Key Words: criminal law, bibliography on causation, adequate cause, but for test, but for cause, causa causans, causal connection, causa determinans, causa efficiens, causa sine qua non,  causalité, causalité adéquate, causalité juridique, causation, causation in the law, cause in law, cause of death, concurrent causation, causes concurrentes, conditio sine qua non, contributory cause, criminal causation, direct cause, equivalence of causes, factual causation, intervening cause, intervening causes, law of causality,  legal causation, legal cause,  lien causal,  lien de causalité, novus actus interveniens, proximate cause,  rapport de causalité, simultaneous causation, Smithers, substantial cause, superseding cause, teleological theory of causation,  theory of relevance, thin skull, thin skulls

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updated and corrections / mise à jour et corrections: 13 March 2010
 

- To assist researchers, please do not hesitate to suggest titles to these bibliographies.  Thank you.
- Pour le bénéfice de tous, n'hésitez pas à suggérer des ajouts aux bibliographies.  Merci.
flareau@rogers.com
 

by / par ©François Lareau, 2000-, Ottawa, Canada

Selected Bibliography on
Causation in Criminal Law /
-------------------------
Bibliographie choisie sur la
causalité en droit pénal
------
See also / Voir aussi: Comparative Law / Droit comparé
------

Part I - Canadian Law/Droit canadien
 

ABELL, J. (Jennie), 1951-, and Elizabeth Sheehy, Criminal Law and Procedure: Poof, Defences, and Beyond, 2nd ed., North York (Ontario): Captus Press, c.1998, ii, 463 p., see "Causation" at pp. 39-42, ISBN: 6896691374;
 

ANAND, Sanjeev S., "Criminal Law Course -- Class Notes -- Causation --5 Lectures ", Faculty of Law, University of Alberta, these 5 lectures are available at  http://www.law.ualberta.ca/courses/anand/criminal/index.htm (accessed on 28 March 2003);
 

___________Notes and Comments, "Determining Causal Standards for First Degree Murder in the Wake of Nette: When Does the Substantial Cause Test Apply?", (2002) 46 The Criminal Law Quarterly 282-292;
 

BARNHORST, Sherrie, 1948-,  and Richard Barnhorst, Criminal Law and the Canadian Criminal Code, 3rd ed., Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1996, xxxii, 414 p., see  "Causation" at pp. 39-40 and "Causatrion" in homicide at pp. 212-214,  ISBN: 007552757X;
 

BAUDOUIN, Jean-Louis et Patrice Deslauriers, La responsabilité civile, Cowansville: Les Éditions Yvon Blais, 1998, xlivi, 1684 p., ISBN: 2894812562, voir "Le lien de causalité" aux pp. 341-372 avec une bibliographie aux pp. 373-377; droit civil;
 

BECK, Richard and Nikos Harris, "Unlawful Act Manslaughter: Origins, Elements, and Future Directions" in Gerry Ferguson and Stanley Yeo, eds., The Law of Homicide, Provocation and Self-Defence: Canadian, Australian and other Asia-Pacific Perspectives, Workshop Papers and Related Materials, Victoria (British Columbia): Centre for Asia-Pacific Initiatives, 2000, vi, 194 p. at pp. 37-48, ISBN: 1550582119; note: "Procedings of a conference held in Victoria, B.C. on Nov. 19, 1999";
 

BOISVERT, Anne-Marie, "Annotation: R. c. Lucas", (2001) 45 C.R. (5th) 74 (Que. C.A.)",  (2001) 45 C.R. (5th) 76-77 (français) and 79 (English); constitutionality of sections 224 and 225 of the Criminal Code (special homicide causation rules);
 

___________"La responsabilité versant acteurs: vers une redécouverte en droit canadien, de la notion d'imputabilité", (2003) 33 Revue générale de droit 271-292 et voir les pp. 290-292;
 

BOURQUE, Pierre, "Proof of the Cause of Death in a Prosecution for  Criminal Negligence Causing Death", (1979-80) 22 The Criminal Law Quarterly 334-343;
 

BROWN, Beverly A., "The Thin-Skulled User Test: A Framework for Causation in Criminal Driving Cases", (1990) 2 Journal of Motor Vehicle Law 289-306;
 

BRUDNER, Alan, "Owing Outcomes: On Intervening Causes, Thin Skulls, and Fault-undifferentiated Crimes", (1998) 11 The Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 89-114;
 

CANADA/PROVINCES, Report of the Working Group on Chapter 2 of the Law Reform Commission of Canada Report 30 "Recodifying Criminal Law", [Ottawa]; [Department of Justice Canada], January 1988, v, 118 p., see "Clause 2(6) Causation" at pp. 101-110; the Working Group report at p. 118 mentions also the following papers prepared: paper # 32 "Causality" [translation], 28 September 1987, Quebec Department of Justice; paper # 33, "Causation", October 1987, Saskatchewan Department of Justice; paper # 34, "Causation - Comparative Law", September 1987, Department of Justice Canada; paper # 35, "Discussion Paper Re: Causation, Chapter 2(6) L.R.C. Report # 30 Volume 1", August 13, 1987, British Columbia Ministry of the Attorney General; the Working Group  report is cited in the Law Reform Commission of Canada, 1988-1989 - 18th Annual Report, Ottawa: Law Reform Commission of Canada, 1989 at p. 37, ISBN: 0662573013.  Chapter 2 is entitled "Principles of Liability" and  includes proposals on causation. The Working Group report was submitted to the Federal-Provincial Coordination Committee of Senior Justice Officials.Members of the Working Group were from: the Department of Justice Canada, and from the following provincial Attorney General departments or Ministries/Departments of Justice: Ontario, Québec, Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan, Alberta and  British Columbia. The Working Group report is available from the Department of Justice Canada.  It was obtained by François Lareau in 1998 under Access to Information Request number A98-00184;  available at http://www.lareau-legal.ca/WorkingGroupGeneralPartEnglish2.pdf and at my Digital Library, http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html;
also available in French / aussi disponible en français:
CANADA/PROVINCES, Rapport du Groupe de travail chargé de l'étude du chapitre 2 du Rapport no 30 de la Commission de réforme du droit du Canada "Pour une nouvelle codification du droit pénal" (Volume I), [Ottawa]: [Ministère de la Justice Canada],  janvier 1988, vi, 134 p., voir "Paragraphe 2(6) Causalité" aux pp. 115-125; voir aussi les documents de recherche mentionnés à la p. 133 du rapport du Groupe de travail:  document numéro 32, "La causalité", 28 septembre 1987, Ministère de la Justice Québec; document numéro 33, "La causalité" [traduction], octobre 1987, Ministère de la Justice de la Saskatchewan;  document numéro 34, "La causalité - droit comparé", [traduction], septembre 1987, Ministère de la Justice Canada; document numéro 35, "Document de  travail, Objet: La causalité, chapitre 2(6) du rapport 30, volume  1 de la CRD" [traduction], 13 août 1987, Ministère du Procureur-général Colombie-Britannique; ce rappor tdu Groupe de travail est mentionné dans : Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, 1988-1989, Dix-huitième Rapport annuel,  Ottawa : Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, 1989,  à la p. 40, ISBN: 0662573013.  Le chapitre 2 du rapport 30 a pour titre «Principes régissant la responsabilité» et comprend une disposition sur la causalité.  Ce rapport du Groupe de travail a été soumis au Comité fédéral-provincial de coordination composé de fonctionnaires de niveau supérieur de la justice.  Les membres du groupe de travail proviennent du Ministère de la Justice Canada et des ministères des procuereurs généraux /ministères provinciaux de la justice de: l'Ontario, Québec, Nouvelle-Écosse, Saskatchewan, Alberta et Columbie-Britannique. Ce rapport est disponible au Ministère de la Justice Canada.  Il a été obtenu par François Lareau en 1998 suite à une demande d'accès à l'information numéro A-98-00177; disponible à http://www.lareau-legal.ca/WorkingGroupGeneralPartFrench2.pdf et à ma Bibliothèque digitale,  http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html;
 

CANADA, Department of Justice Canada, Reforming the General Part of the Criminal Code: A Consultation Paper, [Ottawa]; [Department of Justice Canada], [November 1994], v, 35 p., see "Causation" at pp. 9-10; available at my Digital Library, at http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html; also published in French/aussi publié en français: Ministère de la Justice Canada, Projet de réforme de la Partie générale du Code criminel, [Ottawa], [Ministère de la Justice Canada], [Novembre 1994], v, 39 p., voir "Lien de causalité" aux pp. 11-13; disponible à ma bibliothèque digitale à http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html;

CANADA, Department of Justice Canada, Brian Jarvis and Darren Littlejohn,  Reforming the General Part of the Criminal Code: A Summary and Analysis of the Responses to the Consultation Paper, [Ottawa]: Department of  Justice Canada, Communications and Consultation Branch, 1995, 123 p., and see "Question 4 -- Causation", at pp. 38-42; document obtained by François Lareau with letter from Department of Justice Canada, Access to Information and Privacy Office, dated 22 February 1999, Request file A98-00147, released pages 000731-000853; this document is available at my Digital Library on Canadian criminal law at, http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html; there are also two shorter versions of that document also available at my Digital Library: Reforming the General Part of the Criminal Code: Analysis of the Responses to the Consultation Paper, 51 p., and Analysis of Responses to the Consultation Paper on Reforming the General Part of the Criminal Code -- Executive Summary, 15 p; on these three documents,  see Background Document;

CANADA, House of Commons,  Minutes of Proceedings and Evidence of the Sub-Committee on the Recodification of the General Part of the Criminal Code of the Standing Committee on Justice and the Solicitor General, [Ottawa]: Queen's Printer for Canada, 1992-1993,  11 Issues:  no. 1: 25, 26, 30 March  1992, 12 May and  8 June 1992; no. 2: 15 June 1992; no. 3: 16 June 1992; no. 4: 16 June 1992; no. 5: 2 and 18 November. 1991; no. 6: 19 November 1992; no. 7: 23 November 1992; no. 8: 24 November 1992; no. 9: 26 November. 1992; no. 10: 8 December  1992; no. 11: 10 December 1992 and  2, 4, and 16 February 1993; note that the 11 th issue consists of the report:  First Principles: Recodifying the General Part of the Criminal Code of Canada: Report of the Sub-Committee on the Recodification of the General part of the Criminal Code of the Standing Committee on Justice and the Sollicitor General; see pp. 64-65 on causation; also available in French / ausi disponible en français: Chambre des Communes, Procès-verbaux et témoignages du Sous-comité sur la Recodification de la Partie générale du Code criminel du Comité permanent de la justice et du Solliciteur général,  [Ottawa]: I'Imprimeur de la Reine pour le Canada, 1992-1993, 11 fasicules : 1: 25, 26, 30 mars 1992, 12 mai, 8 juin 1992; 2: 15 juin 1992; 3: 16 juin 1992; 4: 16 juin 1992; 5: 2 et 18 novembre 1991; 6: 19 novembre 1992; 7: 23 novembre 1992; 8: 24 novembre 1992; 9: 26 novembre 1992; 10: 8 décembre 1992; 11: 10 décembre 1992 et 2,4,16 février 1993; noter que le 11e fasicule contient le rapport : Principes de base: recodification de la Partie générale du Code criminel du Canada.  Rapport du Sous-comité sur la recodification de la Partie générale du Code criminel du Canada du Comité permanent de la justice et du Solliciteur général, voir les pp.68-69 sur la causalité;
 

CANADA, The Minister of Justice of Canada,  Proposals to Amend the Criminal Code (general principles), [Ottawa], [Department of Justice Canada], 28 June 1993, 17 p., see p. 2 for the proposal on causation; available at my Digital Library, at http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html; also available in French / aussi disponible en français: Ministre de la Justice du Canda, Proposition de modification du Code criminel (principes généraux), [Ottawa], [Ministère de la Justice Canada], 28 ¸juin 1993, 17 p., voir la p. 2 pour la disposition sur le lien de causalité; disponible à ma bibliothèque digitale à http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html;
 

CANADA, Officials of the Department of Justice Canada and Members of the Law Reform Commission of Canada,  Toward a New General Part for the Criminal Code of Canada: A Framework Document on the Proposed New General Part of the Criminal Code for the Consideration of the House of Commons Standing Committee on Justice and the Solicitor General, [Ottawa]: [Department of Justice Canada], [1990], 137 p. see "Causation" at pp. 46-48; available at my Digital Library, at http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html; also published in French/aussi publié en français: Fonctionnaires du Ministère de la Justice Canada et des membres de la Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, Pour une nouvelle codification de la Partie générale du Code criminel du Canada : document cadre sur la nouvelle partie générale proposée du Code criminel présenté pour examen au comité permanent de la justice et du solliciteur général, [Ottawa]: [Ministère de la Justice], [1990], 144 p., voir "Causalité" aux pp. 47-49; disponible à ma bibliothèque digitale à http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html;
 

CANADIAN ASSOCIATION OF POLICE CHIEFS, An Evaluation of Volume I of the Report 30 Published by the Law Reform Commission Canada and titled "Recodifying Criminal Law", [Ottawa?]: The Canadian Association of Police Chiefs, 1987, 112 p., see "Section 7: Causation" at  pp. 17-18;
 

CANADIAN BAR ASSOCIATION, CRIMINAL RECODIFICATION TASK FORCE, Principles of Criminal Liability: Proposals for a New General Part of the Criminal Code - Report of the Criminal Recodification Task Force,  Ottawa: Canadian Bar Association, [1992],  x, 190 p., see "Causation" at pp. 23-26,  ISBN: 0920742335; Research Note: This book is also published in CANADA, House of Commons, Minutes of Proceedings and Evidence of the Sub-Committee on the Recodification of the General Part of the Criminal Code of the Standing Committee on Justice and the Solicitor General, supra, Issue 5 of 2 and 18 November 1992 at pp. 5A:1-5A:194, see "Causation" at pp. 5A:31 to 5A:34;  also published in French / aussi publié en français: ASSOCIATION  DU BARREAU CANADIEN, GROUPE DE TRAVAIL SUR LA NOUVELLE CODIFICATION DU DROIT PÉNAL, Principes de responsabilité pénale: proposition de nouvelles dispositions générales du Code criminel du Canada: Rapport du Groupe de travail sur la nouvelle codification du droit pénal, Ottawa : Association du Barreau canadien, [1992], xiii, 206 p., ISBN: 0920742351; aussi publié dans CANADA, Chambre des Communes, Procès-verbaux et témoignages du Sous-comité sur la Recodification de la Partie générale du Code criminel du Comité permanent de la justice et du Solliciteur général, supra, fasicule 5 du  2 et 18 novembre 1992 aux pp. 5A:224-5A:434, voir la "Causalité" aux pp. 5A:260 à 5A:263;
 

CANADIAN BAR ASSOCIATION, Submission to the Minister of Justice on the Proposals to Amend the Criminal Code (General Principles), [Ottawa]: [The Canadian Bar Association], January 1994, 12 p. (series; Legislative and Law Reform Submissions); also published in French / aussi publié en français: L'Association du Barreau canadien, Mémoire au Ministre de la justice sur la proposition de modification du Code criminel (Principes généraux), [Ottawa]: [L'Association du Barreau canadien], janvier 1994, 12 p. (Collection; Mémoires - Législation et réforme du droit);
 

COCHRANE, Tara, "R. v. Klair: Unjustified Limitations on Sentencing for Consequential Harm", (2004) 22(1) Criminal Reports (6th) 115-125, see the discussion on the thin skull at pp. 121-122;
 

Code criminel, S.R.C. 1985, c. C-46 / Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46;
 

COLVIN, Eric, Principles of Criminal Law, 2nd ed., [Scarborough]: Carswell, 1991, xxvi, 399 p., see "Conduct and its Consequences" at pp. 78-95, ISBN: 0459355619 (bound) and 0459355716 (pbk.);
 

COLVIN, Eric, 1945 and Sanjeev Anand, Principles of Criminal Law, 3rd ed., Toronto: Thomson/Carswell, 2007, li, 599 p., ISBN: 978 0779813247;  

CÔTÉ-HARPER, Gisèle, 1942-,  Pierre Rainville, 1964-,  et  Jean Turgeon, 1951-,  Traité de droit  pénal canadien, 4e édition refondue et augmentée, Cowansville: Éditions Yvon Blais, 1998, lv, 1458 p., voir "Le lien de causalité" aux pp. 309-355, ISBN: 2894512589; note de recherche: la première édition porte le titre: Principes de droit pénal général, 1981;  la deuxième édition en 1984 et la troisième édition en 1989 avec le supplément de 1994 portent le titre Droit pénal canadien;
 

COUGHLAN, Steve, "Annotation: R. v. H. (L.I.), (2004) 17 C.R. (6th) 338 (Man. C.A.)", (2004) 17 Criminal Reports (6th) 339-341;

Criminal Code, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46 / Code criminel, S.R.C. 1985, c. C-46;

Criminal Code -- Annotated codes used by practioners/ Code criminel --codes annotés utilisés par les practiciens

    in English (published every year) /en anglais:

GOLD, Allan D., The Practioner's Criminal Code, Markham, Ont.: LexisNexis Canada, 2008;

GREENSPAN, Edward L. and Marc Rosenberg, annotations by, Martin's Annual Criminal Code 2008, Aurora: Canada Law Book Inc.;
WATT, David and Michelle Fuerst, annotations by, The 2008 Annotated Tremeear's Criminal Code, Toronto: Carswell, A Thomson Company;
 
     in French/en français (publié chaque année):
COURNOYER, Guy et Gilles Ouimet, Code criminel annoté 2008, Cowansville: Éditions Yvon Blais, une société Thomson; note: législation bilingue/bilingual legislation;
          DUBOIS, Alain et Philip Schneider, Code criminel et lois connexes annotés 2008, Brossard: Publications CCH Ltée;


DASTOUS, Carole C., 1959-, Causation in law and philosophy : a comparison of solutions to cases of novus actus interveniens,  M.A. Thesis, Department of Philosophy, Concordia University, 1991, v, 129 p.; civil law but of interest;
 

DUBBER, Dirk,  "Commentary" in Don Stuart, 1943-,  R.J. Delisle and Allan Manson, eds., Towards a Clear and Just Criminal Law: A Criminal Reports Forum, Scarborough (Ontario): Carswell, Thomson Professional Publishing, 1999, v, 574 p., pp. 156-182, see "Causation" at pp. 171-172, ISBN: 045927077X; Research Note: commentary on Don Stuart's article "A Case for a General Part", infra;
 

FEDERAL/PROVINCIAL WORKING GROUP ON HOMICIDE, Final Report of the Federal/Provincial Working Group on Homicide, [Ottawa], [Department of Justice Canada], June 1990, updated April 1991, xii, 170 p., on causation, see pp. 7 and 14-15 (Co-Chairmen: Howard F. Morton,  Ministry of the Attorney General, Province of Ontario and Jean-François Dionne, Quebec Department of Justice); copy of this report was obtained by François Lareau under an Access to Information Act request response dated November 9, 1998, file A-98-00183 from the Department of Justice Canada; disponible à ma Bibliothèque digitale,  http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html; also available in French / aussi disponible en français : Groupe de travail fédéral-provincial sur l'homicide, Rapport final du groupe de travail fédéral-provincial sur l'homicide, [Ottawa], [Ministère de la Justice Canada], juin 1990, révisé avril 1991, xii, 172 p., sur la causalité, voir les pp. 7 et 11-12 (Co-Présidents:  Howard F. Morton, Ministère du Procureur général de l'Ontario et Jean-François Dionne, Ministère de la Justice du Québec); copie de ce rapport a été obtenu par François Lareau dans la réponse en date du 9 novembre 1998 de sa demande à la Loi sur l'accès à l'information, au Ministère de la Justice Canada, dossier A-98-00183;
 

FERGUSON, Gerry, "Recent Developments in Canadian Criminal Law", (2000) 24(4) Criminal Law Journal 248-263, see "Causation and accessoryship" at pp. 250-251 and "Causation and the year-and-a-day rule" at pp. 251 252;


___________"Recent Developments in Canadian Criminal Law", (April 2006) 30(2) Criminal Law Journal 100-114, see "Intervening Causes" at pp. 102-103; 

 

FITCH, Gregory, "Rethinking the Application of the Smithers Causation Test gto Unlawful Act Manslaughter", in Gerry Ferguson and Stanley Yeo, eds., The Law of Homicide, Provocation and Self-Defence: Canadian, Australian and other Asia-Pacific Perspectives, Workshop Papers and Related Materials, Victoria (British Columbia): Centre for Asia-Pacific Initiatives, 2000, vi, 194 p., at pp. 49-54, ISBN: 1550582119; note: "Procedings of a conference held in Victoria, B.C. on Nov. 19, 1999";
 

FORTIN, Jacques et Louise Viau, Traité de droit pénal général,  Montréal: Éditions Thémis, 1982, xi, 457 p., voir l'imputation du résultat aux pp. 86-88;
 

FRIEDLAND, M.L. (Martin Lawrence), 1932-,  and Kent Roach, 1961-, Criminal Law and Procedure : Cases and Materials, 8th ed., Toronto: Emond Montgomery Publications, 1997,  xxvii, 1020 p., see causation at pp. 375-393, ISBN: 0920722962;
 

GALLOWAY, Donald, "Causation in Criminal Law: Interventions, Thin Skulls and Lost Causes", (1989) 14 Queen's Law Journal 71-83;
 

GAGNÉ, Jacques, 1930-, et Pierre Rainville, Les infractions contre la propriété : le vol, la fraude et certains crimes connexes, Cowansville, Québec : Éditions Y. Blais, 1996, xxxiii, 514 p., voir le "lien de causalité" pour l'infraction de fraude aux pp. 204-213, ISBN:  2894510527; copie à l'Université d'Ottawa, FTX General   KE 8958 .G336 1996;
 

GERECKE, David, "Risk Eposure as Injury: Alleviating the Injustice of Tort Causation Rules", (1990) 35 McGill Law Journal 797-840; civil law;
 

GIOKAS, John, "Note - Criminal Law: Judge's Charge to the Jury: The Supreme Court of Canada Empathizes with the Trial Judge by Looking to the Facts: Smithers v. The Queen, [1978] 1 S.C.R. 506, 40 C.R.N.S. 79, 34 C.C.C. (2d) 427 (1977)", (1979) 11 Ottawa Law Review 234-245;
 

GRANT, Isabel, 1957-,  Dorothy Chunn, 1943-, and Christine Boyle, 1949-, The Law of Homicide, Scarborough (Ontario): Carswell, 1994, see on causation, pp. 3-20 to 3-50, ISBN: 0459552562 (pbk.); there is also a loose-leaf edition which I have not consulted but which should have a more updated version, ISBN: 045955244;
 

GRANT, Isabel, "Developments in Criminal Law: The 1993-94 Term", (1995) 6 The Supreme Court Law Review (2nd ser.) 209-279, see the discussion of   R. v.. Harbottle, [1993] 3 S.C.R. 306 at pp. 259-264 (French version of the Supreme Court decision see / pour la version française de la décision de la Cour suprême du Canada, voir  R. c. Harbottle, [1993] 3 R.C.S. 306);
 

HADSKIS, Michael R., Finding Our Way Out of the Causation Jungle in Toxic Torts, iv, 152 p., LL.M. thesis, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University; civil law;
 

HUGHSON, Bruce F., "Causation in Medical Malpractice Cases",  (October/November 2000) 25(2) Law Now 15-17; copy at the Supreme Court of
Canada, Periodicals sections; deals with civil law but of interest for research and the general topic of causation;
 

ILLICO INC.,  «Les facultés affaiblies causant la mort: le lien de causalité», (FC-3466) Mar 98 et "Les facultés affaiblies causant des blessures: le lien de causalité" (FC-9385) Fév 98,  recherches jurisprudentielles; voir  http://www.illico.qc.ca/;
 

JUTRAS, Daniel, "Expertise scientifique et causalité", texte "pour les fins du congrès du Barreau du Québec, juin 1991", 32 p.; copie à la bibliothèque nationale, Ottawa;
 

KAMEL-TOUEG, Nabil, Précis de droit pénal général - Droit pénal I, 2e édition, Mont-Royal (Province of Québec) : Modulo Édiiteur, 1994, ix, 242 p., ISBN: 2891135024;
 

KLIMCHUK, Dennis, "Causation, Thin Skulls and Equality", (1998) 11 The Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence 115- 141;
 

LAW REFORM COMMISSION OF CANADA, Homicide, [Ottawa]: Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1984, [xi], 117 p., see "Causation" at pp. 33-35 with endnotes at pp. 102-103 (Series; Working Paper; number 33), ISBN: 0662529871; English version of this working paper is available in pdf format at my Digital Library -- Canadian Criminal Law; also available in French / aussi disponible en français: Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, L'homicide, [Ottawa]: Ministère des Approvisionnements et Sevices Canada, 1984, [xi], 129 p., voir la "Causalité" aux pp. 36-38 avec les renvois aux pp. 112-113 (Collection; Document de travail; numéro 33),  ISBN: 0662529871;
 

___________Recodifying Criminal Law, vol. 1, Ottawa: Law Reform Commission of Canada, [14], 117 p., see "Causation" at pp. 24-25 and 99 (series; Report; number 30), ISBN: 0662547322, available at my Digital Library -- Canadian Criminal Law; also available in French / aussi disponible en français, Pour une nouvelle codification du droit pénal, vol. 1, Ottawa : Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, 1986, [14], 117 p., voir la "Causalité" aux pp. 26-27 et 113 (collection; Rapport; numéro 30),  ISBN: 0662547322;
 

___________Recodifying Criminal Law (Revised and Enlarged Edition of Report 30),  Ottawa: Law Reform Commission of Canada, 1987, [16], 213 p.,  see "Causation" at pp. 27-28, 144 and 174 (series; Report; number 31), ISBN:0662547578; the English version of this report is available in pdf format at my Digital Library -- Canadian Criminal Law; Research Notes:  Report 31 was tabled in the House of Commons on 19 May 1988 (see House of Commons, Debates, 19 May 1988 at 15609);  the Commission's recommendations in this report 31 were modified by a subsequent document: "A New General Part for the Criminal Code: Brief from the Law Reform Commission of Canada to the Subcommittee on the General Part" in Canada, House of Commons, Minutes of Proceedings and Evidence of the Sub-Committee on the recodification of the General Part of the Criminal Code of the Standing Committee on Justice and the Solicitor General, supra, Issue 1 of : 25, 26, 30 March 1992, at the Appendix, pp. 1A:1 - 1A:17;  also available in French / aussi disponible en français: Pour une nouvelle codification du droit pénal (Édition révisée et augmentée du rapport no 30) , Ottawa: Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, 1987, [16], 233 p., voir la «Causalité», aux pp. 30, 163 et 194, ISBN: 0662547578; Note de recherche:  Ce rapport 31 a été déposé à la Chambre des Communes, le 19 mai 1988 (voir Chambre des Communes, Débats, 19 mai 1988 à 15609).  Notons que les recommandations de la Commission du rapport 31 ont été modifiées par le document "Pour une nouvelle codification de la Partie générale du Code criminel - Mémoire présenté au sous-comité sur la Partie générale par la Commission de Réforme du droit du Canada" dans, Canada, Chambre des Communes, Procès-verbaux et témoignages du Sous-comité sur la Recodification de la Partie générale du Code criminel du Comité permanent de la justice et du Solliciteur généra, supra,  fasicule numéro 1 du  25, 26, 30 mars 1992, aux  pp. 1A:29 - 1A:60.
 

LEGAL AID ONTARIO / AIDE JURIDIQUE ONTARIO -- LAO  LAW, Criminal law Memoranda, Toronto, catalogue current as of February 1, 2006; see http://www.lss.bc.ca/__shared/assets/LAOlawindex1225.pdf  and http://www.legalaid.on.ca/ (both sites accessed on 24 February 2006); see:
- O3-02, "Homicide -- Cause of Death", 18 April 2002, 20 p.;document not consulted but likely to deal with causation;
- O14-8, "Breathalyzer and Impaired -- Causing Death or Bodily Harm", 30 September 2005, 54 p.; document not consulted but most likely to deal with causation;
 

LÉVESQUE, Michel, "Le lien de causalité" (1999) 13 Revue juridique des étudiants et étudiantes de l'Université Laval; 158-159 ((sommaire et table des matières), travail sur commande de 59 p., commande 99-2 (R.J.E.U.L. 99-2); droit civil; travail supervisé par le professeur Claude Ferron;
 

LIBMAN, Rick, "Case Comment: R. v. Ewart; R. v. F.(D.L.); R. v. Colby; R. v. Pinske" (1990) 18 Motor Vehicle Reports (2d) 86-92;
 

___________"Annotation: R. v. Halkett (1988), 11 Motor Vehicle Reports (2d)  109 (Sask. C.A.)", (1989) 11 Motor Vehicle Reports (2d) 109-111, deals with causation and the offence of "impaired driving and thereby causes death";
 

___________"Annotation: R. v. Larocque (1988), 5 Motor Vehicle Reports (2d) 221 (Ont. C.A.)", (1988) 5 Motor Vehicle Reports (2d) 221-223, deals with the offence of "impaired driving and thereby causes bodily harm";
 

___________"Annotation: R. v. Pinske (1988), 6 Motor Vehicle Reports (2d) 19 (B.C. C.A.)", (1988) 6 Motor Vehicle Reports (2d) 20-23 [drunk driving, causation and negligence]; deals with the offence of criminal negligence causing death under s. 203 of the Criminal Code;
 

___________"The Requirement of Causation in the New Offences of Impaired Driving Causing Bodily Harm or Death and Dangerous Driving Causing Bodily Harm or Death", (1987) 48 Motor Vehicle Reports  211-262;
 

___________"The Requirement of Causation in the New Offences of Impaired Driving Causing Bodily Harm or Death and Dangerous Driving Causing Bodily Harm or Death: An Update", (1990) 17 Motor Vehicle Reports (2d) 227-255;
 

MACINTYRE, Duncan, "Impaired Driving Causing Bodily Harm or Death: Problems of Interpretation", (1989) 9 Motor Vehicle Reports (2d) 286-289;
 

__________"Impaired Driving Causing Death or Bodily Harm: the Causality Issue", (1989) 1 Journal of Motor Vehicle Law 125-130;
 

MANSON, Allan, "Rethinking Causation: the Implications of Harbottle", (1994) 24 Criminal Reports (4th series) 153-165;
 

MEWETT, Allan W., 1930-,  and Morris Manning, Mewett & Manning on Criminal Law (previously published under title: Criminal Law), 3rd ed, Toronto: Butterworths, 1994, lxiv, 959 p., ISBN: 0409903752 (bound) and 0433396458 (pbk.); "Table of Contents...Chapter 5: The Physical Element...V. Causation...145 to 154";
 

MEWETT, A.W., "Editorial: Causation and the Charter", (1994-95), 37 The Criminal Law Quarterly 1-3;
 

PARIZEAU, Isabelle, "Le lien de causalité ...au bord du gouffre", (1989) 49 La Revue du Barreau 514-518; droit civil;
 

PECK, Richard and Nikos Harris, "Unlawful Act Manslaughter: Origins, Elements, and Future Directions" in  Gerry Ferguson and Stanley Yeo, eds., The Law of Homicide, Provocation and Self-Defence: Canadian, Australian and other Asia-Pacific Perspectives, Workshop Papers and Related Materials, Victoria (British Columbia): Centre for Asia-Pacific Initiatives, 2000, vi, 194 p., at pp. 37-48, on causation, see pp. 41-46, ISBN: 1550582119; note: Procedings of a conference held in Victoria, B.C. on Nov. 19, 1999";
 

PLAXTON, Michael, "Imputable Causation as Mens Rea: A Reply to Professor Yeo", (2000) 33 Criminal Reports (5th) 78-82;
 

"Practice Note: Causal connection in criminal negligence cases", (1965) 44 Criminal Reports 20;
 

PRESSER, Jill, "All for a Good Cause: the Need for Overhaul of  the Smithers Test of Causation", (1994) 28 Criminal Reports (4th) 178-193;


"R. v. Smithers: The Thin-Skull Rule in Criminal Law", 10 p.; available at http://law.dal.ca/Files/Assistant_Dean,_Stud/LRWMicrosoft_Word_-_Case_Comment_--_Sample_3.pdf (accessed on 4 April 2008);

ROACH, Kent, "Crime Victims and Substantive Criminal Law" in Don Stuart, 1943-,  R.J. Delisle and Allan Manson, eds., Towards a Clear and Just Criminal Law: A Criminal Reports Forum, Scarborough (Ontario): Carswell, Thomson Professional Publishing, 1999, v, 574 p., pp. 219-230, see p. 226, "(e) Causation", ISBN: 045927077X; note: comments on Professor Don Stuart's draft General Part found at  pp. 95-145;
 

___________ Criminal Law, 3rd ed., Toronto : Irwin Law, 2004, xx, 421 p. (series; Essentials of Canadian Law), ISBN: 155221091X; copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX Reserve, KE 8809 .R624 2004;
 

RODGERS, Greg, "The Test of Causation in Criminal Driving Cases", (1991) 3 Journal of Motor Vehicle Law 137-144;
 

RODRIGUES,  Gary P., General Editor, Crankshaw's Criminal Code of Canada R.S.C. 1985, 8th ed. rev., Toronto : Carswell, 1993-, loose-leaf, several volumes;
 

SMITH, Joseph C., "The Limits of Tort Liability in Canada: Remotness, Foreseeability and Proximate Cause", in Allen M. Linden, ed., Studies in Canadian Tort Law: A Volume of essays on the law of torts dedicated to the memory of the late Dean C.A. Wright, Toronto: Butterworths,  1968, xliii, 262 p. at pp. 88-114 (chapter 5 of the book);
 

STEEL, Kevin, "367 days later it's still murder: Ottawa is removing the ancient year and a day time limit on homicide charges where a lingering victim fails to recover", (16 February 1998) 25(9) Alberta Report 21; about section 227 of the Criminal Code;

"The primary motive for changing the law is that modern medical technology can keep people with serious injuries alive much longer than in the past.  But when then-federal justice minister Allan Rock committed to the change last year, he was responding to a public out-cry following the death of Winnipegger Marvin Ward, 50, in 1996.  Fourteen months earlier, four youths robbed and beat Mr. Ward with a baseball bat, leaving him in a coma from which he never recovered.  Because of the law, the youths escaped murder charges."

STUART, Don, 1943-,  and Ronald Joseph Delisle, Learning Canadian Criminal Law, 7th ed., Scarborough (Ontario): Carswell, Thompson Professional Publishing, 1999, xxv, 1010 p., see causation at  pp. 260-292, ISBN: 0459270613;
 

STUART, Don, "Annotation: R. v. Reid, (2004) C.R. (6th) 282 (N.S. C.A.) 282", (2004) Criminal Reports (6th) 283 (2 paragraphs);


____________"Annotation: R. v. Talbot, (2007) 44 C.R. (6th) 176 (Ont. C.A.)", (2007) 44 C.R. (6th) C.R. (6th) 177-178; the Talbot case is available on line at: R. v. Talbot, 2007 ONCA 81 (CanLII); professor Stuart discusses two cases, one of which can be found at R. v. Reid, 2003 NSCA 104 (CanLII) and the other case is Reid, already commented upon in one of Saturt's annotation;
 

____________"Annotation: R. v. Worrall, (2004) 19 C.R. (6th) 282 (Ont. C.A.) 213", (2004) 19 Criminal Reports (6th) 215-216;
 

___________Canadian Criminal Law: A Treatise,  4th ed.,  Scarborough: Carswell, a Thomson Company, 2001, liv, 733 p., see "Causing Consequences", at pp. 132-151, ISBN: 0459261703 and 0459261118 (pbk.); there is a more recent edition;
 

___________"A Case for A General Part" in Don Stuart, 1943-,  R.J. Delisle and Allan Manson, eds., Towards a Clear and Just Criminal Law: A Criminal Reports Forum, Scarborough (Ontario): Carswell, Thomson Professional Publishing, 1999, v, 574 p., at pp. 95-145, ISBN: 045927077X; contains a draft General Part by Professor Stuart; see "Causation" at pp. 109-110;
 

___________Charter Justice in Canadian Criminal Law, 2nd ed., Scarborough: Carswell, 1996, lx, 541 p., see "Charter Challenges to Causation Requirements" at pp. 99-103, ISBN: 0459253964 (bound) and 0459254022 (pbk.); there is a more recent edition;
 

___________"Nette: Confusing Cause in Reformulating the Smithers Test", (2002) 46(2) Criminal Reports (5th series) 230-232;
 

Supreme Court decisions /arrêts de la Cour suprême du Canada
 

- R. v. Harbottle, [1993] 3 S.C.R. 306, 1993 CanLII 71 (S.C.C.) [version française]

-  R. v. Nette, [2001] 3 S.C.R 488, 2001 SCC 78 [version française];

- Resurfice Corp. v. Hanke, 2007 SCC 7 Important decion for causation in civil cases of negligence;
- Smithers v. The Queen, [1978] 1 S.C.R. 506, 1977 CanLII 7 (S.C.C.), available at http://www.canlii.org/ca/cas/scc/1977/1977scc10006.html (English version) and http://www.canlii.org/ca/jug/csc/1977/1977csc10006.html (version française);

TANOVICH, David M. and Gerry Ferguson, Annual Review of Criminal Law 2001, Carswell, a Thomson Company, 2002, xxvii, 200 p., ISBN: 0459271148; see  "Causation" at pp. 6-8;
 

___________Annual Review of Criminal Law 2003, Toronto: Thomson/Carswell, 2004, xxvi, 400 p., see "Causation", at pp. 32-37, ISBN: 0459273713;
 

TANOVITCH, David M. and James Lockyer, "Revisiting Harbottle:  Does the "Substantial Cause" Test Apply to All Murder Offences", (1996) 38 The Criminal Law Quarterly 322-332;
 

TANOVICH, David M., "Annotation: R. v.  Shanks, (1996) 4 C.R. (5th) 79 (Ont. C.A.)", (1997) 4 Criminal Reports (5th) 80-81; case also reported at: (1996), 95 O.A.C. 348; 1996 CanLII 2080 (ON C.A.) available at http://www.iijcan.org/on/cas/onca/1996/1996onca10579.html (accessed on 16 August 2006);
 

TROTTER, Gary T., "Developments in Criminal Law and Criminal procedure: The 2001-2002 Term", (2002) 18 The Supreme Court Law Review (2nd series) 105-270, see "Causation and Murder" at pp. 205-212; discusses R. v, Nette;
 

TUCKER, Eric, "The Westray Mine Disaster and Its Aftermath: The Politics of Causation", (1995) 10 Canadian Journal of Law and Society 91-123; parts of pages 94-98 are also published in part in Toni Pickard and Phil Goldman, Dimensions of Criminal Law, 2nd ed., Toronto: Emond Montgomery, 1996, xxci, 999 p. at pp. 260-262,  ISBN: 0920722822;
 
 
Van Dyke v. Marsh, decision of 3 June 2005 of the Ontario Court of Appeal, leave to appeal to the S.C.C. refused on 15 December 2005; civil case; deals in part with causation by omission; relevant to criminal law; the decision under the name of Van Dyke v. The Grey Bruce Regional Health Centre is available at http://www.ontariocourts.on.ca/decisions_index/2005index.htm  (accessed on 11 May 2006);

"Causation in medical malpractice cases where the negligence lies in the failure to diagnose or treat a pre-existing condition requires that the plaintiff show, on the balance of probabilities, that but for the failure to properly diagnose or treat the condition, the plaintiff would have had a better medical outcome. In Cottrelle v. Gerrard (2003), 67 O.R. (3d) 737 at para. 25 (C.A.), Sharpe J.A. said:

[I]n an action for delayed medical diagnosis and treatment, a plaintiff must prove on a balance of probabilities that the delay caused or contributed to the unfavourable outcome. In other words, if, on a balance of probabilities, the plaintiff fails to prove that the unfavourable outcome would have been avoided with prompt diagnosis and treatment, then the plaintiff’s claim must fail. It is not sufficient to prove that adequate diagnosis and treatment would have afforded a chance of avoiding the unfavourable outcome unless that chance surpasses the threshold of “more likely than not” [emphasis added]." (p. 10, Doherty, J.A.)


VANDERVORT, Lucinda, "To Codify or Not Codify the Principles of Criminal Responsibility: A Question of Fundamental Justice and Equality" in Don Stuart, 1943-,  R.J. Delisle and Allan Manson, eds., Towards a Clear and Just Criminal Law: A Criminal Reports Forum, Scarborough (Ontario): Carswell, Thomson Professional Publishing, 1999, v, 574 p., pp. 231-242, see p. 238, "(c) Section 8 - Causation", ISBN: 045927077X; available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/results.cfm?RequestTimeout=50000000 (accessed on 13 March 2010);  note: comments on Professor Don Stuart's draft General Part found at  pp. 95-145;
 

VERDUN-JONES, Simon N. (Simon Nicholas), 1947-,   Criminal Law in Canada: Cases, Questions & The Code, 4th ed., Thomson/Nelson, 2006,  xvi, 332 p., see Chapter 3: "Causation in the Criminal Law" at pp. 44-65, ISBN: 0176407170; copy at the Library of Parliament, Br.B  KE 8809 V47 2007;

WATT, David, 1948-, Ontario specimen jury instructions (criminal)  2005 supplement, Toronto : Thomson Carswell, 2005, xiv, 246 p., and see "Final 235 Causation in Unlawful Homicide (Intervening Cause)", at pp. 200-202, ISBN: 0459242628; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, KF9682 W38 2003 Suppl. c. 01;


"Woman charged with manslaughter after man dies of flesh-eating disease", The Ottawa Citizen, Sunday, March 4, 2001, p. A5; a woman is charged in Edmonton, Alberta, with manslaughter after inflicting a 7 cm cut on Mr. Brian Anderson's arm; Anderson received stiches at the hospital; Anderson died a few days later from the flesh-eating disease resulting from the wound and which had started on his arm;
 

WHITTEN, A.C.R., "Causation in Impaired Driving Thereby 'Causing'  Death and/or Bodily Harm: An Alternate View", (1990) 2 Journal of Motor Vehicle law 125-146;
 

YEO, Stanley, "Giving Substance to Legal Causation", (2000) 29 Criminal Reports (5th) 215-224;
 

___________"Mere Terminology or Substance?  The Smithers Test and Significant Contribution (Nette)" in Gerry Ferguson and Stanley Yeo, eds., The Law of Homicide, Provocation and Self-Defence: Canadian, Australian and other Asia-Pacific Perspectives, Workshop Papers and Related Materials, Victoria (British Columbia): Centre for Asia-Pacific Initiatives, 2000, vi, 194 p. at pp. 65-72, ISBN: 1550582119; note: "Procedings of a conference held in Victoria, B.C. on Nov. 19, 1999";
 

YOUNG, Alan N., Justice defiled : perverts, potheads, serial killers and lawyers, Toronto : Key Porter Books, c2003, xi, 347 p., see Chapter 13 , "The Legal Construction of Crime", at pp. 196-215, and more particularly on causation, pp. 199-201, ISBN: 1552632253; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, KF 9223 Y68 2003;