Heverin, "Psysical Punishment by Mothers and Fathers in British Homes", (August 1998) 14(8) Journal of Interpersonal Violence 887-902; 
 

NORTHERN IRELAND, Parliament, House of the Assembly, Consultative Document on Corporal Punishment in Schools in Northern Ireland. Report of the Assembly on the Consultative Document on Corporal Punishment in Schools in Norther Ireland, 1983; as the result of the European court decision; Pamphlet; copy at McMaster University, Mills Memorial Library; title noted in my research but document not consulted;
 

OFFICE OF LAW REFORM, Northern Ireland, Physical Punishment in the Home: Thinking about the Issues.  Looking at the Evidence, 2001, consultation paper; available at  http://www.olrni.gov.uk/home.htm;
 

O'FOLLOWELL, Ludovic, Des punitions chez les enfants, Paris: Imprimerie Waris-Debret, 1911; note: "Ouvrage ayant obtenu le premier prix (médaille d'or) au concours (1909) de la Société d'hygiène de l'enfance"; disponible à http://www.archive.org/details/despunitionschez00ofoluoft (vérifié le 12 avril 2009);

OLSON, Dennis, "The Swedish Ban of Corporal Punishment", [1984] Brigham Young University Law Review 447-456;
 

ORENTLICHER, David, "Spanking and Other Corporal Punishment of Children by Parents: Overvaluing Pain, Undervaluing Children", (1998) 35 Houston Law Review 147-185; copy at the University of Ottawa, law library, KF 292 .T4 H68  Location, FTX Periodicals;

PAGET, Philippe Auguste, De la puissance paternelle dans le droit romain et le droit français, Paris: Pichon-Lamy et Dewez, 1869, thèse, Université de Paris, disponible à http://books.google.com/books?vid=HARVARD32044103175956&printsec=titlepage et http://books.google.com/books?id=jU8OAAAAYAAJ&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 (vérifiés le 10 juin 2008);

PARAISO, Véronique,  Pouvoir paternel et pouvoir politique, réflexion théorique et réponses institutionnelles du XVIe siècle à 1914, Paris: Connaissances et Savoirs, 2005, 459 p., ISBN: 2753900329;

PAPAKIRK, James, Comment, "Michigan's New Corporal Punishment Amendment: Where the Good Act Giveth.  Did the Amendment Taketh Away", (1993) Thomas M. Cooley Law Review 383; titled noted in my research but not consulted; no copy in the Ottawa area libraries;
 

PARK, Myung Sook, Korean immigrant mothers' attitudes toward child physical abuse: An ecological perspective, Ph.D. thesis, The University of Texas at Austin. 1999. 228 p.; title noted in my research but thesis not consulted yet;

[Abstract] "This study explores Korean immigrant mothers' attitudes toward child physical abuse based on an ecological perspective. One hundred and forty-four Korean immigrant mothers who came to the US after age sixteen and have at least one child under 18 years old participated in this study. Data were collected using instruments translated in Korean that measure mothers' attitudes toward child physical abuse in four areas: degree of agreement with physical abuse, conflict tactics, belief in the use of physical punishment, and perceptions regarding physical abuse. Multiple regression analysis was used as the main statistical technique to test the research questions in this study.

This study indicated that Korean immigrant mothers' attitudes toward child physical abuse are shaped by cultural child rearing practices. This study found that generally Korean immigrant mothers who participated in the study have overall negative attitudes toward physical abuse of children. However, this study supported previous findings that Korean immigrant mothers have strong beliefs about the necessity of physical punishment used as discipline. Also, this study found that the majority of respondents think that child abuse is the result of parents' love of their children, and therefore, the problem of child abuse should be considered an individual issue rather than a social issue.

Further analyses found that the following variables affect Korean immigrant mothers' attitudes toward child physical abuse at ecological levels of the environment: amount of time spent with children, experience of corporal punishment as a child, children's gender and age, family acculturation conflicts, mothers' age, and length of time in US at the micro level; involvement in their children's school and involvement in social organizations at the meso level; level of education and reported stress of immigrant life at the exo, level; value of children in Korean culture, familiarity with Child Protective Services, perceived discrimination, and value of corporal punishment at the macro level.

This study suggests the importance of cultural sensitivity in social work practice when working with Korean immigrants. It also implies that intervention and prevention efforts of child abuse should be targeted at more than one level of the environment." (Dissertation Abstracts International,  vol. 60-09, Section: A, p. 3528)

PARKER, "Repeal of Section 59 of the Crimes Act [of New Zealand]", (1994) 25 Youth Law Review 11; this periodical is published in New Zealand; title noted in my research but not consulted yet; no copy located in the Ottawa area libraries;

 
PARSONS,  Simon, "Human Rights and the Defence of Chastisement", (August 2007) 71(4) Journal of Criminal Law 308-317;

PATRIGNANI, Angela, and Renaud Villé, Violence in the family : an international bibliography with literature review : executive summary, Rome, Italy : UNICRI  (United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute) c1995, 16, 16 p. and 1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.), (series; Issues and reports, 1020-1548; 4); note: Added title page title: Violence dans la famille; see  executive summary at  http://www.unicri.it/html/issues___reports_no__4.htm as seen on 9 February 2002);
 

PHILIPPS, Barry, "The Case for Corporal Punishment in the United Kingdom.  Beaten into Submission in Europe", (1994) 43 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 153-163; 

PINHEIRO, see UNITED NATIONS and Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, infra;

POELSTRA, Paul L., Corporal Punishment of Children, Web Page at  http://people.biola.edu/faculty/paulp/index.html;
 

POLLARD, Deana, "Banning Child Corporal Punishment", (2002-2003) 77 Tulane Law Review 575-657; available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1310301 (accessed on 4 December 2008);
 

POLLOCK, Linda A., Forgotten children : parent-child relations from 1500 to 1900, Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1983, xi, 334 p., see "Discipline and control" at pp. 143-202 (Discipline in the home at pp. 144-188 and Discipline in school at pp. 188-202); ISBN: 0521250099 and 0521271339 (pbk.) copy at the University of Ottawa, MRT, General HQ 767.87 .P64 1983;

"The information provided by the sources reveals that parents, through the centuries studied, have tried to control, or at least regulate, their children's behaviour.  Various methods have been employed to achieve this objective: physical punishment, deprivation of privileges, advice, lectures, making the child feel ashamed, and remonstrations.  The method used to discipline a child varied according to the parent and child rather the time period, with the possible exception of the early 19th century - in every century strict and indulgent parents appeared. British parents would, however, seem to be stricter than American." (p. 199)

"The severity of the early 19th century was most unusual.  It was possibly a reaction to the rapid changes in society and the increased severity in school was perhaps due to the English school cult." (p. 202)

___________"Parent-Child Relations" in David I. Kertzer and Marzio Barbagli, eds., The history of the European family, Volume One, Family Life in Early Modern Times 1500-1789, New Haven and London : Yale University Press, 2001, xxxii, 365 p., Chapter 7, at pp. 191-220, see "Discipline" at pp. 198-202, ISBN: 0300089716;
 

POUMARÈDE, Jacques, "Les tribulations de l'autorité paternelle de l'ancien droit au Code Napoléon"  dans Michel Chauvière, Pierre Lenoël et  Eric Pierre, textes réunis par, Protéger l'enfant : raison juridique et pratiques socio-judiciaires, XIXe-XXe siècles, Rennes : Presses universitaires de Rennes, [1996], 183 p., (Collection; Collection "Des sociétés"),  ISBN:  2868471838; titre noté dans ma recherche mais pas article pas encore consulté; ce livre n'est pas disponible dans les bibliothèques de la région d'Ottawa; copie à l'Université de Montréal, KJV 3620 P76 1996;
 

POWER, F. Clark and Stuart N. Hart, "The Way Forward to Constructive Child Discipline", in Stuart N. Hart with Joan Durrant, Peter Newell and F. Clark Power, eds., Eliminating Corporal Punishment: The Way Forward to Constructive Child Diuscipline, Preface by Jaap E. Doek, Foreword by Paulo Sergio Pinheiro, Paris: United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 2005, 162 p., at pp. 91-128 (series; Education on the Move), ISBN: 92310399911;

PRICE, Nicola, An analysis of the consequences and factors influencing parent's use of physical punishment, B.N. Dissertation, University of Nottingham, 2000, vi, 82 leaves;
 

PROJECT NO SPANK, web site at http://www.nospank.net/ (as seen on 10 February 2002);
 

QUINCY-LEFEBVRE, Pascale, "Une autorité sous tutelle.  La justice et le droit de correction des pères sous la Troisième République", (Printemps 1997) 37 Lien social et politiques -- RIAC 99-109; note: anciennement Revue internationale d'action communautaire;
 

R v H (Assault of Child: Reasonable Chastisement), [2001] EWCA Civ 1024, [2001] 2 FLR 431; see http://www.lawreports.co.uk/civapr1.3.htm;
 

RAYMOND, Guy, avec la collaboration de Christiane Barreteau-Raymond, Droit de l'enfance et de l'adolescence: Le droit français est-il conforme à la Convention internationale des droits de l'enfant?, Paris: Litec, 1995, xv, 383 p., ISBN: 2711125556; copie à la bibliothèque de la Cour suprême du Canada, Ottawa, KJV 331 R39 1995;

"En ce qui concerne les parents, les principes ont été dégagés dans un vieil arrêt de la Cour de cassation, estimant que la nature et les lois civiles ont donné aux pères sur leurs enfants une autorité de correction, ceux-ci ne disposent cependant pas du droit d'exercer sur eux des violences ou mauvais traitements qui mettraient leur vie ou leur santé en péril.  Ce droit de recourir aux châtiments corporels est en principe refusé par les textes aux instituteurs et éducateurs; mais la jurisprudence se montre relativement tolérante, car la Cour de cassation reconnaît aux juges du fond un large pouvoir d'appréciation; [...]" (p. 205; notes omises)

REITMAN,  Alan, "Corporal Punishment in the Schools: The Civil Liberties Objections" in Irwin A Hyman and James H. Wise, eds., Corporal punishment in American education : readings in history, practice, and alternatives...pref. by Nat Hentoff, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1979, xv, 471 p.at pp. 196-206 (series; Temple University Press, Philadelphia; Readings in History, Practicve, and Alternatives), ISBN:  0877221472; the book contains 32 articles; copy at the University of Ottawa, LB 3025 .C67 1979 MRT;  a note a p. 196 indicates that Reitman's article was first published in "J. Wise (ed.), Proceedings: Conference on Corporal Punishment in the Schools: A National Debate, Washington (D.C.): National Institute of Education, 1977 (NIE-P-77-0079)";
 

RENTELN, Alison Dundes, The Cultural Defense, New York : Oxford University Press, 2004, viii, 404 p., see in particular Chapter 4, "Children", at pp. 48-72 with notes at pp. 222-227; see "Discipline" at pp. 54-57, ISBN: 0195154029; copy at Ottawa University, FTX General: K 5455 .R46 2004; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, K 5455 .R46 2004;
 

RINGA, Rachid, "La punition corporelle dans le système scolaire marocain" dans,  sous la direction de,  Denis Jeffrey et Claude Simard, Ennseigner et punir, Québec: Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 2000, xv, 203 p. aux pp. 157-171 (Collection; La vie dans la classe), ISBN: 2763777724; copie à l'Université d'Ottawa, MRT, LB 3025 .E59 2000;
 

ROBERT, Philippe, Traité de droit des mineurs : place et rôle dans l'évolution du droit français contemporain, [Paris] : [Cujas], 1969, VIII, 640 p.; copie à la bibliothèque de la Cour suprême du Canada, KJV 331 R62 1969;

"La correction paternelle a une histoire beaucoup plus ancienne.  On en rattache traditionnellement le fondement au jus vitae necisque, plus ou moins légendaire du droit romain primitif.  Très vite, en droit romain, une cognito extraordinaria est venue réprimer les abus du pater familias.  Le droit de tuer était soumis à des formes légales et le filius maltraité a pu, dès le III^e siècle, obtenir son affranchissement, le père gardant seulement un droit de correction.  Le droit de correction s'est scindé en deux brances.  Le droit de donner des châtiments corporels aux enfants a été reconnu avec de plus en plus de réticences par la coutume et tout excès entraînerait à l'époque actuelle de sévères poursuites pénales, encore que le principe même du châtiment corporel reste une prérogative familiale.  Au sens technique du terme, le droit de correction est plutôt entendu comme le droit pour le détenteur de la puissance paternelle d'appeler à son secours le monopoloteur de la geôle, le prince.  Dans l'ancien régime, les pères pouvaient en principe faire incarcérer ainsi leurs enfants sans avoir à donner de justifications. [...]" (pp. 101-102)

ROBINSON, Paul H., 1948-, Criminal Law Defences, 2 volumes, St. Paul (Minnesota):  West Publishing, 1984, xli, 585 p. (for vol. 1) and xxvii, 783 p. (for vol. 2), see for teachers, "§ 143. Authority to Maintain Public Order and Safety" at pp. 146-160 and for parents, also volume 2, "§ 144. Parental and Benevolent Custodial Authority" at pp. 161-172; ,  (Criminal Practice Series), ISBN: 0314815139 (series of 2 volumes);
 

___________ Structure and Function in Criminal Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997, xxxc, 251 p., (series; Oxford monographs on criminal law and criminal justice), ISBN: 0198258860;

"Appendix A: A DRAFT CODE of CONDUCT
........
62.  Use of Force by Parent, Guardian, Teacher, or Caretaker
 If you are a parent, guardian, teacher, or caretaker, you may use reasonable force against a minor or incompetent if:
(a) you are legally responsible for the minor or incompetent's care or supervision,
    AND
(b) such force is necessary to safeguard the well-being of the minor or incompetent" (pp. 211 and 219-220)

ROGERS, Jonathan, "A Criminal Lawyer's Response to Chastisement in the European Court of Human Rights", [2002] The Criminal Law Review 98-113;
 

RONNE, Norman Clive, The Corporal punishment of children: a theological-ethical evaluation, Master Thesism University of South Africa, 1997, thesis advisor: Kretzschmar, Louise; title noted in my research but thesis not consulted yet;

[Abstract] "The corporal punishment of children is being widely challenged today. Christians have traditionally followed the "spare the rod and spoil the child" approach and must respond to the new situation. Corporal punishment is part of the wider disciplinary process. It can lead to corporal abuse, but this is not a reason per se to reject it.

Parents have a right to discipline their children, including the use of reasonable corporal punishment. Teachers can also use corporal punishment to enforce discipline, although its use will soon be banned in all South African schools, following world trends.

Corporal punishment in the home and at school satisfies the criteria of both the deontological and teleogical approach to theological ethics. It should be retained as part of a multi-faceted approach to discipline." (Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 36-03, p. 0694)

ROPER, Gregory A., Corporal punishment and children who are deaf : a study of prevalence and attitudes, dissertation, Temple Univ., Diss., 1997, x, 119 sheets;  title noted in my research but thesis not consulted yet;

[Abstract] "The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of corporal punishment as a disciplinary practice with children who are deaf and attitudes regarding its use. The study further sought to identify any relationships between communication preferences and the amount or severity of corporal punishment used. A 49-item survey was developed and given to 52 single, young deaf adults who were enrolled in post-secondary training programs. Results of the survey showed that 86% of the participants received corporal punishment from their parents or guardians at least sometimes. Participants reported that corporal punishment may begin before the age of 2 years and continue late into the teenage years. Several types of corporal punishment were received with spanking, slapping and whipping being the most popular. Eighty-one (81) percent reported usually feeling mild to moderate pain when receiving corporal punishment. The belt was the most used instrument for administering punishment, although other instruments included wooden spoons, shoes/boots, sticks, electric cords, fireplace poker, and plastic cord. Forty-six (46) percent felt that corporal punishment is good for a child's moral and emotional development. Fifty-two (52) percent think spanking is an effective way to discipline children. Thirty-four (34) percent said they intend to spank their children. No demographic variables were found to be related to the frequency of punishment received, but parent educational level and using hearing aids were found to correlate negatively with the age at which corporal punishment ended. Favorite communication mode was related to whether participants plan to spank their children. The results of this study suggest that deaf children receive corporal punishment with the same frequency and severity as hearing children. Present attitudes about corporal punishment may be affected by levels of corporal punishment received, communication factors, ages received, parent educational level and age deafness was diagnosed. Finally, current attitudes about the effects of corporal punishment on children may not solely determine a commitment to using it." (Dissertation Abstracts International, vol. 58-10, Section: B, p. 5702).

ROSEMOND, John K., “Should the Use of Corporal Punishment by Parents be Considered Child Abuse?  No” and "John K. Rosemonds Responds" in Mary Ann Mason and Eileen Gambrill, eds., Debating Children's Lives: Current Controversies on Children and Adolescents, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1994, xviii, 355 p., at pp. 210-214 and 215-216,  ISBN: 0803954581 and 080395459X (pbk.); copy at the University of Ottawa, HQ 792 .U5 D45 1994 MRT;
 

ROSENBERG, Irene Merker, "Ingraham v. Wright: The Supreme Court's Whipping Boy", (1978) 78 Columbia Law Review 75-110; copy at the University of Ottawa, law library, KFN 5069 .C657, Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

ROUX, J.-A., Cours de droit criminel français, deuxième édition revue et augmentée, Paris: Recueil Sirey, 1927, 2 volumes, voir "Du motif légitime proprement dit", livre 1 aux pp. 202-204; copie à la maison;

"Du motif légitime proprement dit.
§ 58.

    On doit également comprendre parmi les faits justificatifs le motif légitime¹.

    Il est clair, en effet, que lorsque l'auteur d'un fait, que la loi qualifie délit, peut dire ' feci, sed jure feci ', aucune peine ne saurait être encourue; l'existence du motif justifie l'action et supprime le caractère illicite de celle-ci.

    Il en est ainsi toutes les fois que l'action commise est l'exercice d'un droit².

    Par exemple, ne sont pas punissables les violences légères qu'un père ou un maître exerce sur la personne d'un enfant ou d'un élève, en vertu du droit de correction ou de discipline qui leur appartient³.  [...]
----
1. V. Gaius, loi 55 Dig., De regulis juris, Liv. L, tit 17: ' Nullus videtur dolo facere, qui suo jure utitur '; Jousse, II, p. 637.  On a quelquefois rangé le motif légitime parmi les excuses absolutoires.  Mais, c'est là une opinion qui paraît erronée; car, si l'auteur du fait que l'on prétend incriminé a eu le droit de faire ce qu'il a fait, il a agi sans faute; et on n'apperçoit pas comment on pourrait voir en lui un coupable.  V. Chauveau et F. Hélie, III, n^os 883 et 884; Laborde, n^o 190; Garçon, Code pén. ann., sous l'article 186, n^o 24; Garraud, 3^e éd., II, n^o 459.

2. L'assimilation du motif légitime et du droit est faite par la loi.  V. articles 93, 175 al. 4, 186.

3.  V. Jousse, II, p. 637, et III, p. 619; Laborde, n^o190; Garraud, 3^e éd., II, n^o 459; Cass., 18 janvier 1889, S. 1889.1.234; 4 décembre 1908, S. 1810.1.160." (p. 202)

RUSSELL, Marie and Beth Wood, "A violence-free family environment: the views of parents who don’t smack", Epoch, New Zealand; available at http://epochnz.virtualave.net/paper_violence_free.html;
 

SALLER,  Richard P., "Corporal punishment authority, and obedience in the Roman household" in Beryl Rawson, ed., Marriage, divorce, and children in ancient Rome, Canberra : Humanities Research Centre; Oxford : Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1991, xii, 252 p., ISBN: 0198149182 and 0198150458 (pbk., 1996 printing); copy at the University of Ottawa, HQ 511 .M37 1991 MRT;  I have not consulted this article yet; book checked and out on two instances;
 

___________Patriarchy, property, and death in the Roman family, Cambridge [England]; New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 1994, xiv, 249 p., see Chapter 6, "Whips and words : discipline and punishment in the Roman household" at pp. 133-153  (series; Cambridge studies in population, economy, and society in past time; volume 25), ISBN: 0521326036; copy at the University of Ottawa, MRT General, HQ 511 .S35 1994;

"It would be easy to assume that in Roman society, where beating was a pervasive form of discipline, fathers regularly relied on the whip to discipline their children and their slaves alike.  A close examination of the evidence, however, yields a different picture, rooted in the wider cultural associations of the whip.

That the paterfamilias had the legal right to apply the whip is beyond question, but what was the Roman attitude toward the use of the whip as a mode of discipline of children?  There was no single attitude, but a discussion representing a range of views." (p. 142)

SAWYER, Caroline, "Hitting People is Wrong", (2000) 30 Family Law 654-655;
 

SCHERZER,  Fernand, 1849-1886, La puissance paternelle en Chine; étude de droit chinois, Paris, E. Leroux, 1878, vii, 80 p.; disponible à http://books.google.com/books?vid=HARVARD32044019054444&printsec=titlepage#PPP11,M1 et http://books.google.com/books?id=2RQu8TMNhW0C&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 (vérifiés le 12 juin 2008);

SCHNAPPER, Bernard, "Le père, le procureur et l'enfant: le mythe des enfants martyrs au XIXème siècle", dans Le droit non civil de la famille, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1983, x, 435 p. aux pp. 357-374 (Collection; Publications de la Faculté de droit et des sciences sociales de Poitiers, ISSN 0337-1484; vol. 10); aussi publié dans le recueil d'articles: Schnapper, Bernard, Voies nouvelles en histoire du droit : la justice, la famille,la répression pénale (XVIème siècles), Paris : Presses universitaires de France, 1991, 680 p. aux pp. 597-614 (Collection; Publication de la Faculté de droit et des sciences sociales de Poitiers ; t. 18), ISBN: 2130441532; bibliographie des travaux de Schnapper, aux pp. 5-8; copie à l'Université d'Ottawa, bibliothèque de droit, FTX General, KJV 447.7 .S534 1991;
 

___________"La correction paternelle et le mouvement des idées au XIXème siècle", (1980) 263 Revue historique 319-349; article aussi publié dans le recueil d'articles: Schnapper, Bernard, Voies nouvelles en histoire du droit : la justice, la famille,la répression pénale (XVIème siècles), Paris : Presses universitaires de France, 1991, 680 p. aux pp. 523-553 (Collection; Publication de la Faculté de droit et des sciences sociales de Poitiers ; t. 18), ISBN: 2130441532; bibliographie des travaux de Schnapper, aux pp. 5-8; copie à l'Université d'Ottawa, bibliothèque de droit, FTX General, KJV 447.7 .S534 1991;
 

SCHULZ, Fritz, 1879-, Classical Roman Law, Oxford: Clarendon Press, xii, 650 p.; copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX General, KJA 149 .S37513 1951;

"Domestic discipline lies in the hands of the father and this implies even the right to kill the child in the course of managing domestic affairs.  This potestas vitae necisque expressly mentioned in the Twelve Tables (iv. 2) seemed to the lawyers the core of Roman patria potestas, as the old formula of adrogatio (above, s. 244) clearly shows.  It was maintained throughout the classical period and even Constantine mentions it as being still in force; eventually it was abrogated by Valentinian and Valens.  Occasionally the classical emperors interfered with its exercise.  Trajan compelled a father who had chastised his son contra pietatem to emancipate him.  Hadrian punished a father who had killed his son in hunting (not in the course of a domestic procedure) by relegatio." (p. 151)

__________Criminal Justice (Scotland)  Bill - Policy Memorandum, "This document relates to the Criminal Justice (Scotalnd) Bill (SP Bill 50) as introduced in the Scottish Parliament on 26 March 2002", see See Part 7: Children (sections 43-44), pp. 36-41, paragraphs 208 to 238; available at  http://www.scottish.parliament.uk/parl_bus/bills/b50s1pm.pdf, (accessed on 15 August 2002);

___________A Draft Criminal Code for Scotland with commentary, see CLIVE, supra; 
 

___________the Executive Justice Department, The physical punishment of children in Scotland : a consultation, [Edinburgh] : The Dept., 2000, 32 p ; ISBN:  0748093230; available at http://www.scotland.gov.uk/library2/doc11/ppcs-00.asp (as seen on 2 February 2002);
 

__________Scottish Executive, Justice, "Minister responds to smacking survey 15/02/02" available at  http://www.scotland.gov.uk/pages/news/2002/02/SE5350.aspx

"The Bill will be published next month and it will be closely scrutinised by the Parliament and the Justice Committee. Let’s have a mature debate on this." (Jim Wallace, Justice Minister)

___________"No smacking rule for children under three 06/09/2001" available at  http://www.scotland.gov.uk/pages/news/2001/09/SE3050.aspx
 

SCOTLAND, Scottish Executive, Standards in Scotland's Schools etc. Bill [as introduced] : an Act of the Scottish Parliament to make further provision as respects school education, the welfare of pupils attending independent schools and corporal punishment of pupils for whom school education is provided; to make further provision as respects School Boards; to make further provision as respects the functions, constitution and structure of the General Teaching Council for Scotland; to abolish the committee known as the Scottish Joint Negotiating Committee for School Education; and for connected purposes, Edinburgh : Scottish Executive, 2000, iii, 40 p. (series; SP Bill 6, Session 1 (2000)); available at  http://www.hmso.gov.uk/legislation/scotland/acts2000/20000006.htm;
 

SCOTLAND, Scottish Law Commission, Report on family law : laid before Parliament by the Lord Advocate under section 3(2) of the Law Commissions Act 1965, Edinburgh : HMSO, [1992], viii, 238 p. (series; Scot Law Com.; no. 135), ISBN:  0102004935; see "Corporal Punishment" paragraphs 2.87 to 2.105; available at  http://www.scotland.gov.uk/library2/doc11/rfl-00.asp (as seen on 2 February 2002);
 

SHAPIRA, Ron, "Disciplinary Measures Against Minors as Justification in Criminal Law", (1996) 30 Israel Law Review 161-170;
 

SHNIT, Dan, "Protecting Children from Violence : Legal Aspects", (2001) 30 Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 267-287, see "Punishment of Parents for the Offense of Assault under Israeli Law" at pp. 272-275; article written after Israel Supreme Court, Criminal Appeal 4596/98 Plonit v. A.G, supra;

"The main effort should be directed towards informing and educating parents with regard to the inherent negativity of violence as a means of discipline and education.  Only once the public has undergone an intensive educational process with regard to the moral and utilitarian justification of prohibiting physical punishment in rearing children will it be possible to expect compliance with the law." (p. 275)

SIMONS, Ronal L., Christine Johnson, and Rand D. Conger, “Harsh Corporal Punishment Versus Quality of Parental Involvement as an Explanation of Adolescent Maladjustment”, (1994) 56 Journal of Marriage and the Family 591-607;  copy at the University of Ottawa, HQ 1 .J48 Location, MRT Periodicals;

SLADE, Eric P., and Lawrence S. Wissow, "Spanking in Early Childhood and Later Behavior Problems: A Prospective Study of Infants and Young Toddlers", (5 May 2004) 113 Pediatrics 1321-1330;

SMITH, Anne D., "Is physical punishment a mental health risk for children?", Paper presented to Child and Adolescent Mental Health Conference, Dunnedin, September 22, 2005, 22 p.; available at http://www.otago.ac.nz/cic/publications/0510Smith05IsPhysicalPun.pdf (accessed on 12 February 2006);
 

SMITH, Rhona K.M., " 'Hand-off parenting?' -- towards a reform of the defence of reasonable chastisement in the UK", (2004) 16(3) Child and Family Law Quarterly 261-272; copy at the library of the Supreme Court of Canada;

"This article reviews the law relating to the defence of reasonable chastisement in the UK, analysing the impact of European and International jurisprudence thereon." (p. 261)

___________"Spare the Rod and Spoil the Child?" (1999) Scots Law Times (News) 139-142; copy at the library of the Supreme Court of Canada, location: Room C, U.K. Law reports, JUR;

"Rhona Smith argues that in the light of recent developments in human rights law, Scots law relating to the right of parental chastisement will need to be reformed." (p. 139)

___________" 'You Can't Hit Me Now'  Reforming the Law of Scotalnd on the Psysical Punishment of Children", (24 May 2002, issue 17) Scots Law Times (News) 145-148; copy at the library of the Supreme Court of Canada, location: Room C, U.K. Law reports, JUR; important contribution;

"The writer considers the changes to the law regarding the physical chastisement of children proposed in cl 43 of the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Bill, asking are they necessary and are they viable?" (p. 1345)

SOCOLAR, Rebecca and Ruth E.K. Stein, "Spanking Infants and Toddlers: Maternal Belief and Practice", (1995) 95(1) Pediatrics 105-111; copy at the University of Ottawa, RJ 1 .P365, Location: RGN Periodicals;
 

SOMERHAUSEN, Colette, "L'évolution du droit des mineurs en Belgique" dans  L'Enfant, Bruxelles : Éditions de la Librairie encyclopédique, 1977, 435 p., aux pp. 181-216 (Collection; Recueils de la Société Jean Bodin pour l'histoire comparative des institutions; volumes 38); note de recherche: les volumes 35 à 39 ont tous le titre L'Enfant; le volume 38 a pour titre complet: L'Enfant, Quatrième partie: La délinquance juvénile; copie à l'Université d'Ottawa, MRT général, CB 3 .S6 v. 38 1977; aussi publié dans (1973) Revue internationale de sociologie 87-113; copie à l'Université d'Ottawa, HM 405 .R49  Location, MRT Periodicals;

    "La place que tient la famille dans la société du Moyen-Age, à la fin de l'Ancien Régime, comme l'étroite dépendance de l'enfant à l'égard du groupe familial, expliquent l'extension du droit de correction paternelle, qui allait jusqu'à comprendre la mise aux galères pour plusieurs années.  La société reconnaît au père le droit et le devoir de châtier l'enfant coupable, et elle se décharge ainsi sur le dépositaire de l'autorité paternelle du souci de réprimer des actes socialement répréhensibles.

    La correction paternelle avait cependant des limites.  Aux termes de la Caroline, les parents autorisés à battre leurs enfants ne pouvaient toutefois ni les estropier, ni les mutiler.  D'autres restrictions, en outre, étaient formulées pour certaines régions.  C'est ainsi que les parents liégeois ne pouvaient faire emprisonner leurs enfants sans décret impétré à l'officialité de Liège ou au siège des échevins, c'est-à-dire obtenu sur requête présentée à ces autorités, et produit au geôlier dans les 3 jours de l'incarcération.

    Cette répression relevant de l'intervention paternelle, comme les principes généraux d'une réaction judiciaire atténuée à l'égard des jeunes délinquants, expliquent que peu de renseignements nous sont parvenus sur la délinquance juvénile à cette époque.  Les sources sont peu abondantes et mentionnent rarement l'âge des jeunes impliqués dans les affaires judiciaires, parce que les délinquants passaient sans transition de la justice familiale à celle des adultes." (pp. 185-186; une note d'omise)

"The spanking debate", (November 2002) 19(5) Harvard Mental Health Letter 1-3;

STATTIN, Hakan., Harald Janson, Ingrid Klackenberg-Larsson, and David Magnuson, "Corporal punishment in everyday life: an intergenerational perspective" in Joan McCord,  ed., Coercion and Punishment in Long-Term Perspectives, Cambridge (UK) and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995¸ xiii, 392 p., at pp. 315-347, ISBN: 0521450691 (hardback in 1995) and 0521645670 (pbk in 1998); copy at the University of Ottawa, HQ 770.4 .C64 1995 MRT;
 

STEINMETZ, Suzanne K. and Murray A.Strauss, 1926-, eds., Violence in the Family, New York and Toronto: Dodd, Mead, 1974, ix, 337 p. ISBN:  0396068642; copy at the University of Ottawa, MRT General, HQ 809.3 .U5 V57 1974b;
 

STRAUS, Murray A. (Murray Arnold), 1926-, with Denise Donnelly, Beating the devil out of them : corporal punishment in American families, New York: Lexington Books, 1994, xvii, 297  p., ISBN: 0029317304; copy at the University of Ottawa, HQ 770.4 .S77 1994 MRT;
 

STRAUS, Murray A., 1926-, and Glenda Kaufman Kantor, "Corporal punishment of adolescents by parents: a risk factor in the epidemiology of depression, suicide, alcohol abuse, child abuse, and wife beating", (1994) 29 Adolescence 543-61; copy at the University of Ottawa,  MRT Periodicals, HQ 793 .A44;
 

STRAUS, Murray A., 1926-, and Anita K. Mathur, "Social Change and Trends in Approval of Corporal Punishment By Parents from 1968  to 1994" in Detlev Frehsee, Wiebke Horn and Kai-D. Bussman, eds., Violence against Children, Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1996, viii, 204 p. at pp. 91-105  (series;  Prevention and intervention in childhood and adolescence; volume19); available at  http://termiumplus.bureaudelatraduction.gc.ca/site/francais/bienvenue.html; no copy in the Ottawa area libraries;
 

STRAUS, Murray A., 1926-, and J.H. Stewart, Corporal Punishment by American Parents: national data on prevalence, chronicity, severity and duration in relation to child and family characteristics. Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire, 1998; title noted in my research but document not consulted yet; I did not find any Canadian library having this document;
 

STRAUS, Murray A., 1926-, and Carries L. Yodanis, "Corporal Punishment in Adolescence and Psysical Assaults on Spouses in Later Life: What Accounts for the Link?",  (1996) 58 Journal of Marriage and the Family 825-841; copy at the University of Ottawa, HQ 1 .J48  Location, MRT Periodicals;
 

STRAUS, Murray A. 1926-, Commentary, "Corporal Punishment and Primary Prevention of Physical Abuse", (2000) 24 Child Abuse & Neglect 1109-1114; copy at University of Ottawa, HV 701 .C47  Location, MRT Periodicals;
 

___________"Corporal punishment in America and its effect on children", (1996)  3/2 Journal of Child Centred Practice 57-77; title noted in my research but article not consulted yet; it appears that no Canadian library carries this periodical;
 

___________“Should the Use of Corporal Punishment by Parents be Considered Child Abuse? Yes” and "Murray A. Straus Responds"  in Mary Ann Mason and Eileen Gambrill, eds., Debating Children's Lives: Current Controversies on Children and Adolescents, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1994, xviii, 355 p., at pp. 197-203 and 219-222,  ISBN: 0803954581 and 080395459X (pbk.); copy at the University of Ottawa, HQ 792 .U5 D45 1994 MRT;
 

___________“Spanking and the Making of a Violent Society” (1996) 98(4)Pediatrics 837-842; copy at Ottawa University, Health Library;
 

SZEFTEL, Marc, "Le statut juridique de l'enfant en Russie avant Pierre le Grand", in L'Enfant, Bruxelles : Éditions de la Librairie encyclopédique, 1976, aux pp. 635-656, voir  sur le droit de correction, les pp. 642-644 (Collections; Recueil de la Société Jean Bodin pur l'histoire comparative des institutions; Tome 36); le titre complet du tome 36 est : L'enfant, Deuxième partie: Europe médiévale et moderne; copie de ce livre à la Douglas Library, Queen's University, Kingston, H13 S622 no. 36;
 

TASMANIA LAW REFORM INSTITUTE, Jenny Gawlik, Terese Henning, and Kate Warner, Physical Punishment of Children, October 2002, 58 p. (series; issues papers; number 3);  available at  http://www.law.utas.edu.au/reform/PhysicalPunishment.pdf (accessed on 8 February 2003);
 

TASMANIA LAW REFORM INSTITUTE, Physical Punishment of Children -- Final Report, October 2003, [ii], 54 p.; available at  http://www.law.utas.edu.au/reform/Publications/Physical%20Punishment/PhysPunFinalReporteasyprint.pdf (accessed on 18 July 2004);

TAYLOR, Nicola, "Physical Punishment of Children: International Legal Developments", (March 2005) 5(1) New Zealand Family Law Journal 14-22; available at  http://www.otago.ac.nz/cic/publications/0510Taylor05PhysicalPunishment.pdf (accessed on 11 February 2006);
 

TRIPP, Norman D., "Acting in 'Loco Parentis' As a Defense to Assault and Battery", (1967) 16(1) Cleveland-Marshall Law Review 39-49; copy at the University of Ottawa, law library, KFO 175 .C539, FTX Periodicals;

"At common law, a relationship of in loco parentis arises by intention, not by chance, and is not dependent on formal legal adoption.  In order for such a relationship to exist, the person standing in loco parentis must have intended to assume, without formal legal approval or adoption proceedings, the duties and obligations of a parent.  The relationship may arise if a person receives a child into his own family, undertaking the care and control of the child in the absence of its natural parents and holding the child out to the world as a member of the family.  The child must remain in the home during this period although the relationship is intended to be only temporary and not permanent." (p. 40, footnotes omitted)

TRUNBALL, D.A. and Ravenel DuBose, "Spare the rod?  New research challenges spanking critics", (1996) 9 Familiy Policy 1-8; title noted in my research but article not consulted yet; no copy in the Ottawa area libraries;
 

TURNER, Heather A. and David Finkelkor, "Corporal Punishment as a Stressor Among Youths", (1996) 58 Journal of Marriage and the Family 155-166; copy at the University of Ottawa, HQ 1 .J48  Location, MRT Periodicals;
 

UNITED KINGDOM, Department of Health, Protecting Children, Supporting Parents A Consultation Document on the Physical Punishment of Children, London: Department of Health, 1999-; the web site at http://www.doh.gov.uk/scg/pcspresponse/, as seen on 9 February 2002 includes the consultation document, the responses and the analysis of the responses;

UNITED NATIONS and Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, Rights of the Child, United Nations, General Assembly, 29 August 2006, A/61/299, 34 p.; available at http://www.violencestudy.org/IMG/pdf/English.pdf (accessed on 21 October 2006);

UNITED STATES,  Congress, House, Committee on Education and Labor, Subcommittee on Select Education, Hearing on corporal punishment : hearing before the Subcommittee on Select Education of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, hearing held in Washington, DC, June 18, 1992, Washington : U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office, 1992, iii, 106 p.; note: "Serial no. 102-131"; LCCN:  94124137, ISBN:  0160397979; US GPO item no.:  1015-A; US GPO item no.:  1015-B (MF); US Gov't Document Class. System:  Y 4.ED 8/1:102-131; Report no.:  Serial no. 102-131 (United States. Congress House. Committee on Education and Labor); copy at Dalhousie University, Sir James Dunn Law Library, Nova Scotia,   K 10 P18 no.3665; title noted in my research but document not consulted yet;
 

___________Congress, Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, . Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice, Corporal punishment in the schools : hearing before the Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-eighth Congress, second session, on oversight on corporal punishment in schools and what is an appropriate range of discipline by school officials, October 17, 1984, Washington : U.S. G.P.O., 1985,  iii, 81 p.; (series; Senate hearings 98-1272 98-1272); (Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche; "Serial no. J-98-146."; Item 1042-A, 1042-B (microfiche), (US Gov't Document Class. System:  Y 4.J 89/2:S.hrg.98-1272); copy at the University of British Columbia, Walter C. Koerner Library, LB3025 .U558 1985 ABV-0439; title noted in my research but document not consulted yet;
 

URLICH, Rachelle, "Physical Discipline in the Home", (1992-95) 7 Auckland University Law Review 851-860; copy at the library of the Supreme Court of Canada, Ottawa;
 

VOGEL, Franz Adam,  Code criminel de l'empereur Charles V, vulgairement appelé' la Caroline, contenant les loix qui sont suivies dans les Jurisdictions criminelles de l'Empire, et à l'usage des Conseils de guerre des troupes suisses, Paris : Simon, 1734, [xxvi], 365 p.; copie à l'Université de Montréal; aucune photocopie de permise (Pavillon Samuel-Bronfman, 300, avenue Jean-Brillant), 4e étage, 4e étage, Salle 4030, tel. (514) 343-6111, poste 3832, UdeM Coll. spec CSb, 343.0945 V878c Livre rare; note de recherche: Ordonnance de Charles-Quint du 20 octobre 1541 est aussi disponible dans le Recueil des Ordonnances des Pays-Bas, 2e série, 1536-1543, t. 4, Bruxelles, 1907,  p. 325; sur l'importance de La Caroline, voir comme piste de recherche, Somerhausen, supra;
 

WALLEN, David, special to the Globe and Mail with reports from AP and John Saunders in Toronto, ""British seek stricker law on spanking of children", The Globe and Mail, Wednesday, January 19, 2000, p. A10;
 

WATT, Jeffrey R., "The Impact of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation" in David I. Kertzer and Marzio Barbagli, eds., The history of the European family, Volume One, Family Life in Early Modern Times 1500-1789, New Haven and London : Yale University Press, 2001, xxxii, 365 p., Chapter 5, at pp. 125-154, see "The Disciplining of Children" at pp. 144-145, ISBN: 0300089716;
 

WHARTON, Francis, 1820-1889, A Treatise on criminal law, 9th ed.,  Philadelphia : Kay and Bro., 1885,  2 v., xi, 917 p.;

"It is admissible for the defendant to show that the battery was merely the correcting of a child by its parents; but if the parent chastizing the child exceed the bounds of moderation and inflict cruel, merciless, or unnecesary [sic] punishment, he is subject to indictment.  The same doctrine applies to persons standing in loco parentis.  But a 'child' in this sense is not merely a minor but must be a minor under tutelage.  A minor who is emancipated cannot be thus brought into subjugation." (vol. 1, § 631, p. 572)
.......
"The Law confides to schoolmasters and teachers a discretionary power in the infliction of punishment upon their pupils, and will not hold them responsible, unless the punishment be such as naturally to occasion permanent injury to the child , or be inflicted merely to gratify their own evil passions.  The teacher must be governed, when chastisement is proper, as to the mode and severity of the punishment, by the nature of the offence, the age, size, and apparent powers of endurance of the pupil.  It is for the jury to decide whether the punishment is excessive.  But the better opinion is that the chastisement is to be limited to cases of misconduct, and cannot be inflicted, unless where the education is by law compulsory, to compel pursuance of any particular line of study.  An in any case the pupil must be duly informed of the offence, and the discipline must be humane". (vol. 1, § 632, pp. 572-573; notes omitted)

WOOD, Beth, 1942-, Ian Hassall. George Hook, and Robert Ludbrook,  Unreasonable Force; New Zealand’s journey towards banning the physical punishment of children, Wellington : Save the Children New Zealand, 2008, ISBN: 9780473130954  and 0473130955;

WORLD CORPORAL PUNISHMENT RESEARCH at  http://www.corpun.com/
 

YOUNG, K., "An Examination of Parental Discipline as a Defense of Justification : It's Time for a Kindlier, Gentler Approach", (1999) 46 Naval Law Review Review 1-68; copy at National Defence Headquarters, Office of the Judge Advocate General, Ottawa; title noted in my research but document not consulted yet;
 

ZERMATTEN, Jean, "La prise en charge des mineurs délinquants: quelques éclairages à partir des grands textes internationaux et d'exemples européens", (2003) 34(1-2) Revue de Droit Université de Sherbrooke 3-45;

"SOMMAIRE

1.  INTRODUCTION...5

2. OBSERVATIONS GÉNÉRALES...6
    2.1 Un double mouvement...7
    2.2 Deux modèles classiques et une troisième voie...9
      2.2.1 Le modèle de protection...9
      2.2.2 Le modèle de justice (Justice Model)...10
      2.2.3. Une troisième voie: la justice réparatrice...11
    2.3 Nul n'est parfait...13

3.  LES DROITS DE L'ENFANT EN MATIÈRE PÉNALE...16
    3.1 Revue des textes...16
      3.1.1  La Convention des Nations Unies relative aux droits de
                de l'Enfant...16
      3.1.2  Les principes directeurs des Nations Unies pour la
                prévention de la délinquance juvénile...18
      3.1.3  Les Règles minima des Nations Unies concernant
                l'administration de la justice pour mineurs...18
      3.1.4  Les Règles des Nations Unies pour la protection
                des mineurs privés de liberté...19
      3.1.5  Le Modèle de loi sur la Justice des Mineurs...20
    3.2 L'esprit des textes...21
      3.2.1  Les enfants ont des droits...22
      3.2.2  Une justice spécifique est nécessaire...23
      3.2.3  Une constante: la privation de liberté est l'ultimo ratio...24

4.  QUELLE INCIDENCE?  PLUS DE DROITS OU PLUS DE RESPONSABILITÉS?...25

5.  QUELQUES EXEMPLES EUROPÉENS...27
    5.1  L'Angleterre...27
    5.2  La Belgique...31
    5.3  L'Espagne...33
    5.4  La Suisse...36
    5.5  La France...39

6.  CONCLUSION...41
    6.1  Quoi de commun?...41
    6.2  Chercher du sens...42" (pp. 3-4)
 

ZIMONJIC, Peter, "Wise Alternatives to a Spanking Ban", The Ottawa Citizen, Sunday, 11 July 2004, p. A12; about the House of Lords decision of 5 July 2004 not to pass the Children's Bill to ban spanking;
 

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