Key words: conspiracy; criminal combination //complot, conspiration

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updated and corrections / mise à jour et corrections: 26 April 2011
 

- To assist researchers, please do not hesitate to suggest titles to these bibliographies.  Thank you.
- Pour le bénéfice de tous, n'hésitez pas à suggérer des ajouts aux bibliographies.  Merci.
flareau@rogers.com
 

by / par ©François Lareau, 2005, Ottawa, Canada
First posted on the Internet on: 27 August 2005

Selected Bibliography on Conspiracy
-------------------------
Bibliographie choisie sur le complot
 

II- Comparative Law / Droit comparé
 

Authors / Auteurs
L-Z

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See also / Voir aussi:
•  Comparative Law / Droit comparé : Auteurs/Authors: A-K
•  Canadian Law / Droit canadien
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----------
- To assist researchers, please do not hesitate to suggest additions to these bibliographies.  Thank you.
- Pour le bénifice de tous, n'hésitez pas à suggérer des ajouts aux bibliographies.  Merci.
flareau@rogers.com
----------
 

LAHAV, Pnina, "The Chicago Conspiracy Trial: Character and Judicial Discretion", (2000) 71 University of Colorado Law Review 1327-1364;
 

LANHAM, David, "Complicity, Concert and Conspiracy", (1980) 4 Criminal Law Journal 276-295; copy at the University of Ottawa, KTA 0 .C735  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

THE LAW COMMISSION,  Conspiracy and Attempt: A Consultation Paper, [London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 2007, xi, 276 p.,  (series; Consultation paper; 183); available at http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/docs/cp183_web.pdf  (accessed on 13 October 2007);


___________Criminal Law: Attempt, and Impossibility in Relation to Attempt, Conspiracy and Incitement, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1980, v, 107 p.,  (series; Report; 102), ISBN: 0102646805; copy at the University of Ottawa,  FTX General: KD 654 .A25 v.102 1980;
 

___________Criminal law : conspiracy to defraud, London : Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1987, x, 238 p. (series; Working paper; number 104), ISBN: 0117301868; copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX General: KD 654 .A255 V.104;
 

___________Criminal law: conspiracy to defraud : item 5 of the fourth programme of law reform, London : HMSO, [1994], v, 78 p. (series; number 228)  ISBN : 0102011958; copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX General: KD 654 .A25 v.228 1994;
 

___________Criminal law: conspiracy to defraud, London : HMSO, 1974, iv, 70 p.  (series; working paper; number 56), ISBN : 011730087X; copy at Ottawa University, FTX General, KD 654 .A255 V.56;
 

___________Criminal Law: offences of entering and remaining on property, London : Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1974, iv, 44 p. (series; working paper; number 54), ISBN: 0117300853; copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX General, KD 654 .A255 V.54;
 

__________Codification of the criminal law : conspiracies relating to morals and decency, London : H.M.S.O., 1974,  iv, 77 p. (series; Working paper;  no. 57), ISBN: 0117300888; copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX General: KD 654 .A255 V.57;
 

___________Codification of the criminal law : conspiracies to effect a public mischief to commit a civil wrong, London : H.M. Stationery Office, 1975, 53 p. (series; working paper; number 63), ISBN: 0117300942; copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX General: KD 654 .A255 V.63;
 

___________Codification of the criminal law : general principles : inchoate offences : conspiracy, attempt and incitement, London : H.M. Stationery Office, 1973, xiii, 116 p., (series; working papers; number 50), ISBN: 0117300810; note: "Second programme, Item xviii"; copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX General: KD 654 .A255 V.50;
 

___________A Criminal Code for England and Wales, vol. 1: Report and Draft Criminal Code Bill and vol. 2: Commentary on Draft Criminal Code Bill, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, [1989], v, 278 p. see vol. 1, pp. 63-64, clause 48 on "Conspiracy to commit an offence" and vol. 2, pp. 240-243, comments on clause 48  (series; Law Com. No. 177), ISBN: 0102299897;
 

___________Criminal law : report on conspiracy and criminal law reform : laid before Parliament by the Lord High Chancellor pursuant to section 3(2) of the Law Commissions act, 1965, London : H.M. Stationery Off., 1976, viii, 215 p. (series; number 76), ISBN: 0102176760; copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX General: KD 654 .A25 v.76 1976;
 

__________The Law Commission, Codification of the Criminal Law: A Report to the Law Commission, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1985, vi, 246 p.,  see comments on clause 52, "Conspiracy to Commit an Offence" at pp. 136-140 (series; Law Com. No. 143);


___________The Law Commission, Inchoate Liability for Assisting and Encouraging Crime, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 2006, x, 166 p. (series; Law Com. No. 300), ISBN: 0101687826, available at http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/docs/lc300.pdf (accessed on 17 July 2006); 
 

___________ Inchoate Offences.  Conspiracy, Attempt and Incitement 5 June 1973, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1973, xiii, 117 p., ISBN: 0117300810 (series; Working Paper; number 50);
 

___________Criminal law: offences relating to the administration of justice, London : H.M.S.O., 1975, iv, 72 p. (series; Working paper; number 62), ISBN: 0117300934; copy at Ottawa University, FTX General, KD 654 .A255 V.62;
 

___________Legislating the Criminal Code: Fraud and Deception: a consultation paper, London : The Stationary Office,1999, ix, 139 p., (consultation paper; number 155), ISBN: 0117302406; copy at the University of Ottawa,  FTX General: KD 8000 .L436 1999;
 

LAW REFORM COMMISSION OF HONG KONG, Report on codification : the preliminary offences of incitement, conspiracy and attempt, [Hong Kong]: Law Reform Commission of Hong Kong, 1994, 79 p.(series; topic 26); available at  http://www.hkreform.gov.hk/reports/rcodification-e.pdf (accessed on 31 July 2005);
 

LEACH, Thomas J., "Civil Conspiracy: What's the Use?", (1999-2000) 54 University of Miami Law Review 1-46;
 

LEE, Gregory D., 1953-, Conspiracy investigations : terrorism, drugs, and gangs, Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Pearson Prentice Hall, c2005, xiv, 228 p., ISBN: 013117228X; copy at the University of Ottawa, MRT General: KF 9479 .L44 2005;
 

LEVER, Jeremy and John Pike, "Cartel Agreements, Criminal Conspiracy and the Statutory 'Cartel Offence' : Part I", (2005) 26(2) European Competition Law Review 90-97; copy at Affaires étrangères et Commerce international, Bibliothèque juridique/Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Legal Library, Ottawa; not consulted yet (26 August 2005)
 

___________"Cartel Agreements, Criminal Conspiracy and the Statutory 'Cartel Offence' : Part II", (2005) 26(3) European Competition Law Review 164-172; copy at Affaires étrangères et Commerce international, Bibliothèque juridique/Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Legal Library, Ottawa; not consulted yet (26 August 2005);
 

LEVIE, Joseph H., "Hearsay and Conspiracy (Re-Examination of the Co-Conspirators' Exception to the Hearsay Rule)", (1953-54) 52 Michigan Law Review 1159-1178;
 

LEWIS, Melvin B., "New Answers to an Old Problem: The Extrajudicial Statement in Conspiracy-Type Prosecutions", (1973-74) 7 John Marshall Journal of Practice and procedure 83-108;
 

LIN, Benjamin S., "Conspiracy in Homicide", (2003) 36 Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 1541-1574; available at  http://llr.lls.edu/volumes/v36-issue4/documents/8conspiracy.pdf (accessed on 20 November 2004);
 

LOPEZ, Tammy, "The Concept of Withdrawal from a Conspiracy", UCWR, 2001, iv, 23 p.; New England School of Law International War Crime project; available at  http://www.nesl.edu/center/wcmemos/2001/lopez.pdf (accessed on 21 October 2005);
 

LORENZ, Milton C., Comments, "Conspiracy in the Proposed Federal Criminal Code: Too Little Reform", (1972-73) 47 Tulane Law Review 1017-1038;
 

LOWE, Kate. "The political crime of conspiracy in fufteenth-and sixteenth-century Rome" in Trevor DEan and K.J.P. Lowe, eds., Crime, Society and the Law in Renaissance Italy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, xi, 281 p., Essay 10, at pp. 184-203, ISBN: 0521411025;
 

LYNCH, Adrian, "Mens Rea in Statutory Conspiracy.  (2) A Further Comment", [1978] The Criminal Law Review 205-209;
 

MAGNOL, G., E. Mercier, A. Miquel et P. Orgueil, Étude historique, analytique et critique de la conspiracy, [Clermont-Ferrand] : Université de Clermont I, Faculté de droit et de science politique, 1976, 204, iii p., avec bibliographie aux pp. 199-204 (Collection; Travaux du Centre d'études juridiques anglaises et américaines de la Faculté de droit et de science politique de Clermont-Ferrand; numéro 1); title noted in my research but document not consulted; no copy in the Ottawa area libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 6 August 2005); copie la Bibliothèque de l'Assemblée nationale du Québec, 342.52 E85 1976;
 

MANSHARAM, C., "Attempt and Conspiracy", (1987) 1 Supreme Court Cases (Jour) 69; title noted in my research but article not consulted;  title noted in my reserarch but article not consulted; published by the Eastern Book Company (India);
 

MARCUS, Paul, 1946-, "Co-Conspirators Declarations: The Federal Rules of Evidence and other Recent Developments, From a Criminal Law Perspective", (1979) 7 American Journal of Criminal Law 287-322; copy at the University of Ottawa, KF 9202 .A427  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

__________"Conspiracy: The Criminal Agreement in Theory and Practice", (1976-77) 65 Georgetown Law Journal 925-969;
 

___________"Criminal Conspiracy Law: Time to Turn Back From an Ever Expanding, Ever More Troubling Area", (1992-93) 1 William and Mary Bill of Rights Journal 1-45;
 

___________"Criminal Conspiracy: The State of Mind Crime -- Intent, Proving Intent, and Anti-Federal Intent", (1976) University of Illinois Law Forum 627-656;
 

__________"Defending Conspiracy Cases: Mission Impossible?", (October 1980) 16 Trial 61; copy at the Library of Parliament; title noted in my research but article not consulted yet (25 August 2005);
 

___________"Federal Conspiracy and Complicity Statutes -- Panel Discussion", in  Abraham Abramovsky, ed., Criminal Law and the Corporate Counsel/Sixth Annual Fordham Corporate Law Institute, New York, N.Y. Law & Business : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, c1981, xiii, 384 p., at p. 182, ISBN: 0150039832; title noted in my research but book not consulted;  no copy in the Ottawa area libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue, Library and Archives Canada (verification of 6 August 2005);;
 

___________"Joint Criminal Participation: Establishing Responsibility, Abandonment", (1986) 34 American Journal of Comparative Law -- Supplement 479-490;
 

___________"The Proposed Federal Criminal Code: Conspiracy Provisions", (1978) University of Illinois Law Forum 379-393;
 

___________Prosecution and defense of criminal conspiracy cases, New York : M. Bender, 1978-, 1 volume, Note: On spine of binder: Law trial tactics;  title noted in my research but book not consulted; no copy in the Ottawa area libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 6 August 2005);
 

MARTIN, Shaun P., "Intracorporate Conspiracies", (1997-98) 50 Stanford Law Review 399-467;
 

MASON, Alpheus Thomas, 1899-, Organized Labor and the Law: with special reference to the Sherman and Clayton acts, Durham, N.C. : [s.n.], 1925, x, 265 p., (Collection Duke University publications); notes: Published also without thesis notes; Ph.D. Thesis, Princeton University, 1923, "Bibliographical note": p. [249]-251; reprint in New York : Arno, 1969 (Collection; American labor: from conspiracy to collective bargaining); title noted in my research but document not consulted; no copy in the Ottawa area libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 16 August 2005);
 

MAYS, G. Lany, "Conspiracy to Commit a Crime",  in Richard A. Wright and J. Mitchell Miller, eds., Encyclopedia of Criminology, Scarborough : Routledge/Taylor & Francis, 2004, vol. 1, at pp. 226-227; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, HV 61017 E53 2005 REF;
 

McAULEY, Finbarr, "Relational Liability in Criminal Law", (1999) 34 The Irish Jurist 100-147;
 

McCARY, Paul R., Note, "Criminal Procedure -- Evidence -- Coconspirators Exception --Independent Evidence Requirement -- Statements by alleged coconspirators may be considered by trial court in its preliminary determination of admissibility of those statements -- United States v. Martorano, 557 F.2d 1, aff'd on rehearing, 561 F.2d 406 (1st Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 46 U.S.L.W. 3579 (March 21, 1978)",  (1978-79) 1 Western New England Law Review 211-223;
 

McGRATH, Keri C. and Jennifer L. Pfeiffer, "Federal Criminal Conspiracy", (Summer 1999) 36(3) American Criminal Law Review 661-691; 14th Survey of White Collar Crime;
 

McNAMARA, Thomas W., "Defining a Single Entity for Purposes of Section 1 of the Sherman Act Post Copperweld: A Suggested Approach", (1985) 22 San Diego Law Review 1245-1273;
 

McQUADE, Lawrence C., "Conspiracy, Multicorporate Enterprises, and Section 1 of the Sherman Act", (1955) 41 Virginia Law Review 183-216;
 

McSORLEY, Joseph F., 1943-, A portable guide to federal conspiracy law : tactics and strategies for criminal and civil cases, 2nd ed., Chicago, Ill. : Criminal Justice Section, American Bar Association, c2003, xxiv, 273 p., ISBN: 1590311884; title noted in my research but document not consulted; no copy in the Ottawa area libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 6 August 2005); copie at the University of Montreal library, HCGD M175p 2003;


MEIERHENRICH, Jens, "Conspiracy in International law", (2006) 2 Annual Review Law Soc. Sci. 341-357; available at http://www.gov.harvard.edu/faculty/jmeierhenrich/Meierhenrich,%20Conspiracy%20in%20International%20Law,%20Published.pdf (accessed on 13 December 2008);
 

MELLO, Michael, "Taking conspiracy too far. (trial of Zacarias Moussaaoui gor conspiring with World Trade Center terrorists)", (14 January 2002) 24(19) The National Law Journal A20; title noted in my research but article not consulted yet (26 August 2005);
 

MENSA-BONSU, Henrietta, J.A.N., "Conspiracy in two common law jurisdictions : a comparative analysis", (1992) 4(2)  African Journal of International and Comparative Law 419-448; concerns Ghana and the US;   title noted in my research but article consulted; no copy of this periodical in the Ottawa area libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 6 August 2005);
 

MERGA, Yvonne, Note, "Mass Demonstrations and Criminal Conspiracies", (1964-65) 16 Hastings Law Journal 465-470;
 

METTRAUX, Guénaël, International Crimes and the ad hoc Tribunals, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, xxxii, 442 p., see "Conspiracy to commit genocide", at pp. 252-254, ISBN: 0199271550;
 

MICHALIK, John J., "Annotation: Comment Note. -- Necessity and Sufficiency of Independent Evidence of Conspiracy to Allow Admission of Extrajudicial Statements of Coconspirators", (1972) 46 ALR3d 1148-1234;
 

MILLER, Robin, "Construction and Application of 'Intracorporate Conspiracy Doctrine' as Applied to Corporation and Its Employees -- State Cases", (2005) 2 A.L.R.6th 387-427; civil law; A.L.R. = American Law Reports;
 

MILLER, Samuel R. and Lawrence C. Levine, "Recent Developments in Corporate Criminal Liability", (1984) 24 Santa Clara Law Review 41-51;

[Contents]

[INTRODUCTION]...41

I.  RECENT CASES AND THE GENRAL PRINCIPLES...42

II.  COMPANY POLICIES, COMPLIANCE PROGRAMS AND
      A "DUE DILIGENCE" DEFENSE...43

III. CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF DISOLVED CORPORATIONS
      AND THEIR SUCCESSORS...46

IV. PROBATION AND FINES...47

V. CONSPIRACY AND THE RICO ENTERPRISE...49

VI.  CONCLUSION...51  [emphasis in bold added]
 


MONAGHAN, Joseph F., Comment, "Criminal Law -- Conspiracy -- Character of Agreement -- Tacit Consent", (1956-57) 2 Villanova Law Review 230-238;
 

MONTGOMERIE, Bruce M., "Conspiracy: Legitimate Instrument or Unconstitutional Weapon?", (1970-71) 3 Columbia Survey of Human Rights Law 94-135;
 

MORRIS, Richard B., "Criminal Conspiracy and early labour combinations in New York", (1937) 52 Political Science Quarterly 51-85; storage copy at the University of Ottawa, H 1 .P8  Location: MRT Storage;
 

MORTON,  "Conspiracy as a Military Offence", (August 1964) JAG Journal circa 309; periodical continued by the Naval Law Review; title noted in my research but article not consulted yet (25 August 2005);
 

MUELLER, Christopher B., "The Federal Coconspirator Exception: Action, Assertion, and Hearsay", (1983-84) 12 Hofstra Law Review 323-392; copy at the University of Ottawa, KF 292 .N6 H63  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

NATHANSON, Nathaniel L.,"Freedom of Association and the Quest for Internal Security: Conspiracy from Dennis to Dr. Spock", (1970-71) 65 Northwestern University Law Review 153-192;
 

NELSON, Anne B., Editorial Notes, "Incapacity to Commit a Crimes as Affecting Criminal Responsibility for Conspiring to Commit It", (1939-40) 9 Brooklyn Law Review 298-311;
 

NESSEL, William, "Conspiracy in civil and canon law", (1967) 27 The Jurist 310-322; copy at St-Paul University, BQV 102 J30, Periodicals;

"It is a crime in both civil and ecclesiastical law to attempt to overthrow a legitimate civil government by unlawful means.  The purpose of this study is to investigate precisely what constitutes the crime of conspiracy in canon law and to compare it with a similar offense in American constitutional law.  There will also be some recommendations for the renewal of canon law." (p. 310)

NEW SOUTH WALES LAW REFORM COMMISSION, Complicity, 2010, report 129; available at http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/lrc/ll_lrc.nsf/pages/LRC_r129toc (accessed on  26 April 2011);


NEW ZEALAND, Crimes Consultative Committee, Crimes Bill 1989 - Report of the Crimes Consultative Committee: Presented to the Minister of Justice, [Wellington], 1991, 123 p., see on comments on clauses 61-64 on conspiracy, at pp. 32-33  (Chairman: Mr. Justice Casey),  ISBN: 0477076165;
 

___________ Government, Crimes Bill 1989, introduced in May 1989, xxvii, 156 p., see pp. 25-27, clause 61-64, on conspiracy and comments at p. xi;
 

NOONE, Michael, "Preliminary Crimes: The Reform of Attempt and Conspiracy in Papua New Guinea",  (1974) 2 Melanesian Law Journal 66-90;
 

Note, "Application of Conspiracy Statute to Prosecution for Sale of Counterfeit Money", (1938-39) 48 Yale Law Journal 1447-1450;
 

Note, "Conspiracy and the First Amendment", (1969-70) 79 Yale Law Journal 872-895;
 

Note, "The Conspiracy Dilemma: Prosecution of Group Crime or Protection of Individual Defendants", (1948-49) 62 Harvard Law Review 276-286;
 

Note, " 'Conspiring Entities' Under Section 1 of the Sherman Act", (1981-82) 95 Harvard Law Review 661-682;
 

Note, "Criminal Conspiracy: Bearing of Overt Act upon the Nature of the Crime", (1923-24) 37 Harvard Law Review 1121-1125;
 

Note, "Criminal Law -- Conspiracy and Conspirators in California", (1952-53) 26 Southern California Law Review 64-80;
 

Note, "Developments in the Law -- Criminal Conspiracy", (1959) 72 Harvard Law Review 920-1008; important contribution;
 

Note, "Falcone Revisited: The Criminality of Sales to an Illegal Enterprise", (1953) 53 Columbia Law Review 228-242;
 

Note, "Federal Treatment of Multiple Conspiracies", (1957) 57 Columbia Law Review 387-405;
 

Note, "The Grunewald Case: Problems of Conspiracy and Self-Incrimination", (1956) 56 Columbia Law Review 1216-1227;
 

Note, "Guilt by Association -- Three Words in Search of a meaning", (1949-50) 17 University of Chicago Law Review 148-162;
 

Note, "Intracorporate Conspiracies Under 42 U.S.C. § 1985(c): The Impact of Novotny v. Great American Federal Savings & Loan Association", (1978-79) 13 Georgia  Law Review 591-619;
 

Note, "Intra-Enterprise Conspiracy under Section 1 of the Sherman Act: A Suggested Standard", (1976-77) 75 Michigan Law Review 717-744;
 

Note, "The Logic of Conspiracy -- United States v. Spock, 416F.2d (1969)", [1970] Wisconsin Law Review 191-201;
 

Note, "The Objects of Criminal Conspiracy -- Inadequacies of State Law", (1954-55) 68 Harvard Law Review 1056-1069;
 

Note, " 'Single vs. Multiple' Criminal Conspiracies: A Uniform Method of Inquiry for Due Process and Double Jeopardy Purposes", (1980-81) 65 Minnesota Law Review 295-318;
 

Notes, "Are Two or More Persons Necessary to Have a Conspiracy Under Section 1 of the Sherman Act?",  (1948-49) 43 Illinois Law Review 551-555;
 

Notes, "Conspiracy -- Application of Federal Statute of Limitations", (1954) 29 New York University Law Review 1470-1477;
 

Notes, "Criminal Attempt, Conspiracy, and Solicitation Under the Criminal Code Reform Bill of 1978",  (1978-79) 47 George Washington Law Review 550-572;
 

Notes, "Intracorporate Conspiracies under  42 USC § 1985(c)", (1978) 92 Harvard Law Review 470-490;
 

Notes, "The Nature of a Sherman Act Conspiracy", (1954) 54 Columbia Law Review 1108-1128;
 

Notes, "Vicarious Liability for Criminal Offenses of Co-Conspirations", (1946-47) 56 Yale Law Journal 371-383;
 

OAKLEY, John Bilyeu, "From Hearsay to Eternity: Pendency and the Co-Conspirator Exception in California—Fact, Fiction, and a Novel Approach", (1975-76) 16 Santa Clara Law Review 1-54;
 

O'BRIAN, John Lord, Loyalty Tests and Guilt by Association", (1947-48) 61 Harvard Law Review 592-611;
 

O'DOUGHERTY, Harold St. L., "Prosecution and Defense Under Conspiracy Indictments", (1939-40) 9 Brooklyn Law Review 263-287;


OHLIN, Jens David, "Group Think: The Law of Conspiracy and Collective Reason", (2007) 98(1) The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 147-206; available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1260806 (accessed on 13 September 2008);     
 

ORCHARD, Gerald F., “Agreement in Criminal Conspiracy -- I”, [1974] Criminal Law Review 297-304  and “Agreement in Criminal Conspiracy -- II” at pp. 335-344; copy at the University of Ottawa, KD 7862 .C734  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

___________"Impossibility and the Inchoate Crimes", [1978] The New Zealand Law Journal 403-413; copy at the University of Ottawa, copy at the University of Ottawa, KTC 0 .B887  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

___________The law of criminal conspiracy, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1971, 2 volumes; title noted in my research but thesis not consulted; no copy of this thesis in the Canadian libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 31 July 2005);
 

___________"Mental Element of Conspiracy", (1985) 2 Canterbury Law Review 353-362; copy at the library of the Supreme Court of Canada Library;
 

O'REAGAN, R.S., "Duress and Criminal Conspiracies", [1971] Criminal Law Review 35-39;
 

ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT (OECD), Country Reports on the Implementation of the Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions and the 1997 Revised Recommendation; note: each report contains very important contribution on conspiracy see http://www.oecd.org/document/24/0,2340,en_2649_34855_1933144_1_1_1_1,00.html (accessed on 20 December 2003); also published in French / aussi publié en français: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OECD), Rapports par pays sur la mise en oeuvre de la convention sur la lutte contre la corruption d'agents publics étrangers dans les transactions commerciales internationales et la recommendation révisée de 1997, chaque rapport rapport contient des renseignements très importants sur le complot, voir: http://www.oecd.org/document/24/0,2340,fr_2649_34855_2759409_1_1_1_1,00.html (visionné le 20 décembre 2004);

Phase 1 Country Reports
Argentina / Argentine**Australia/ Australie**Austria/Autriche**Belgium/Belgique**Bulgaria/Bulgarie** Canada/ Canada**Czech Republic/République Tchèque**Denmark/Danemark**Finland/ Finlande**France/France**Germany/Allemagne**Greece / Grèce**Hungary (updated March 2003)--Hungary - Phase 1bis (February 2003)/Hongrie (mise à jour mars 2003) --/Hongrie - Phase 1bis (février 2003)**Iceland/Islande**Ireland/ Irlande**Italy / Italie**Japan (updated May 2002)/Japon (mise à jour mai 2002)**Korea/ Corée **Luxembourg / Luxembourg**Mexico / Mexique**Netherlands / Pays-Bas**New Zealand (May 2002)/ Nouvelle-Zélande (mai 2002)**Norway/Norvège**Poland  / Pologne**Portugal  (May 2002) /  Portugal (mai 2002)**Slovak Republic (updated February 2003)/République slovaque (mise à jour février 2003)**Spain/**Sweden/Suède**Switzerland/Suisse**United Kingdom-(1) and  United Kingdom (2)/ Royaume-Uni(1) et Royaume-Uni (2)**United States/États-Unis

Phase 2 Country Reports
Bulgaria(June 2003)/Bulgarie (juin 2003)**Finland (May 2002)/Finlande (mai 2002)**Germany (June 2003)/ Allemagne (juin 2003)** Iceland (March 2003) Islande (mars 2003)** United States (October 2002)/ États-Unis(octobre 2002)


___________OECD Ministerial Meeting (2000 : Paris, France), Hard core cartels: meeting of the OECD Council at Ministerial Level, 2000 / Meeting of the OECD Council at Ministerial Level, 2000, Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2000, 60 p.; copy at the Affaires étrangères et Commerce international, Bibliothèque/Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Library, ZZ EC 2000H11 ENG; title noted in my research but book not consulted yet (27 August 2005);
 

___________Hard core cartels : recent progress and challenges ahead, Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2003, 61 p., ISBN: 9264101241; copy at Agriculture et agroalimentaire Canada, Bibliothèque canadienne de l'agriculture/Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canadian Agriculture Library, Ottawa, 338.88 H258 2003; Finances et Conseil du Trésor, Services de bibliothèque/Finance and Treasury Board, Library Services, Ottawa, HD2757.5 H37 2004; Bibliothèque et Archives Canada/Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, P.O.E.I. FIOP.I.OECD.2.2005-84; Industrie Canada, Services de bibliothèque/Industry Canada, Library Services, Ottawa, HD2757.5 .H3 2003;

"This book reviews progress in the fight against hard core cartels. The OECD has been leading an international effort to halt cartel conduct since adopting its 1998 Recommendation concerning effective action against hard core cartels. This report quantifies the harm caused by cartels and identifies improved methods of investigation. It examines progress in strengthening sanctions against businesses and individuals." (source: AMICUS catalogue)


ORMEROD, D.C., Case and Comment, "Conspiracy.  Whether, in light of House of Lords decision in M, liability for conspiracy to contravene s. 49(2) of Drug Trafficking Act 1994 or s. 93C(2) of Criminal Justice Act 1988 incurred without knowledge, but mere suspicion that property concerned was criminal property -- Criminal Law Act 1977, s. 1(1)(a), (2).  R. v. Ali   Court of Appeal (CRiminal Division): Hooper L.J., Tugendhat J. and Sir Douglas Brown: June 6, 2005; [2005] EWCA Crim 87", [November 2005] The Criminal Law Review 864-868; case reported by Stephen Leake at pp. 864-866; and commentary by D.C. Ormerod, at pp. 866-868;
 

ORTH,  John V. (John Victor), 1947-, Combination and conspiracy : a legal history of trade unionism, 1721-1906, Oxford: Clarendon Press New York: Oxford University Press, 1991, xii, 207 p., ISBN: 0198252994, bibliography at pp. 172-191; copy at Ottawa University, FTX General, KD 3050 .O78 1991;
 

___________"The English Combination Laws Reconsidered", in Francis Snyder and Douglas Hay, eds.,  Labour, law, and crime : an historical perspective, London/New York: Tavistock Publications, 1987, x, 309 p. at pp. 123-149, ISBN: 0422608408; copy at the University of Ottawa,  MRT General, K 1705.4 .L32 1987;
 

ORTOLAN, J.-L.-E. (Joseph-Louis-Elzéar), 1802-1873, Éléments de droit pénal; pénalité, juridictions, procédure, suivant la science rationnelle, la législation  positive et la jurisprudence avec les données de nos statistiques criminelles. 5. éd., rev. complétée et mise au courant de la législation française et étrangère par Albert Desjardins, 2 tomes, Paris E. Plon, Nourrit,  1886, iii, 660 p. (t. 1) et 668 p. (t. 2); copie à l'Université de Sherbrooke, Québec;

    "803.  Des réflexions, non pas identiquement semblables, mais analogues, sont à faire en ce qui concerne les résolutions concertées et arrêtées entre plusieurs.  Le crime ainsi arrêté peut être d'une nature tellement grave et menaçante pour les particuliers ou pour l'Etat, comme celui d'assassinat contre le chef du gouvernement, de renversement de la constitution politique, de guerre civile, dévastation, massacre ou pillage dans certaines parties du territoire; ou bien le concert, la réunion des volontés et des forces mises en commun et organisées pour commettre des délits, même indéterminés, contre les personnes ou les propriétés, peuvent être tellement dangereux, comme l'organisation de bandes de malfaiteurs, la convention entre ces malfaiteurs de se rendre compte et de se faire la distribution ou le partage du produit des délits, que ces faits puissent, par eux-mêmes et indépendamment de tous actes ultérieurs, offrir le double caractère qui autorise l'application de la pénalité humaine: à savoir, la violation d'un devoir de justice et la nécessité sociale de la répression. -- Les scrupules suscités ou les réclamations élevées à cet égard dans les écrits théoriques d'un grand nombre de publicistes proviennent, d'une part, de l'exagération de la loi positive ou de la jurisprudence pratique, qui, presque toujours, ont mis sur le même niveau et frappé de peines égales, en ce qui concerne les grands crimes politiques, la conjuration, conspiration ou complot, c'est-à-dire la résolution d'agir concertée et arrêtée entre plusieurs, et le crime lui-même exécuté et consommé; telle était encore la disposition de notre Code pénal de 1791, celle du Code de brumaire an IV et celle de notre Code pénal de 1810 (art. 87) avant la révision de 1832: assimilation inique, qui a naturellement amené dans les écrits des publicistes une réaction en sens contraire. -- Une seconde cause de srupules ou de réclamations s'est trouvée dans l'extension vague et mal définie que la loi positive et la jurisprudence pratique ont donnée si fréquemment à cette incrimination, dans la difficulté d'en déterminer avec précision les caractères ou d'en saisir des preuves matérielles et convaincantes.  Ce sont là sans doute des vices de législation à éviter, des difficultés de pratique à surmonter ou à subir: nous en conclurons à la nécessité d'une précision plus grande et d'une juste restriction dans la formule de la loi, à celle d'une exigence plus rigide dans la nature et dans la force probante des preuves invoquées contre les accusés; mais quelles conclusions en tirer contre la vérité du droit?  Toujours est-il qu'il y a là des actes extérieurs qui, dans certaines limites à marquer avec netteté et sans exagération par le législateur, sont de nature à blesser à la fois la justice absolue et les intérêts de conservation ou de bien-être social; qui peuvent dès lors, indépendamment de tous actes subséquents, constituer par eux-mêmes des délits distincts, et être frappés de peines, pourvu que ces peines soient exactement contenues dans cette double restriction; pas plus que ce qui est juste, et pas plus que ce qui est nécessaire (ci-dess., no 205, p. 94)." (pp. 354-355, tome 1)


OSTOS-IRWIN, Gary R., "Wisconsin's Party to a Crime Statute: The Mens Rea Element under the Aiding and Abetting Subsection, and the Aiding and Abetting-choate Conspiracy Distinction", [1984] Wisconsin Law Review 769-829;
 

PACKER, Herbert L., "The Conspiracy Weapon", in Noam Chomsky, eds., Trials of the Resistance,  [New York : New York Review]; distributed by Vintage Books [1970], 246 p. at p. 173 copy at Carleton University, KF220.T7 1970; title noted but book not consulted yet (27 August 2005);
 

PAGAN, Victoria Emma, 1965-, Conspiracy narratives in Roman history, Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004, viii, 197 p., ISBN: 0292705611; copy at the University of Ottawa, MRT General: DG 205 .P24 2004;

"CONCLUSION...

    Yet once these historians embark on narrating conspiracy, they complete the journey by disconnecting the possibilities of alternative narrative outcomes and by assigning causality, even where it is tenuous.  They succeed only to the extent that the reader is persuaded by the seamless continuity of their narrative.  I have tried to show for the Roman historians, narrating conspiracies that were deliberately shrouded in secrecy and silence was no mean feat.  Once we acknowledge that epistemological uncertainty is a fundemental feature of conspiracy narrative, no author escapes censure, no reader finds comfort.  Perhaps this, more than anything, explains the lasting fascination of conspiracy for both authors and readers, ancient and modern alike." (pp. 123 and 130-131)


PARDO, Frédéric, Le groupe en droit pénal,  Thèse doctorat : Droit : Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 2004, 658, [LXI] p.; directeur de recherche : Roger Bebnardini; Num. national de thèse : 2004NICE0049; thèse non consultée; résumé au catalogue Abes;
 

PARISI, Nicolette, "Theories of Corporate Criminal Liability (or Corporations Don't Commit Crimes, People Commit Crimes)" in Ellen Hochstedler, ed., in cooperation with the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, Corporations as criminals, Beverly Hills : Sage Publications, c1984, 168 p., at pp. 41-68, and see "Conspiracy", at pp. 59-63 (series; perspectives in criminal justice; volume 6), ISBN: 0803921586 and 0803921594 (pbk.); copy at the Library of Parliament, HD2785 C67;


PAULEY, Matthew A., "The Pinkerton Doctrine and Murder", (2005) 4(1) Pierce Law Review 1-43; available at http://www.fplc.edu/assets/pdf/pierce-law-review-vol04-no1-pauley.pdf (accessed on 26 January 2008);
 
PELSER, Caroline M., "Preparations to Commit a Crime: The Dutch Approach to Inchoate Offences", (December 2008) 4(3) Utrecht Law Review 57-80; available at SSRN: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1319387 (accessed on 3 January 2009);

PERKINS, Rollin M., "The Act of One Conspirator", (1974-75) 26 Hastings Law Journal 337-359;
 

PHELAN, Andrew C., "Conspiracy", (Winter 1989) 26(3) American Criminal Law Review 725-754; 5th Survey of White Collar Crime;
 

PITTONI, Mario, "Federal and New York Laws of Conspiracy --Compared and Criticized", (1954-55) 21 Brooklyn Law Review 38-49;
 

___________Comments, "The 'Overt Act' in Conspiracy", (1951-52) 18 Brooklyn Law Review 263-264;
 

POLLACK, Benjamin F., "Common Law Conspiracy", (1946-47) 35 Georgetown Law Journal 328-352;
 

POMMER, Geoffrey Michael, 1933-, The political use of the conspiracy charge in America, Thesis (Ph.D.), New York University, 1976, 277 leaves; available at Ann Arbor, Mich. : University Microfilms, 1984; title noted in my research but thesis not consulted; no copy of this thesis in the Ottawa area libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (15 July 2005); copy at Dalhousie University, Sir James Dunn Law Library, KB 94.C7 P78;
 

POMORSKI, Stanislaw, "Conspiracy and Criminal Organization", in George Ginsburgs and V.N. Kudriavtsev, eds., The Nuremberg Trial and International Law, Dordrecht/Boston: M. Nijhoff, 1990, xvi, 288 p., at Chapter 8, pp. 213-248 (series; Law in Eastern Europe no. 42), ISBN: 0792307984; copy at Ottawa University, FTX General, KJC 510 .A15 L39 V.42 1990;

"The following chapter traces and analyzes the evolution of the conspiracy and criminal organization doctrines as they were developed and ultimately adopted for the prosecution of Nazi war criminals." (p. 213)


POULSON, B.W., "Conspiracy, Injunctions and Damage Suits in Labor Law", (1986) 7 Journal of Legal History 212-227; copy at the University of Ottawa, K 140 .J685  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

PRADEL, Jean, "Présentation générale du projet de code pénal européen sur les délits d'affaires (euro-délits)",  [2003] Revue pénitentiaire et de droit pénal 277-308;

"Art. 17.  Conspiration (Tiedemann)

Lorsque plusieurs personnes se concertent pour la participation à un fait délictueux, mais que nulle d'entre elles ne commence l'exécution de l'infraction, dans cette hypothèse, la conspiration n'est punie que dans les cas expressément prévus par la loi." (p. 294)

------

"Bien que l'article 12 du projet  [Participation dans le fait] n'en parle pas, la théorie des participants comporte un ultime personnage, le conspirateur. [...]  La répression d'actes préparatoires peut s'avérer utile en criminalité d'affaires, domaine où les préparatifs sont nombreux et émanent souvent de plusieurs individus.  Cette rédaction [de l'article 17] est très proche de celle de l'article 17 du Code pénal espagnol selon lequel 'il y a conspiration lorsque deux personnes ou plus se concertent pour l'exécution d'un délit ou décident de l'exécuter'.  Le Code français traite de cette question non dans sa partie générale, mais dans l'une ses parties spéciales (art. 4501 et suivants sur l'association de malfaiteurs)." (pp. 282-283)


PRELL, Owen T., "Copperweld Corp v. Independence Tube Corp.: An End to the Intraenterprise Conspiracy Doctrine?", (1985-86) 71 Cornell Law Review 1151-1180;
 

PRENDERGAST, David, "The Law Reform Commission's Consultation Paper on Inchoate Offences", International Conference paper, International Society for the Reform of the Criminal Law, Dublin, 2008;
 

PRIM, Ted, "Mens Rea Requirement for Conspiracy: The Model penal Code and the Progressive Law of Judge Learned Hand", (1975) 40 Missouri Law Review 467-486;
 

PROBER, Raphael and Jim Randall, "Federal Criminal Conspiracy", (2002) 39 American Criminal Law Review 571-607; 17th Survey of White Collar Crime;
 

QUEEN, David D., Comment, "Criminal Law.  The Conspiracy Hearsay Exception and Its Erratic Operation", (1971-72) 76 Dickenson Law Review 728-748;
 

RAHL, James A., "Conspiracy and the Anti-Trust Laws", (1949-50) 44 Illinois Law Review 743-768;
 

RAY, Charles A. (Charles Andrew), 1829-, Contractual limitations: including trade strikes and conspiracies and corporate trusts and combinations, Rochester, N.Y. : Lawyers' Co-operative Pub. Co., 1892, liv, 514 p.; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, KF801 R39 1892;
 

Recent Developments, "Criminal Law: Second Circuit Holds Cautionary Instructions Insufficient to Cure Potential Prejudice Resulting From Admission of Co-conspirator's Confession", [1967] Duke Law Journal 202-207;


REED, Alan, "Conspiracy: Mens Rea.  R v Sakavickas [2005] EWCA Crim 2686, [2005] Crim LR 293", (2005) 69(6) The Journal of Criminal Law 469-473;


REES, Tom and David Omerod, Case and Comments, "Conspiracy.  Conspiracy to launder money -- whether suspicion that money represents proceeds of drugs or other criminal conduct sufficient to constitute offence -- Criminal Law Act 1977, s. 1(1), (2) -- Criminal Justice Act 1988, s. 93C(2) ... R. v. Saik, House of Lords", [November 2006] The Criminal Law Review 998-1004; case reported by Rees, at pp. 998-1000, and commentary by Omerod, at pp. 1000-1004;


REYNOLDS, R.M., J. Sicilian, and P.S. Wellman, "The extraterritorial application of the U.S. antitrust laws to criminal conspiracies", (1998) 19(3) European  Competition Law Review 151-155;  copy at Affaires étrangères et Commerce international, Bibliothèque juridique/Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Legal Library, Ottawa; title noted in my research but book not consulted yet (27 August 2005);
 

RIBACK, Stuart M., "The Long Arm and Multiple Defendants: The Conspiracy Theory of In Personam Jurisdiction", (1984) 84 Columbia Law Review 506-536; civil law;
 

RITTER, Lennart and W. David Braun, 1950-, European competition law : a practitioner's guide, 3rd ed., The Hague: Kluwer Law International; Frederick, MD: Distributed in the U.S. by Aspen Publishers, c2004, xx, 1226 p.; ISBN:  9041122001; notes: Rev. ed. of: EC competition law / Lennart Ritter. 2nd ed., 1999;  title noted in my research but book not consulted; no copy in the Canadian libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue, Library and Archives Canada (10 August 2005);
 

RIZZOLO, Daniel R., Comment, "Testing the Reliability of Coconspirators' Statements Admitted Under Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2)(E): Putting the Claws Back in the Confrontation Clause", (1985) 30 Villanova Law Review 1565-1610;
 

ROBBINS, Ira P., "Double Inchoate Crimes, (1989) 26 Harvard Journal on Legislation 1-116;
 

ROBERTSON, Geoffrey, Whose conspiracy?, London : National Council for Civil Liberties, 1974, 53 p., ISBN/ISSN: 0901108278, 0901108340; title noted in my research but not consulted; no copy of this book in the Canadian libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 6 August 2005);
 

ROBINSON, Paul H. and Jane A. Grall, "Element Analysis in Defining Criminal Liability: The Model Penal Code and Beyond", (1983) 35 Stanford Law Review 681-762, see "Element Analysis in Conspiracy" at pp. 751-757;
 

The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court,17 July 1998, in force 1 July 2002, see Part III, General Principles of Criminal Law, available at  http://www.un.org/law/icc/ (accessed on 4 December 2002);
 

___________"Draft Report of the International Meeting from 19 to 30 January 1998 in Zutphen, the Netherlands" in M. Cherfif Bassiouni, 1937-, compiled by, The Statute of the International Criminal Court : a documentary history, Ardsley, N.Y. : Transnational Publishers, c1998, xxii, 793 pp., at pp. 221-311, (document number: A/AC.249/1998/L.13, 1998), ISBN:1571050957; copy at the Library of Parliament, KZ6310 S72 (library Br.B.); available at  http://www.npwj.org/iccrome/cdrom/ (accessed on 15 December 2002);
 

___________"Report of the Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, vol. 1, (Proceedings of the Preparatory Committee during March-April and August 1996)", in M. Cherfif Bassiouni, 1937-, compiled by, The Statute of the International Criminal Court : a documentary history, Ardsley, N.Y. : Transnational Publishers, c1998, xxii, 793 pp., at pp. 385-439, (document number: G.A., 51 st Sess., Supp. No. 22, A/51/22, 1996), ISBN:1571050957; copy at the Library of Parliament, KZ6310 S72 (library Br.B.); available at  http://www.npwj.org/iccrome/cdrom/ (accessed on 15 December 2002);
 

___________"Report of the Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, vol. 2, (Compilation of Proposals)", in M. Cherfif Bassiouni, 1937-, compiled by, The Statute of the International Criminal Court : a documentary history, Ardsley, N.Y. : Transnational Publishers, c1998, xxii, 793 pp., at pp. 441-616 (document number: G.A., 51 st Sess., Supp. No. 22, A/51/22, 1996), ISBN:1571050957; copy at the Library of Parliament, KZ6310 S72 (library Br.B.); available at  http://www.npwj.org/iccrome/cdrom/ (accessed on 15 December 2002);
 

ROSEN, Eric, "Solicitation and Conspiracy: A Florida Practitioner's Guide to Double Jeopardy Defense and Analysis", (Fall 2005) 30(1) Nova Law Review 183-207; available at http://www.nsulaw.nova.edu/stuorgs/lawreview/511255NovaLR30.pdf (accessed on 27 May 2006);


ROSENBERG, Benjamin E., "Several Problems in Criminal Conspiracy and some Proposals for Reform", (July-August 2007) Criminal Law Bulletin 427-460; 


ROTENBERG, Daniel L., "Withdrawal as a Defense to Relational Crimes", [1962] Wisconsin Law Review 596-607;
 

RUSSELL, Todd and O. Carter Snead, "Federal Criminal Conspiracy", (Spring 1998) 35(3) American Criminal Law Review 739-766; 13th Survey of White Collar Crime;
 

SAETA, Maurice, "Prohibition and Hawkins' Doctrine", (1932) 66 United States Law Review 75-85;
 

SALLMANN, Peter and John Willis, "Editorial: Criminal Conspiracy: Takes One to Tango?", (September 1982) 15 Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 129-130; about R. v Darby (1982) 40 ALR 594;copy at the University of Ottawa, HV 6001 .A9  Location: MRT Periodicals;
 

SAYLES, G.O., "Introduction", in Select cases in the Court of King's Bench under Edward I / edited for the Selden Society by G.O. Sayles, vol. 3, London : B. Quaritch, 1939, cxcviii, 304 p., at pp. liv-lxxi, and see "Conspiracy and Allied Offences", at pp. lix-lxxi (series; Publications of the Selden Society; volume 58); copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX General KD 456.S4 vol. 58;

"The writ of conspiracy had been a two-edged weapon.  Invented to prevent the breakdown of justice and the legal system by corruption, especially in high places, it had been taken up by the lawless and perverted to their own nefarious ends so that honest denunciations of wrongdoing could be made only under the threat of a subsequent action.  The dangers grew worse after Edward I's reign as the fourteenth century saw passions unleashed by warfare abroad and the fifteenth century the disturbances of civil strife, and it was only the methods of the Star Chamber and the dictatorship of the Tudors that excised the great cancer that was corrupting the legal system of the country." (p. lxxi)


SAYRE, Francis B., "Criminal Conspiracy", (1921-22) 35 Harvard Law Review 393-427;
 

___________Legal concepts of conspiracy : a law review trilogy, 1922-1970, New York : Arno Press, 1972, 394-427, 277-285, 192-225 p.(series; Conspiracy: historical perspectives); notes: Criminal conspiracy, by F. B. Sayre. (Reprinted from Harvard law review, v. XXXV, no. 4, 1921-1922. Cambridge, 1922).--The conspiracy dilemma: prosecution of group crime or protection of individual defendants. (Reprinted from Harvard law review, v. 62, no. 2, "Notes." Cambridge, 1948).--The logic of conspiracy--United States v. Spock, 416 F. 2d 165 (1969). (Reprinted from Wisconsin law review, v. 1970,  no. 1, "Notes." Madison, 1970); ISBN: 040504156X; title noted in my research but document not consulted; no copy in the Ottawa area libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 25 August 2005); copy at Simon Fraser University, W.A.C. Bennett Library;
 

SCHABAS, William, "Conspiracy", in Dinah L. Shelton, editor in Chief, Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Vol. 1, Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2005, at pp. 200-202, ISBN:  0028658477 (set), 0028658485 (v. 1), 0028658493 (v. 2) and 0028658507 (v. 3); copy at Bibliothèque University Saint Paul Library - Reference  REF HV 6322.7 E53S44 2005;
 

SCHLEICHER, Lisa M. and Derek M. Stoldt, "Federal Criminal Conspiracy", (Spring 1993) 30(3) American Criminal Law Review 685-716; 8th Survey of White Collar Crime;
 

SCHULER, Kenneth G., Notes, "Continuing Criminal Enterprise, Conspiracy, and the Multiple Punishment Doctrine", (1992-93) 91 Michigan Law Review 2220-2258;
 

SCHULER, Nicholas J., "The Lone Conspirator, Criminal Law's Oxymoron— in Defense of the Rule of Consistency in Federal Conspiracy Cases", [2004] University of Illinois Law Review 755-780;
 

SCHWARTZ, Louis B. and G. Robert Blakey, "Introductory Memorndum and Excerpts from Consultant's Report on Conspiracy and Organized Crime", in Working Papers of the National Commission on Reform of Federal Criminal Laws, vol. 1 Relating to Chapters 1 to 13 (Sections 101 to 1381) of the Study Draft of a new Federal Criminal Code, Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, xxxv, 742, vii p., at  pp. 381-402;
 

SCOTT, I.R., "Verdicts in Conspiracy Cases", (1975) 38 Modern Law Review 221-226;
 

SELZ, Shirley A., "Conspiracy Law in Theory and in Practice: Federal Conspiracy Prosecutions in Chicago", (1977) 5 American Journal of Criminal Law 35-71; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada; copy at the University of Ottawa, KF 9202 .A427  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

SHELLOW, James M., "Tea- party Theory of Conspiracy", (1960-61) 44 Marquette Law Review 73-95;
 

SHERR, A.H., "Law Commission Working Paper Number 50 on Codification of the Criminal Law, General Principles: Inchoate Offences", (1974) 37 Modern Law Review 67-81;
 

SHIMOMURA, Yasumasa, "Les coauteurs par conspiration en droit pénal japonais", (1981) Revue de la recherche juridique droit prospectif 179-184; copie à la ibliothèque de la Cour suprême du Canada;
 

SHULMAN, D.R. and G.P. mooty, "Proof of Conspiracy in antitrust cases and the oligopoly problem", (2003) 4 The Sedona Conference Journal 1-19;   ISSN:  1530-4981; title noted in my research but article not consulted; no copy in the Canadian libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 21 August 2005);
 

SIESSEGER, Marie E., "Conspiracy Theory: The Use of the Conspiracy Doctrine in Times of  National Crisis", (December 2004) 46(3) William and Mary Law Review 1177-1218;
 

SILVERGATE, Jesse Joseph, 1941-, The role of the conspiracy doctrine in the Nuremberg war crimes trials, [S.l. : s.n.] 1969, viii, 332 leaves; notes: Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1969; title noted in my research but thesis not consulted; only copy of this document at York University, JX 5436 S58 1969, according to my verification of the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada;
 

SILVING, Helen, Constituent Elements of Crime, Springfield (Illinois): Charles C. Thomas, 1967, xxiv, 458 p., on conspiracy, see pp. 143-144 and 161-166;
 

___________Criminal Justice, vol. 1 et 2, Buffalo: W.S. Hein, 1971, xxviii, 557 p. (vol. 1) et xii, 553 p. (vol. 2); consult the index; note: there is also a Fall 1976 Supplement by Paul K. Ryu and Helen Silving to Criminal Justice by Helen Silving, Buffalo: Hein, 1977; important contribution;

"CONSPIRACY-LIKE CONSTRUCTS
IN COUNTRIES OF CIVL-LAW BACKGROUND

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

    'Conspiracy,' as a general concept or as an independent crime type, is unknown in civil-law countries.  Where, generally, agreement to commit unlawful acts is made criminal, it is treated as an instance of extension of criminality to situations which have not yet reached the stage of attempt.  Thus, any such agreement merges in the completed crime. ....

    An agreement, to be criminal in civil law countries, must be an agreement to commit a felony, as described by statute.  Even in such cases, civil-law jurists shrink from attaching to the agreement alone the mark of criminality. ....

    To be distinguished from an ad hoc agreement is the 'criminal association' which is intended to have a more durable character and in which the participants consider themselves united by a common purpose or subordinate themselves to a leader.  Also to be distinguished is the 'criminal gang'." (vol. 1, p. 499; notes omitted)


SIMON, "Conspiracy -- By the Prosecution", (1940) 9 The Law Society Law Journal 161; title noted in my research but article not consulted; most probably Boston : The Law Society of Massachusetts, 1929-1949; no copy in the Canadian libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 21 August 2005);
 

SLIEDREGT, Elies van, The Criminal Responsibility of Individuals for Violations of International Humanitarian Law, The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2003, xxiv, 437 p., see Conspiracy at pp. 17-20 and the index, ISBN: 9067041661; copy at Ottawa University, FTX General, K5064 .S53 2003;
 

SMITH, A.T.H., "Conspiracy to Defraud: The Law Commission's Working Paper No. 104", (1988) The Criminal Law Review 508-516;
 

SMITH, Douglas G., "The intracorporate conspiracy doctrine and 42 U.S.C. § 1985(3): the original intent", (1995-96) 90 Northwestern University Law Review 1125-1184;
 

SMITH, J.C., Case and Comment, "Conspiracy.  Criminal law Act 1977, s. 1(1) -- whether a party to an agreement who does not intend the agreement to be carried out is guilty of conspiracy if other parties to it do intend.  R. v. Anderson (William Ronald) [H. of L.]", [1985] The Criminal Law Review 650-653 with case reported by Michael Gardner at pp. 650-651 and commentary by Smith at 651-653;
 

___________"Conspiracy under the Criminal Law Act 1977 (1)", [1977] The Criminal Law Review 598-608 and "Conspiracy under the Criminal Law Act 1977 (2)", [1977] The Criminal Law Review 652;
 

___________"Mens Rea in Statutory Conspiracy.  (3)  Some Answers", [1978] The Criminal Law Review 210-214;
 

___________"More on Proving Conspiracy" [1997] The Criminal Law Review 333-334; copy at the University of Ottawa, KD 7862 .C734  Location, FTX Periodicals;
 

___________"Proving Conspiracy" [1996] The Criminal Law Review 386-392;
 

___________"Reply [to T. Hambrey Jones, supra]", [1978] The Criminal Law Review 108-110;
 

___________"Secondary Participation and Inchoate Offences" in CFH Tapper, ed., Crime, Proof and Punishment: Essays in Honour of Sir Rupert Cross, London: Butterworths, 1981, xxvi, 336 p., at pp. 21-44, ISBN: 0406569991;
 

___________"Theft, Conspiracy and Jurisdiction: Tarling's Case", [1979] The Criminal Law Review 220-229; copy at the University of Ottawa, KD 7862 .C734  Location, FTX Periodicals;
 

SMITH, K.J.M., "Withdrawal from Criminal Liability for Complicity and Inchoate Offences",  (1983) 12 Anglo-American Law Review 200-219;
 

SNYMAN, C.R., "The history and rationale of criminal conspiracy", (1984) 17 Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa 65-77; copy at Ottawa University, KRL 0 .C644  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

SOBEL, Nathan R., "The Anticipatory Offenses in the New Penal Law: Solicitation, Conspiracy, Attempt and Facilitation", (196566) 32 Brooklyn Law Review 257-273;
 

SOLAN, Lawrence, 1952-, and Peter M. Tiersma, Speaking of crime : the language of criminal justice, Chicago ; London : University of Chicago Press, 2005, x, 289 p., see Chapter 9: "Solicitation, Conspiracy, Bribery";  (series; Chicago series in law and society), ISBN: 0226767922 and  0226767930 (pbk.); title noted in my research but book not consulted yet; no copy yet in the Ottawa area libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 31 July 2005);
 

SPENCER, J.R. (John R.), Case and Comment, "Conspiracy and Recklessness", (July 2005) 64(2) Cambridge Law Journal 279-281;
 

___________"Trying to Help Another Person Commit a Crime" in Peter Smith, ed., Criminal Law: Essays in Honour of J.C. Smith, London: Butterworths, 1987, xxvii, 234 p. at pp. 148-169, and see "BY BENDING THE LAW OF CONSPIRACY", at pp. 154-156, ISBN: 04065011106;
 

SPICER, Robert, Conspiracy : law, class, and society, London : Lawrence and Wishart, 1981, 190 p., ISBN: 0853155488; copy at Carleton University, KD7955.S67; title noted in my research but book not consulted yet (27 August 2005);
 

STANNARD, John E., "Conspiracy to Defraud: the Last Word?",  (1989) 40  Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 182-190; copy at the University of Ottawa, KDK 87 .N67  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

STEINBERG. James, M., "The Long Awaited Death Knell of the Intra-Enterprise Doctrine", (1985) 30 Villanova Law Review 521-569;
 

STENGEL, George W., "Intra-Enterprise Conspiracy under Section 1 of the Sherman Act", (1963-64) 35 Mississippi. Law Journal 5-27;
 

STEPHEN, Sir James Fitzjames, 1829-1894, A General View of  the Criminal Law of England, 1sr ed., London and Cambridge: Macmillan, 1863, xii, 499 p.;

[ p. 62] "To the present day the judges exercise a modified power of legislation in declaring certain acts to be criminal on the broad ground of their immorality and tendency to injure the public, but they do so by the aid of a fiction so refined that it is difficult, at first sight, to see that it is a fiction.  This fiction consists in treating as a crime, not the very acts which are intended to be punished, but certain ways of doing them.  The law of conspiracy is, perhaps, the most complete illustration of this.  According to the law of conspiracy, a crime may be committed by the agreement of several persons to do an act which, if done by a single person, would not have been criminal. Thus, adultery and seduction are not crimes; but a conspiracy to debauch, or seduce, is criminal.*  A man might innocently issue a circular calculated to deceive the public as to the trade which he carried out; but if the directors of a joint-stock bank conspire to do so, they commit a crime.  The power of determining what specific actions men may not combine to do is, in reality, a legislative power; and it is the form of legislation by means of which the courts most frequently exercise in the present day the prerogative, which in former times was distinctly claimed for the Court of King's Bench, of being the custos morum."

    It is not apparent, at first sight, why conspiracy, which is one out of many possible aggravation of an act, should have been selected the one by which its criminal character should be determined.  For example, A and B commit adultery, each under every circumstance of fraud and treachery by which such conduct could be aggravated. B's conduct differs from A's only in the fact that he gets C to lend him a carriage for the purpose of elopment.  It seems strange that B and C should be guilty of a conspiracy, and that A should be guiltty of no offence at all.  The probable explanation is, that in early times the most prominent conspiracies were usually attented with great violence, and that, in defining the crime, words were used which in-
------
* Case of Lord Grey of Werke, 9 S.T. 127.  See forms of indictment in Tremaine's Crown Law.
 

[p. 63]
included offences of much less importance than those which were originally contemplated. The statute 33 Ed. I st. 2, which contains a definition of conspirators, shows what sort of offences the legislature had in their mind, though their definition includes many minor offences; just as the definition of highway robbery -- which was suggested by armed horsemen, who made a profession of plunder -- is generally applied in the present day to some coomonplace criminal, who pulls a few shellings out of the pocket of a drunken companion on his way home from a public-house.  'Conspiraors be they that do confeder, or bind themselves by oath, covenant, or other alliance, that every of them shall aid and bear the other falsely and maliciously to inudite, or cause to indite, or falsely to move or maintain pleas; and also such as cause children within age to appeal men of felony, whereby they are imprisoned and sore grieved; and such as retain men in the country with liveries, or fees, to maintain their malicious enterprises; and this extendeth as well to the takers as to the givers.  And stewards and bailiffs of great lords, which, by their seignory, office, or power, undertake to bear or maintain quarrels, pleas, or debates, that concern other parties than such as touch the estate of their lords or themselves.'* ...
------
* For an instance of a conspiracy of this sort, see the case of the conspiracy against the Spencers, A.D. 1321.  3 Lingard, Hist. 321."

........

[p. 148] The law of conspiracy might, in the hands of encroaching judges, be made at least as dangerous to liberty as the law of libel ever was.  A conspiracy is 'a combination to do an unlawful act, or to do a lawful act by unlawful means.'  Lord Denman in one case observed that he did not think the antithesis correct,* and it obviously is not really an antithesis at all.  The real definition would be a combination to do an unlawful act whether that act is or is not the final object of the combination.  In a preceding chapter I have given a sketch of the history of this branch of the law.  Upon the definition as it stands at present, I may observe that the word 'unlawful' is taken in so wide a sense that it might include almost any form of immoral, unpatriotic disloyal, or otherwise objectionable, conduct which involves a plan concerted
------
* R. v. Peck, 9 A. & E. 69.
 

[p. 149] between two or more persons.  It is not whether altogether incovenient to have a branch of the law which enables the courts, by a sort of ostracism, to punish people who make themselves dangerous or obnoxious to society at large, and the necessity for quoting precedents -- the publicity of the proceedings -- and the general integrity of the judges are probably sufficient safeguards against its abuse, but it would be idle to deny that the power is dangerous and ought to be watched with jealousy."


___________A History of the Criminal Law of England, London: MacMillan, 1883, vi, 497, see in vol. 2, "Conspiracy" at pp. 227-229, and in vol. 3, "Offences Relating to Trade and Labour", in particular pp. 205-228;

"[p. 227] CONSPIRACY.

    Conspiracy has much analogy to an attempt to commit a crime.  It consists in an agreement between two or more persons (as is commonly said) 'to do an unlawful act or to 'do a lawful act by unlawful means.'   In other words, it is an agreement to do anything, whether the thing agreed upon is in in itself an ultimate object, or only a means to an end lawful or unlawful.

    The crime of conspiracy regarded as an inchoate offence, calls for little observation, but it has a remarkable history.  In very early times the word had a completely different
 

[p. 228] meaning from which we attach to it.  This appears from two early statutes, the first is the Articuli super Chartas (28 Edw. 1, A.D. 1300) which was intended to supplement and enforce Magna Carta.  The tenth chapter begins: 'In right of conspirators, false informers, and evil procurers of dozens, assizes, inquests, and juries, the king has provided remedy for the plaintiffs by a writ out of chancery.  And notwithstanding he willeth that his justices of the one bench and of the other, and justices assigned to take assizes, when they come into the country to do their office shall upon every plaint made unto them award inquests thereupon without writ, and shall do right unto the plaintiffs without delay.'

    In the 33 Edw. 1 (1304) there is a definition of conspirators: 'Conspirators be they who do confeder or bind themselves by oath, covenant, or other alliance, that every of them shall aid and bear the other falsely and maliciously to indict or cause to indict, or falsely to move or maintain pleas; and also such as cause children within age to appeal men of felony whereby they are imprisoned and sore grieved; and such as retain men in the country with liveries or fees to maintain their malicious enterprises; and this extended as well to the takers as to the givers; and stewards and bailiffs of great lords which by their seignory office or power undertake to bear and maintain quarrels, pleas, or debates that concern other parties than such as touch the estates of their lords or themselves.'

    The earliest meaning of conspiracy was thus a combination to carry on legal proceedings in a vexatious or improper way, and the writ of conspiracy, and the power given by the Articuli super Chartas to proceed without such a writ, were the forerunners of our modern actions for malicious prosecution.  Originally, therefore, conspiracy was rather a particular kind of civil injury than a substantive crime, but like many other civil injuries it was also punishable on indictment, at the suit of the king, and upon a conviction the offender was liable to1 an extremely severe punishment which was called
------
1 'That they shall lose the freehold or franchise of the law, to the intent that he [they] shall not be put or had upon any jury or assize, or in any other testimony of truth; and if they have anything to do in the king's
 

[p. 229] 'the villain judgment.'  The Star Chamber1first treated conspiracies to commit crimes or indeed to do anything unlawful as substantive offences, and after the Restoration this amongst other doctrines of theirs found its way into the Court of King's Bench.  The doctrine was expressed so widely or loosely, that it became in course of time a head of law of great importance, and capable of almost indefinite extension.  In various cases the definition that a conspiracy is an agreement to do an unlawful act was held to mean something more than an agreement to do an act which is in itself criminal when done by a single person, the word 'unlawful' being used in a sense closely approaching to immoral simply, and amounting at least to immoral and at the same time injurious to the public. The length to which this doctrine has been carried even in our own days with respect especially to conspiracies in restraint of trade, and conspiracies to compel employers of labour to submit to terms imposed upon them by persons in their employment is well known, but upon this and some other adaptations of the law of conspiracy I defer any observations until I come to the particular conspiracies which have been treated as substantive crimes. ...
------
courts, they shall come, per solem id est, by noonday, and make their attorney, and forthwith return by broad day; and their houses, lands, and goods shall forthwith be seised into the king's hands, and their houses and lands estrepped and wasted, their trees rooted up and errased, and their bodies to prison: all things retrograde and against order and nature in destroying all things that have pleasured and nourished them, for that by falsehood, malice, and perjury they sought to attaint and overthrow the innocent.' -- Coke, Third Institute, 143 ('Conspiracy').

1 Hudson, 104-107.  Mr. Wright has gone into this subject at great length and with much learning in his work on the law of criminal conspiracies.  He does not happen to quote Hudson." (pp. 227-229)


STEWART, Jennifer, "The Intra-Enterprise Conspiracy Doctrine After Copperweld Corp. v. Independence Tube Corp.", (1986) 86 Columbia Law Review 198-212;
 

STIEFEL, Jay Robert, Comment, "Criminal Law: Criminal Conspiracy under the New Pennsylvania Crimes Code", (1973-74) 78 Dickinson Law Review 159-175;
 

STONE, Christopher D., "Conspiracy, Concealment, and the Statute of Limitations", (1960-61) 70 Yale Law Journal 1311-1353;
 

STUART, Don, A Comparative Study of the Law and Police Practice in England Relating to the Prosecution of Inchoate and Preventive Crimes,  unpublished D. Phil. candidate thesis, Oxford University, 1974, 406, 26 leaves; title noted in my research but thesis not consulted; copy at University of Alberta, Cameron Library, KF 9223 S93 1974;
 

SUISSE / SWITZERLAND, Code pénal, disponible à http://www.admin.ch/ch/f/rs/c311_0.html (visionné le 1er août 2005)

"Organisation criminelle
Art. 260ter 188

1. Celui qui aura participé à une organisation qui tient sa structure et son effectif secrets et qui poursuit le but de commettre des actes de violence criminels ou de se procurer des revenus par des moyens criminels, celui qui aura soutenu une telle organisation dans son activité criminelle, sera puni de la réclusion pour cinq ans au plus ou de l’emprisonnement.

2. Le juge pourra atténuer librement la peine (art. 66) à l’égard de celui qui se sera efforcé d’empêcher la poursuite de l’activité criminelle de l’organisation.

3. Est également punissable celui qui aura commis l’infraction à l’étranger si l’organisation exerce ou doit exercer son activité criminelle en tout ou en partie en Suisse. L’art. 3, ch. 1, al. 2, est applicable.

188 Introduit par le ch. I de la LF du 18 mars 1994, en vigueur depuis le 1er août 1994 (RO 1994 1614 1618; FF 1993 III 269)."


SULLIVAN, Patrick J., "Bootstrapping of Hearsay Under Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2)(E): Further Erosion of the Coconspirator Exemption", (1988-89) 74 Iowa Law Review 467-504;
 

TARLOW, Barry, "Defense of a Federal Conspiracy Prosecution", (1978) 4 The National Journal of Criminal Defense 183-294; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, microfiche;
 

__________"RICO: The New Darling of the Prosecutor's Nursery", (1980-81) 49 Fordham Law Review 165-306;
 

TAYLOR, R.D., Notes, "Distinctive Conspiracies", (1987) 103 Law Quarterly Review 14-19;
 

TEMKIN, Jennifer, "When Is a Conspiracy Like an Attempt - And Other Impossible Questions",  (1978) 94 Law Quarterly Review 534-556;


TEWARI, R.B.,  "Conspiracy", in S. Govindarajulu, ed., Essays on the Indian Penal Code: published on the occasion of the centenary of the Indian Penal Code, Bombay: N.M. Tripathi, 1962, pp. 87-93; title noted in my research but article not consulted (27 April 2007); 
 

THEIS, William H., "The Double Jeopardy Defense and Multiple Prosecutions for Conspiracy", (1996) 49 Southern Methodist University Law Review 269-307; title noted in my research but article not consulted;  no copy of this periodical in the Ottawa area libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 7 August 2005);
 

THILL-TAYARA, Mélanie, "Holding on to the 'holding out doctrine' : the French approach towards intra-group conspiracy",  (2003) 24(10) European Competition Law Review 553-556;  copy at Affaires étrangères et Commerce international, Bibliothèque juridique/Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Legal Library, Ottawa; title noted in my research but article not consulted yet (27 August 2005);
 

THOMAS, D.A., "Conspiracy - conspiracy to commit a substantive offence - conspiracy charged as having been committed over a specified period of time - maximum sentence for the substantive offence increased during period charged - whether increased maximum sentence applies.  R. v. Hobbs and Otlen [C.A. (Criminal Division)]", [2002] The Criminal Law Review 414-417, with commentary at pp. 416-417;
 

THOMSON, John Archer, "Copperweld Corp. v. Independence Tube Corp.: The Changing Complexion of Intra-Enterprise under the Sherman Antitrust Act", (1984-85) 19 Georgia Law Review 189-220;
 

T.K.H. III, Notes, "Reforming the Law of Inchoate Crimes", (1973) 59 Virginia Law Review 1235-1269, and on conspiracy, see pp. 1247-1260  ;
 

TOBIN, Rosemary, "Conspiracy and Intention: Lonrho Plc v Fayed [1991] 3 All ER 303", [1991] The New Zealand Law Journal 430-431; tort law; copy at the University of Ottawa, KTC 0 .B887  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

TOOMEY, Daniel F., "Some Procedural Aspects of the Prosecution of a Conspiracy In The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, (1965) 53 Massachusetts Law Quarterly 207-249;  copy at the University of Ottawa, MRT Microfilm, KFM 2469 .M477a;
 

TREMBLAY, Michael J., Recent Development, "Evolution of the Coconspirator Exception to the Hearsay Rule in the Federal Courts", (1980-81) 16 New England Law Review 617-636;
 

TURNER, Donald F., "The Definition of Agreement under the Sherman Act: Conscious Parallelism and Refusals to Deal", (1961-62) 75 Harvard Law Review 654-706;
 

TURNER, Marjorie Shepherd, 1921-, The early American labor conspiracy cases, their place in labor law; a reinterpretation, San Diego [Calif.] San Diego State College Press, 1967, vii, 86 p. (series; San Diego State College Press. Social science monograph series, v. 1, no. 3), ISBN: 0916304035; title noted in my research but document not consulted; no copy in the Ottawa area libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 7 August 2005);
 

TYSON, Christopher J., Repealing the conspiracy provisions of the federal mandatory minimums law, Cambridge, Mass. : John F. Kennedy School of Government, 2003;  title noted in my research but thesis not consulted; no copy of this thesis in the Canadian libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 7 August 2005);  copy at Harvard University;
 

UNITED NATIONS, Secretary-General, The charter and judgment of the Nürnberg Tribunal : history and analysis/ memorandum submitted by the Secretary-General, Lake Success (USA): United Nations, General Assembly, International Law Commission, 1949, iv, 99 p., on conspiracy, see pp. 5-56, and 82-84; notes: United Nations publications. Sales no. 1949. v. 7; on cover: A/CN.4/5. 3 March 1949; copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX General, KZ 1176 .U547 1949;

"Application of the Charter by the Nürnberg Tribunal...

4. CRIMES AGAINST PEACE...

[ p. 50] D. THE COMMON PLAN OR CONSPIRACY

    As to the distinctive characteristics of crimes against peace, namely planning, preparation, intiating or waging of either of the two types of war mentioned above, on one side, and, on the other, participation in a common plan or conspiracy for the accomplishment of 'any of the foregoing' little general discussion is to be found in the judgment.  Most of the statements made by the Court in this respect concern the common plan or conspiracy.  It may therefore be convenient to begin with this crime which, furthermore, was charged under the first count of the indictment.
 

    (1) Contentions of the prosecution

    The contentions of the prosecution in this connexion were summarized by the Court in the following way: 'The 'common plan or conspiracy' charged in the indictment covers 25 years, from the forma- [p. 51] tion of the Nazi Party in 1919 to the end of the War in 1945.  The party is spoken of as 'the instrument of cohesion among the defendants' for carrying out the purposes of the conspiracy--the overthrowing of the Treaty of Versailles, acquiring territory lost by Germany in the last war and 'lebensraum' in Europe, by the use, if necessary, of armed force, of agressive war.  The 'sizure of power' by the Nazis, the use of terror, the destruction of trade unions, the attack on Christian teaching and on churches, the persecution of the Jews, the regimentation of youth--all these are said to be steps deliberately taken to carry the common plan.  It found expression,
so it is alleged, in secret rearmament, the withdrawal by Germany from the Disarmament Conference and the League of Nations, universal military service, and seizure of the Rhineland.  Finally, according to the indictment, aggressive action was planned and carried out against Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1936-38, followed by the planning and waging of war against Poland; and, successively, against 10 other countries.

    'The prosecution says, in effect, that any significant participation in the affairs of the Nazi Party or government is evidence of a participation in a conspiracy that is in itself criminal.'73
 

    (2) Objections of the defence

    The defence objected to the conspiracy charge on several grounds.74  It contended that the conception of conspiracy was confined to the Anglo-American legal system and was, as used by the prosecution, entirely unknown to German law.  To introduce this concept into the present trial would be unjust, as it was 'utterly alien to the defendants and to the legal trend of thought of their people'.  Futhermore, the defence denies that conspiracy to wage an illegal war was an international crime.  'Can it be honestly stated,' it was asked, 'that already before 1939 not only the initiating of an illegal war was held to be an act punishable individually, but moreover a 'conspiracy' for initiating such war?'  To punish for conspiracy would consequently be a violation of the principle nullum crimen sine lege.  The defence also argued that the very expression 'to conspire' implies that the conspirators participate knowingly and willingly.  If somebody imposes his will on another, there is no conspiracy.  Therefore, it was submitted, 'a conspiracy with a dictatotor at its head is a contradiction in itself'.
 

    (3) Findings of the Court

    The Court applied the conception of conspiracy, but gave to it
------
73  Judgment, p. 54.
74  See Nazi conspiracy and aggression, supplement B, pp. 53 ff, 117 and foll.
 

[p. 52] a restrictive interpretation.  'Conspiracy', the judgment says,75 'is not defined in the Charter.  But in the opinion of the Tribunal the conspiracy must be clearly outlined in its criminal purpose.  It must not be too far removed from the time of decision and of action.  The planning, to be criminal, must not rest merely on the declarations of a party programme, such as are found in the 25 points of the Nazi Party, announced in 1920, or the political affirmations expressed in 'Mein Kampf' in later years.  The Tribunal must examined whether a concrete plan to wage war existed, and determine the participants in that concrete plan.'

    Although the Court held that the existence of a concrete plan to wage war was necessary to constitute conspiracy, it did not require that a single conspiracy be proved.  'In the opinion of the Tribunal, the evidence establishes the common planning to prepare and wage war by certain of the defendants.  It is immaterial to consider whether a sigle conspiracy to the extent and over the time set out in the indictment has been conclusively proved.  Continued planning, with aggressive war as the objective, has been established beyond doubt.'76

    The contention of the defence that conspiracy with a dictator is a contradiction was rejected by the Court.  'The argument that such common planning cannot exist where there is complete dictatorship is unsound.  A plan in the execution of which a number of persons participate is still a plan, even though conceived by only one of them; and those who execute the plan do not avoid responsibility by showing that they acted under the direction of the man who conceived it.  Hitler could not make aggressive war by himself.  He had to have the co-operation of statesmen, military leaders, diplomats, and businessmen.  When they, with knowledge of his aims, gave him their co-operation, they made themselves parties to the plan he had initiated.  They are not to be deemed innocent because Hitler made use of them, if they knew what they were doing.  That they were assigned to their tasks by a dictator does not absolve them from their responsibility for their acts.  The relation of leader and follower does not preclude responsibility here any more than it does in the comparable tyranny of organized domestic crime.'77

    These pronouncements clearly imply clearly that the planning, to constitute a conspiracy, must, firstly, be a common, concrete planning which, secondly, has a its objective the waging of war--presumably either aggressive war or war in violation of international treaties, agreements or assurances.
------
75 Judgment, pp. 54-55.
76 Judgment, p. 55.
77 Judgment, pp. 55-56."
 
 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society: A Report by the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1967, 340 p. (Chairman: Nicholas deB. Katzenbach);  note: Commonly known as the Crime commission report; copy at the University of Ottawa, MRT General: HV 6789 .A33 1967;
"The laws of conspiracy have provided an effective substantive tool with which to confront the criminal groups." (p. 200)


UNITED STATES SENTENCING COMMISSION, Guideline Manual, § 3E1.1 (November 2003), available at  http://www.ussc.gov/2003guid/2003guid.pdf; see Table of Contents and do word search on the pdf version;
 

VAN DEN WYNGAERT, Christine, "The Protection of the Financial Interests of the EU in the Candidate States.  Perspectives on the Future of Judicial Integration in Europe -- Final Report* --" in Peter J. Cullen, ed., Enlarging the fight against fraud in the European Union : penal and administrative sanctions, settlement, whistleblowing and corpus juris in the candidate countries / [ERA, Europäische Rechtsakademie], Köln : Bundesanzeiger Verlagsgesellschaft, c2004, c2003, 447 p., at pp. 189-214 (series; Schriftenreihe der Europäischen Rechtsakademie Trier ; Bd. 36 = Serie de publications de l'Academie de Droit Europeen de Treves; Bd.36 = Series of publications by the Academy of European Law Trier; Bd. 36), ISBN: 3898173658; copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX General, KJE 8643 .E55 2004; * "This is a slightly amended version of the final report published in the special issue of ERA - Forum 3-2001.  Updating of the references has not, however, been carried out.  For post-Lacken developments, readers should consult the Introduction. The integrity of this report has been maintained, which explains the different numbering etc. compared to other parts of this volume." (note at p. 299);

"Chapter 1 -- Offences...
II. Comparative analysis candidate states...

4. Conspiracy and membership of a criminal organisation

The most important acquis-instrument is the EU Joint Action on making it a Criminal Offence to Participate in a Criminal Organisation in the Member States of the European Union (1998)12.  It leaves states the choice between two approaches, either to criminalize membership of a criminal organisation, or to criminalize conspiracy.  This reflects the difference in approach that states follow in criminalizing behaviour committed in the framework of organised crime.  One group of states have a specific crime in the special part of their criminal code defining the offence of membership of a criminal organization (association de malfaiteurs in France and Belgium), the other group criminalizes conspiracy in more general terms as a form of a criminal participation (e.g. conspiracy to defraud in the UK and Ireland). ....
----
12 Joint Action on making it a Criminal Offence to Participate in a Criminal Organisation in the Member States of the European Union, Official Journal No. L 351, 29.12.1998, p. 1.  See also the UN Convention against Transnational Organised Crime, 2 November 2000, UN General Assembly, International Legal Materials 2001, p. 353." (p. 308)


VAN DEN WYNGAERT, Christine, editor, and Guy Stessens and Liesbeth Janssens, assistant editors,  International Criminal Law: A Collection of International and European Instruments, 3rd ed., Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 2005, xviii, 1542 p., see the index, at p. 1534, under "Association to commit offences" where the authors refer to 17 instruments;  at p. 1535, under "Conspiracy" where the authors refer to 24 instruments; and at p. 1540 "Organized crime" where the authors refer to several instrument, ISBN: 900414232 and 9004142940 (pbk.); copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, K5301 A35 I58 2005;
 

VOGEL, Joachim, "How to Determine Individual Criminal Responsibility in Systemic Contexts: Twelve Models", [2002] Cahiers de défense sociale; available at  http://www.defensesociale.org/revista2002/10.3.htm (accessed on 20 November 2005);

"11. «Conspiracy» model

The responsibility under the «imputation» or «supervision» model implies that an offence has really been committed or at least attempted. However, many criminal law systems recognize a criminal liability for conspiring to commit an offence even before (and regardless of) the commission of the offence – which can be called «conspiracy» model. It is a traditional model of criminal liability in common law countries but is also advancing in continental countries where risk management has become an idée directrice of modern societies. The traditional criminal law approach – to intervene only after an offence has been committed and after harm has been done – becomes less and less acceptable, also with a view to the extent and the quality of the harm which criminals can cause in a modern technical society."


VUKMIR, Branko, Conspiracy and international law, May, 1954, 43 p., note: Harvard Law School third year paper law; location at Harvard University: Law School Red Set Student Papers [Consult Special Collections] [Box 354 Folder 11] and [Box 404 Folder 6]; document not consulted but noted in my research; Notes : Paper submitted to Prof. Parry and Prof. Sohn for the International Law Problems Seminar and the World Order Seminar;
 

WAGNER, Wienczyslaw J., "Conspiracy in Civil Law Countries", (1951-52) 42 Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science 171-183;
 

WASHOFSKY, Leonard A., Note, "Offences and Quasi-Offences -- Conspiracy -- Civil Action for 'True Conspiracy' ",  (1958-59) 33 Tulane Law Review 410-414;
 

WECHSLER, Herbert, William Kenneth Jones and Harold L. Korn, "The Treatment of Inchoate Crimes in the Model Penal Code of the American Law Institute: Attempt, Solicitation, and Conspiracy", (1961) 61 Columbia Law Review 571-628 and 957-1030; on conspiracy, see pp. 957-1017; "Incapacity, Irresponsibility or Immunity of Party to Solicitation or Conspiracy", at pp. 1017-1022; "Grading of Criminal Attempt, Solicitation, and Conspiracy; Mitigation in Cases of Lesser Danger; Multiple Convictions Barred", at pp. 1022-1030;
 

WEINREB, Elliot R., "The Threat of Unfairness in Conspiracy Prosecutions: A Proposal for Procedural Reform", (Summer 1972) 2(2) New York University Review L.  & Social Change 1-18;
 

WELLING, Sarah N., "Intracorporate Plurality in Criminal Corporate Conspiracy", (1981-82) 33 Hastings Law Journal 1155-1201;
 

WERLE, Gerhard, in cooperation with Florian Jessberger, Wulf Burchards, Volker Nerlich and Belinda Cooper, Principles of International Criminal Law, The Hague: TMC Asser Press, c2005, xii, 485 p., and see "Inchoate Crimes",  pp. 165-170, with "Conspiracy", at pp. 166-167 and "Planning and Preparation", at p. 167, ISBN: 9067041963 and 9067042021 (pbk.); copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX General, K5000 .W47 2005;
 

WERSHOW,  James Stuart, The doctrine of criminal conspiracy and labor combination : a study in the development of an early  American common law, [1939], 134, [5] leaves ; Microfiche. [Buffalo, N.Y.] : Hein, [1996] (series; Hein's legal theses and dissertations ; v. 004-00391); copy at Ottawa University, K 46 .H44 v.004-00391 1939a FTX microfiche;
 

WESSEL, Milton R., "The Conspiracy Charge as a Weapon Against Organized Crime", (1962-63) 38 Notre Dame Law Review 689-699;
 

___________"Procedural Safeguards for the Mass Conspiration Trial", (July 1962) 48 Journal of the American Bar Association 628-633; title noted in my research but article not consulted yet (27 August 2005);
 

WHITSON,  Jerry, Note, "Civil Conspiracy: A Substantive Tort?" (1979) 59 Boston University Law Review 921-949;
 

WICHITWECHKARN, Netipong, The law of conspiracy : the Thai and American laws compared, LL.M. Thesis, Harvard Law School, 1987, 88 leaves; thesis submitted to Professor Kathleen Sullivan;  title noted in my research but book not consulted; no copy of this book in the libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 2 August 2005);
 

WILBERDING, Merle F., "An Ominous Warning for Antitrust Law: The Disposition of the 'Bathtub' Conspiracy -- as Applied to Unincorporated Divisions --May Have Left a Tell-Tale Ring Around the Tub", (1971) 32 Ohio State Law Journal 43-56;
 

WILLIAMS, Cameron R., Comment, "Complicity in a Conspiracy as an Approach to Conspirational Liability", (1968-69) 16  UCLA Law Review 155-176;
 

WILLIAMS, Glanville, "The Added Conspiracy Count", (12 January 1978) 128 New Law Journal 24-25; issue number 5834; copy at the University of Ottawa, KD 322 .N49  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

__________"Criminal Law -- Conspiracy -- Public Mischief", (1954) Cambridge Law Journal 26-30; R. v. Newland, [1953] 8 W.L.R. 827 (Central Criminal Court);
 

___________Criminal Law: The General Part, London: Stevens, 1961, liv, 929 p., see Chapter 15, "Conspiracy", at pp. 663-713;
 

___________"The New Statutory Offence of Conspiracy I", (1 December 1977) 127 New Law Journal 1164-1167; issue number 5830; and  "The New Statutory Offence of Conspiracy II", (8 December 1977) 127 New Law Journal 1188-1190; issue number 5831; copy at the University of Ottawa, KD 322 .N49  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

WILLIS, Everett I. and Robert Pitofsky, "Antitrust Consequences of Using Corporate Subsidiaries", (1968) 43 New York University Law Review 20-52;
 

WINFIELD, Percy Henry, Sir, 1878-1953, The history of conspiracy and abuse of legal procedure, Cambridge : University Press, 1921, xxvii, 219 p. (series; Cambridge studies in English legal history), copy at the libary of the Supreme Court of Canada and the Law Library of the University of Ottawa, KD 7955 .W56 1921 FTX; note: reprint: Littleton, Colo. : F.B. Rothman, 1982, ISBN: 0837713277; copy available at http://www.archive.org/details/historyofconspir00winfrich (accessed on 12 November 2007);

"CONTENTS

GENERAL PREFACE BY H. D. HAZELTINE...v-xiii

AUTHOR'S PREFACE...xv-xvi

INDEX OF STATUTES...xxi-xxii

INDEX OF YEAR BOOKS...xxiii-xxiv

INDEX OF CASES...xxv-xxvii
 

CHAP.
I  EARLY HISTORY OF ABUSE OF PROCEDURE, AND ESPECIALLY OF CONSPIRACY...1-28

- EARLY MEABING OF CONSPIRACY...1-4
- ABUSE OF LEGAL PROCEDURE GENERALLY; (1) IN ANGLO-SAXON TIMES, (2) AFTER THE CONQUEST...4
- Appeals...5-13
- Indictments...13-15
- Writ de odio et alia...15-22
- Statute of Conspirators...2-28
II  THE WRIT OF CONSPIRACY...29-91
- ORIGIN OF THE WRIT...29-37
- CLASSIFICATION IN REGISTER...37-39
- SCOPE OF WRIT
(1) Application for false appeals...39-51
(2) Application generally...51-59
(a) Criminal accusations...52-54
(b) Civil proceedings...55-59
- ESSENTIALS OF LIABILITY TO WRIT...59-87
(1) Combination...59-65
(2) Falsity and malice...66-81
(a) Indictors...67-70
(b) Jurors...70-71
(c) Witnesses...71-78
(d) Judges...79-80
(e) Officials...80-81
(3) Procurement...81-83
(4) Acquittal of Plaintiff...83-87
- APPLICATION OF WRIT TO WOMEN...88


III EARLY HISTORY OF CONSPIRACY TO ABUSE PROCEDURE AS A CRIME...92-108

- CIVIL AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE DISTINGUISHED...82-93
- EARLY HISTORY OF THE CRIME...93-96
- CONFEDERACY...96-99
- VILLAINOUS JUDGMENT...99-102
- DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRIME...102-108
IV DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINAL CONSPIRACY GENERALLY TO END OF 18th CENTURY...109-117
- PRELIMINARY...109
- PARLIAMENT ROLLS...109-111
- TRADE COMBINATIONS...111-112
- LATTER HALF OF 17th CENTURY...112-115
- BEGINNING OF 18th CENTURY...115-117
V ACTION ON THE CASE IN THE NATURE OF CONSPIRACY...118-130
- DECAY OF WRIT OF CONSPIRACY...118-119
- ACTION ON THE CASE...119-130


VI MAINTENANCE AND CHAMPERTY.  HISTORICAL OUTLINE...131-160

- COKE'S DEFINITION...131
- MANUTENENTIA RURALIS...132-135
- MANUTENENTIA CURIALIS...135-136
- GENERAL AND SPECIAL MAINTENANCE...136-138
- WERE MAINTENANCE AND CHAMPERTY FORBIDDEN AT COMMON LAW?...138-150
- REMEDIES DOWN TO RICH. II...150-154
- FAILURES OF REMEDIES...154-157
- SUPPRESSION OF THE OFFENCES...157-160
VII EMBRACERY AND MISCONDUCT OF JURORS...161-199

VIII COMMONS BARRATRY AND FRIVOLOUS ARRESTS...200-212

- GENERAL INDEX...213-219


WINOGRAD, Jesse, "Federal Criminal Conspiracy", (2004) 41(2) American Criminal Law Review 611-645; 19th Survey of White Collar Crime; copy at the University of Ottawa KF 9202 .A425, FTX Periodicals;
 

WISE, Edward M., "RICO and Its Analogues: Some Comparative Considerations", (2000) 27 Syracuse Journal of International law and Commerce 303-324;
 

WOOD, Gordon S., "Conspiracy and the Paranoid Style: Causality and Deceit in the Eighteenth Century", (1982) 39 William and Mary Quarterly 401-441;
 

WOODIWISS, Anthony, Rights v. conspiracy : a sociological essay on the history of labour law in the United States, New York : Berg : Distributed exclusively in the US and Canada by St. Martin's Press, 1990, ix, 332 p. (Collection; State, law, and society), ISBN:  0854965874;  title noted in my research but document not consulted; no copy in the Ottawa area libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 6 August 2005);
 

WRIGHT, R.S. (Robert Samuel), Sir, 1839-1904, The law of criminal conspiracies and agreements,  London : Butterworths, 1873, 107 p.; ISBN:  0837727316; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, Ottawa, KF9479 W74 1873; reprint in Littleton, Colo. : F.B. Rothman, 1986, ISBN: 0837727316;

"CONTENTS

SECTION I.
§ 1. General History of the Law of Criminal Combinations...5

SECTION II.
THE KINDS (OR PURPOSES) OF CRIMINAL COMBINATIONS.
§ 2. Arrangement of this Section...19
§ 3. Combinations to commit Conspiracy, properly so called, within the meaning of the Three Ancient Ordinances of Conspirators...20
§ 4. Other Combinations expressly prohibited by Statutes now in force...23
§ 5. The Rule of the Seventeenth Century that Combination for any Crime is punishable...26
§ 6. The Question of a wider Rule...27
§ 7. Examination of Cases on Combination against Government...28
§ 8. Examination of Cases on Combination to pervert or defeat Justice...30
§ 9. Examination of Cases on Combination against Public Morals and Decency...32
§ 10. Examination of Cases on Combination to Defraud...33
§ 11. Examination of Cases on Combination to Injure Individuals (otherwise than by Fraud)...37
§ 12. Examination of Cases on Combinations relating to Trade and Labour: -- (1.) Restraint of Trade and Disturbance of Markets...43
§ 13. Examination of Cases as to Trade and Labour continued: (2.) Coercion of Individuals...45
§ 14. Summary of this Section. -- Lord Denman's Antithesis...62

SECTION III.
THE ACT OF COMBINATION
§ 15. TheAct of Combination -- Evidence -- Punishment -- Exceptions...68
§ 16. Foreign Laws...80
§ 17 Conclusions...80
    APPENDIX I. List of Statutes...89
    APPENDIX II. Leading Cases...90
    APPENDIX III. Lists of Cases...101
(p.*)


___________The law of criminal conspiracies and agreements: to which is added the law of criminal conspiracies and agreements as found in the American cases / by Hampton  L. Carson, Philadelphia:  Blackstone,  1887, 320 p. (Collection; Text-book ser.; number 11); copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX General, KD 7955 .W7 1887;
 

WRIGHT, SUSAN K., Comment, "All in the Family: When Will Internal Discussions Be Labeled Intra-Enterprise Conspiracy?", (1974-75) 14 Duquesne University Law Review 63-87;
 

YAO, Dennis A. and Susan S. DeSanti, "Game Theory and the Legal Analysis of  Tacit Collusion", (1993) 38 Antitrust Bulletin 113-141; copy at University of Ottawa, HD 2795 .A58  Location, FTX Periodicals;
 

YAWN, Malcolm T., "Conspiracy", (1971) 51 Military Law Review 211-247;
 

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