updated and corrections / mise à jour et corrections: 26 mars 2012
Comments / Commentaires: flareau@rogers.com

©François Lareau, 2005, Ottawa, Canada
First posted on the internet: 19 November 2005

- To assist researchers, please do not hesitate to suggest titles to these bibliographies.  Thank you.
- Pour le bénéfice de tous, n'hésitez pas à suggérer des ajouts aux bibliographies. Merci.
flareau@rogers.com

Selected Bibliography:
Command Responsibility --
Superior Responsibility
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Bibliographie choisie:
Responsabilité des commandants --
Responsabilité des supérieurs hiérarchiques

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See also / Voir aussi:
Canadian Law/ Droit canadien
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II- Comparative Law / Droit comparé

AMBOS, Kai, "Current Issues in International Criminal Law: Reviewing: M. Cherif Bassiouni, Crimes against Humanity in International Criminal  Law, 2nd revised ed., The Hague: Kluwer Law, 1999, 610 pages", (2003) 14 Criminal Law Forum 225-260, at pp. 249-253; available at http://lehrstuhl.jura.uni-goettingen.de/kambos/Person/doc/current_issues_ICL_-_CLF_14_(2003),_225.pdf (accessed on 15 October 2005);
 

___________"General Principles of Criminal Law in the Rome Statute",(1999) 10(1) Criminal Law Forum 1-32, and see "Command Responsibility"at pp. 16-20;
 

___________"1. Individual Criminal Responsibility in International Criminal Law: A Jurisprudential Analysis -- From Nuremberg to the Hague", in Gabrielle Kirk McDonald and Olivia Swaak-Goldman, eds., Substantive and Procedural Aspects of International Criminal Law.  The Experience of International and National Courts", vol. I, Commentary, The Hague-London-Boston: Kluwer Law International, 2000, xvi, 705 p., at pp. 5-31; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, K5000 S83 2000, v. 1;

___________"Remarks on the General Part of International Criminal Law", (2006) 4 Journal of International Criminal Justice 660-673;   
 

___________"Superior Responsibility", in Antonio Cassese, P. Gaeta and J. Jones, eds., The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary, Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press, 2002, 2 volumes, cxl, 2018 p., in vol. 1, at pp. 823-872, ISBN:  0198298625 (set), 0199243123 (v. I), 019925897X (v. II) and 0199258988 (materials volume); copy at Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Legal Library, Ottawa, KZ 6310 .R7632 2002; see  http://lehrstuhl.jura.uni-goettingen.de/kambos/Person/doc/superior-responsibility.pdf (accessed on 22 October 2005); important contribution;
 

ANECHIARO, Frank, and Stephen L. Lockwood, "The Responsibility of the Police Command for Street-Level Actions", (1990) 12 Law & Policy 331-352; civil law; copy at the University of Ottawa, K 3220 .L37 Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

ARNOLD, Roberta, "Command Responsibility: A Case Study of Alleged Violations of the Laws of War at Khiam Detention Centre", (2002) 7 Journal of Conflict and Security Law 191-231;
 

___________"The Mens Rea of Genocide under the Statute of the International Criminal Court", (2003) 14(2) Criminal Law Forum 127-151, see "Command Responsibility", at pp. 146-149;
 

ARPEY, V. Justin, "Responsibility of Military Commanders to Protect Civilians from Attacks by Other Civilians and the State Within Commander's Area of Control", Case Western Reserve University Law School of Law, International War Crime project, Spring 2003, v,  39 p.; note: Web site of the New England School of Law International War crimes Project Rwanda Genocide Prosecution; available at http://www.nesl.edu/center/wcmemos/2003/arpey.pdf (accessed on 20 October 2005);
 

ASSOCIATION INTERNATIONALE DE DROIT PÉNAL  (AIDP) (International Association of Penal Law) and Istituto Superiore Internazionale di Scienze Criminali (ISISC) (International Institute of Higher Studies in Criminal Sciences) and Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law (MPI), Draft Statute for an International Criminal Court -- Alternative to the ILC-Draft -- (Siracusa-Draft), prepared by a Committee of Experts Siracusa/Freiburg, July 1995, 88 p.; available at  http://www.iuscrim.mpg.de/forsch/straf/referate/sach/hispint/siracusa.pdf (accessed on 10 December 2005);

"Art. 33 b
Individual and State Responsibility

1. A person who commits a crime under this Statute is individually responsible and liable for punishment.

2. The official position of an individual who commits a crime under this Statute and particularly the fact that he acts as head of state or government or as a responsible government official does not relieve him of criminal responsibility nor mitigate
punishment.

3. The fact that a crime under this Statute was committed by a subordinate does not relieve his superiors of criminal responsibility, if they knew or had reason to know, under the circumstances of the time, that the subordinate was committing or was going to commit such a crime and if they did not take all necessary measures within their power to
prevent or repress the crime.

4. The fact that the present Statute provides criminal responsibility for individuals does not prejudice the responsibility of states or corporate liability under international law." (p. 50)
 

BANTEKAS, Ilias, "The Contemporary Law of Superior Responsibility",(1999) 93 American Journal of International Law 573-595; available at http://www.torturers.net/analysis/bantekas.html (accessed on 4 December 2004);
 

___________"The interest of the States versus the doctrine of superior responsibility", (2000) International Review of the Red Cross 391-402; number 838; copy at the University of Ottawa, MRT Periodicals: HV 560 .I56; available at http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList178/2ED170C736637D92C1256B66005E8E83 ;
 

___________Principles of direct and superior responsibility in international humanitarian law, Manchester (UK)/New York: Manchester University Press, 2002, xxv, 162 p. (series; Melland Schill studies in international law),  ISBN: 071906080X; copy at Affaires étrangères et Commerce international, Bibliothèque juridique / Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Legal Library, KZ 6471 .B36 2002; title noted in my research butbook not consulted yet (6 November 2005);

"Foreword
Preface and acknowledgements
Abbreviations
Table of cases
Table of treaties
Table of legislation

1 Punishment in warfare and the application of law...1
Brief historical survey...1
Post-Westphalian developments...5
Early attempts at international codification...7
Efforts to enforce penal sanctions in international humanitarian law...9
Fundamental principles of the Jus in bello...12
The derivation of customary humanitarian law...14
Individuals and national criminal prosecutions...18
Individual liability in contemporary humanitarian law...21
General principles as a source of law before international tribunals...24
Law applied by post-World War II military tribunals...30
The role of the Security Council...33

2. Forms of direct criminal responsibility...38
War crimes...38
Crimes against humanity...41
Liability for the planning of international humanitarian law violations...43
Conspiracy under international law...45
Liability for issuing criminal orders...50
The crime of 'incitement' in national and international law...53
Liability for hate propaganda...57
Complicity in international humanitarian law violations...62

3 Ascertainment of superior status in international humanitarian law...67
Historical survey of superior responsibility...67
Moral and political considerations pertaining to the doctrine...70
Discerning command from control...73
The sources of de jure command...74
United Nations and allied command structures...76
Establishing a superior-subordinate relationship...79
De facto command and the concept of control...80
Civilians as superiors...82
Evidence of de facto command...87
Capacity to influence...87
Capacity to issue orders...88
Evidence from the distribution of tasks...90
Concurrence of de jure and de facto command in the same person...92

4. The substantive law of superior responsibility...94
Legal nature of the doctrine of superior responsibility...94
Sources of command duties...96
Types of command and extent of liability...99
Operational commanders...99
Executive commanders...102
Persons entrusted with the care of prisoners...104
Applicable standards of knowledge...108
The duty to act...115
The duty to prevent...116
The duty to punish...118
Causation...121
The duty to control...122

5. Individual responsibility in internal armed conflicts...125
Classification of armed conflicts...125
Insurgency and belligerency...127
Common Article 3 and the 1977 Geneva Protocol II...128
The effects of external intervention in internal conflicts...130
Individual responsibility in non-international armed conflicts...132
Non-penal elements of humanitarian law in internal conflicts...134
When does international law establish criminal liability?...138
Criminalisation of internal conflict offenses at the interstate level...140
International criminalisation at the domestic level...143
Retributive or restorative justice?...148

Bibliography...151
Index...159" (source: Internet)

BARRET, Richard P. and Laura E. Little, "Lessons of Yugoslav RapeTrials: A Role for Conspiracy Law in International Tribunals", (2003-2004) 88 Minnesota Law Review 30-85;
 

BASSIOUNI, M. Cherif, 1937-, Crimes Against humanity in International criminal law, 2nd rev. ed., The Hague/London/Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1999, xli, 610 p., ISBN: 9041112227; see "Command Responsibility: Policy Considerations", at pp. 419-446; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, K5302 B37 1999;
 

___________compiled by, The Statute of the International Criminal Court : a documentary history, Ardsley, N.Y.: Transnational Publishers, c1998, xxii, 793 p.,  ISBN:1571050957; copy at the Library of Parliament, KZ6310 S72 (Library Br.B.); and see:

- "Report of the Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, document number: A/Conf. 183/2/Add.1, 1998, at pp. 119-210, and see in particular, Article 25, "Responsibility of [commanders] [superiors] for acts of [forces under their command] [subordinates]", at p. 142 (p. 61 of the U.N. document);

- "Draft Report of the Intersessional Meeting from 19 to 30 January 1998 in Zutphen, The Netherlands", document number: A/AC.249/1998/L.13,1998, at pp. 221-311, and in particular, "Article 19 [C] Responsibility of [commanders] [superiors] for acts of [forces under their command] [subordinates]", at pp. 246-247 (p. 55 of the UN document);

- "Report of the Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, vol. II, (Compilation of Proposals)", document number: G.A., 51st Sess., Supp. No. 22, A/51/22, 1996, at pp. 441-616, and see, in praticular, "Article C  Command responsibility of [commanders] [superiors] 13 / for acts of [forces under their command] [subordinates]", at pp. 484-485 (pp. 85-86 of the UN document)

BLAIR, Raneisha, "Can an Omission Fulfill the Actus Reus Requirement for Complicity in Genocide, and to What Degree Does Article 6(3) of the ICTR Statute Impute Criminal Liability for the Crime to a Superior Officer?", April 2003, [iii], 26 p.; available at  http://www.nesl.edu/center/wcmemos/2003/blair.pdf (accessed on 20 October 2005);  note: Web site of the New England School of Law International War crimes Project Rwanda Genocide Prosecution;
 

BOED, Roman, "Current Developments in the Jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda",  (2002) 2 International Criminal Law Review 283-295, and see "Article 6(3): Superior Responsibility", at pp. 291-293;

BOELAERT-SUOMINEN, Sonja, "Commentary: The Yugoslavia Tribunal and the Common Core of Humanitarian Law Applicable to all Armed Conflicts",  (2000) 13 Leiden Journal of International Law 619-653;
 

___________"Prosecuting Superiors for Crimes Committed by Subordinates: A Discussion of the First Significant Case Law Since the Second World War", (2000-2001) 41 Virginia Journal of International Law Association 747-785;
 

BOHN, Lou Ann, "Criminal Prosecition.  Proceeding with Caution under Article 28: An Argument to Exempt Non-Gouvernmental Civilians from Prosecution on the Basis of Command Responsibility", (2004) 1(1) Eyeson the ICC -- The Independent Student Coalition for the International Criminal Court 1-13; available at  http://www.americanstudents.us/EyesOnTheICC-1.1.pdf (accessed on 1 November 2005);
 

BOURGON, Stéphane, "La doctrine de la responsabilité du commandement et la notion de lien de subordination devant le tribunal pénal international pour l'ex-Yougoslavie", [2007] R.Q. D. I. (hors-série) 95-117;

BOURGON, Stéphanie, "La responsabilité des commandants militaires et la mise en oeuvre du droit international humanitaire", dans, sous la direction de, de Katia Boustany et Daniel Dormoy, Perspectives humanitaires entre conflits, droit(s) et action / Réseau Vitoria, Bruxelles: Bruylant, 2002, 332 p., aux pp. 156-178 (Collection de droitinternational; 51), (Collection de droit international (Bruxelles, Belgique);51), ISBN: 2802717421; copie à l'Université d'Ottawa, FTXGeneral, KZ 6515 .P47 2002;
 

BRANSLETTER, Ross W., "Book Reviews: The Yamshita Precedent: War Crimes and Command Responibility, Richard L. Lael...", (1982) 98 Military Law Review 159-162; available at  http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/Military_Law_Review/1982.htm (accessed on 2 November 2005);
 

BRETTON, Philippe, "La mise en oeuvre des protocoles de Genève de 1977", (1979) 95 Revue du droit public et de la science politiqueen France et à l'étranger 379-423, et voir "Les obligations pesant sur les commandants militaires", aux pp. 417-419 et "La responsabilité des supérieurs pour infraction commise par un subordonné" aux pp. 419-420; copie à la Bibliothèque de la Cour suprême du Canada;
 

BRODY, Reed, et al., "Getting Away with Torture? Command Responsibility for the U.S. Abuse of Detainees", (April 2005), 17 Human Rights Watch, no. 1(G); available at http://www.hrw.org/reports/2005/us0405/(accessed on 23 October 2005); also available in French /aussi disponibleen français au même site;
 

BURNETT, Weston B., "Command Responsibility and A Case Study of the Criminal Responsibility of Israeli Military Commanders for the Pogrom at Shatila and Sabra", (1985) 107 Military Law Review 71-189; copy at  http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/Military_Law_Review/pdf-files/27786D%7E1.pdf (accessed on 18 December 2003);
 

CAMPBELL, Robyn Moore, 1931-,  Military Command Liability for Grave Breaches of War and International Law: Absolute or Limited?,  Ph.D. Thesis - Duke University, xiv, 336 leaves; notes: Microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich., University Microfilms, 1974.  1 reel.  35 mm. (University Microfilms, 74-13469); title noted in my research but thesis not consulted; no copy in the Ottawa area libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 2 December 2004);
 

CARLIZZI, Gaetano, "L'hypothèse spéciale de responsabilité du supérieur hiérarchique dans le Statut du Tribunal pénal international pour l'ex-Yougoslavie", dans, sous la direction de, Emanuela Fronza et Stefano Manacorda, La justice pénale internationale dans les décisions des tribunaux ad hoc.  Études des Law Clinics en droit pénal international, Milano Giuffrè;[Paris]: Dalloz, c2003, xii, 359 p., aux pp. 146-168 (Collection; Thèmes et commentaires. Actes), ISBN: 2247058132 (Dalloz) et 8814104816 (Giuffrè);copie à l'Université d'Ottawa, FTX Général, KZ 6310 .J86 2003;
 

CHAOUCH HELEL, Adel, 1973-, La responsabilité pénale indirecte du supérieur hiérarchqiue pour violation du droit international humanitaire, thèse de doctorat, droit, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, 2003, 2 volumes, 627 feuilles; directeur de thèse: Philipope Weckel; numéro national de thèse: 2003NICE0004; titre noté dans mes recherches mais document non consulté (8 janvier 2009);.catalogue SUDOC (France);

CHING, Ann B., "Evolution of the Command Responsibility Doctrine in Light of the Celebici Decision of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former
Yugoslavia", (1999-2000) 25 North Carolina Journal of InternationalLaw and Commercial Regulation 167-205;
 

CLARK, Roger S., "Medina: An Essay on the Principles of Criminal Liability for Homicide", (1973-74) 5 Rutgers-Camden Law Journal 59-78; copy at the University of Ottawa, KFN 1869 .R87  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

"Command responsability for war crimes", (1973-74) 83 Yale Law Journal1274-1304;
 

CROWE, Christopher N., "Command Responsibility in the Former Yugoslavia: The Chances for Successful Prosecution", (1994-95) 29 University of Richmond Law Review 191-233;
 

CRYER, Robert, "General Principles of Liability in International CriminalLaw", in Dominic McGoldrick, Peter Rowe, and Eric Donnelly, eds., ThePermanent International Criminal Court: Legal and Policy Issues , Oxford (England)/Portland (Oregon): Hart Publishing, 2004, xviii, 498 p., at pp.233-262, and see "Superior Responsibility", at pp. 257-261 (series; Studies in International Law; volume 5), ISBN: 1841132810; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, KZ 6310 P47 2004;  limited preview at   http://books.google.com/books?id=uOJamswmRKwC&pg=PP1&dq=%22Permanent+International+Criminal+Court:+Legal%22&lr=&as_brr=0&sig=8roxeaC3DKKzfRhF4JiV8qr1q4U#PPA233,M1 and http://books.google.com/books?id=uOJamswmRKwC&dq=%22Permanent+International+Criminal+Court:+Legal%22&lr=&as_brr=0&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 (accessed on 11 March 2008);
 

DAHL, Arne Willy, "Command responsibility", (2002) 41(3/4) Revue de Droit Militaire et de Droit de la Guerre / The Military Law and Law of War Review 215-226; copy at the University of Ottawa, KJM 0 .R49  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

DAMASKA, M., "The Shadow side of Command Responsibility", (2001) 49 AmericanJournal of Comparative Law 455-496; available at  http://islandia.law.yale.edu/damaska/lawreview/2001Shadow.pdf (accessed on 27 November 2004);
 

D'AMATO, Anthony, "Agora.  Superior Orders vs. Command Responsibility", (1986) 80 American Journal of International Law 604-608;
 

DANNER, Allison Marston, and Jenny S. Martinez, "Guilty Associations: Joint Criminal Enterprise, Command Responsibility, and the Developmentof International Criminal Law" (January  2005) 93(1) California Law Review 75-169; copy at the University of Ottawa, KFC 69 .C335 Location, FTX Periodicals; available at http://law.vanderbilt.edu/faculty/pubs/danner-guity%20associations.pdf?abstract_id=526202 (accessed on 22 February 2006); see also http://papers.ssrn.com/papers.cfm?abstract_id=526202 (accessed on 7 November 2005); see also http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=berkeley_ilw (accessed on 24 February 2008);

DARCY,  Shane, "The Doctrine of Superior Responsibility", in Olaoluwa Olusanya, ed., Rethinking International Criminal Law: The Substantive Part, Groningen : Europa Law Publishing, 2007, viii, 213 p.,   at pp. 129 to approx. 152, ISBN: 9076871752 and 9789076871752; limited preview available athttp://books.google.com/books?id=zbZ5C3XSlmEC&pg=PA22&dq=
intention+%22dolus+eventualis%22&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=2KzPR8cQkvSLAaSyyasF&sig=jcJR3ZwkUCLTwVG1T3dwIzqO7iw#PPA153,M1 and http://books.google.com/books?id=zbZ5C3XSlmEC&dq=intention+%22dolus+eventualis%22&lr=&as_brr=0&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 (accessed on 6 March 2008);
 

DAVIES, Richard, "Issue: Proving the Nexus Between a Criminal Defendant and the Criminal Conduct of Subordinates and Associates in War Crimes Charges Pursuant to Article 4 of the ICTR -- Memorandum for the Office of the Prosecutor International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda", New England School of Law, International War Crimes Project, May 2001, 34 p.; available at  http://www.nesl.edu/center/wcmemos/2001/davies.pdf (accessed on10 January 2005);
 

DE ANDRADE, Aurélie, "Les supérieurs hiérachiques", dans Droit international pénal / Centre de droit international de l'Université de Paris X - Nanterre (CEDIN Paris X), sous la direction de Hervé Ascensio, Emmanuel Decaux et Alain Pellet,Paris : Pedone, 2000,  xvi, 1053 p., chapitre 16, aux pp. 201-210, ISBN: 2233003721; copie à la Bibliothèque de l'Université d'Ottawa, FTX General, K 5055 .D76 2000; copie à la Bibliothèque de la Cour suprême du Canada, K5000 D76 2000;
 

DE PREUX, Jean, "Protocol I.  Article 86 -- Failure to act", in Claude Pilloud ... [et al.]; Yves Sandoz, Christophe Swinarski, and Bruno Zimmermann, eds., Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1988 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, Geneva : International Committee of the Red Cross: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987, xxxv, 1625 p.. at pp. 1005-1016, ISBN: 9024734606; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, KZ6512.21949 Z4 C66 1987;
 

___________"Protocol I.  Article 87 -- Duty of commanders", in Claude Pilloud ... [et al.]; Yves Sandoz, Christophe Swinarski,and Bruno Zimmermann, eds., Commentary on the Additional Protocols of8 June 1988 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, Geneva : International Committee of the Red Cross: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987, xxxv, 1625 p., at pp. 1017-1023, ISBN: 9024734606; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, KZ6512.21949 Z4 C66 1987;
 

DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE ON THE REAFFIRMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW APPLICABLE IN ARMED CONFLICTS, (1974-1977 : Geneva, Switzerland) and  Howard S. Levie, ed., Protection of war victims: Protoco lI to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, vol. 4, Dobbs Ferry (N.Y.): Oceana,1981,  xiii, 535 p., and see "ARTICLE 86 -- FAILURE TO ACT", at pp.302-312 and "ARTICLE 87 -- DUTY OF COMMANDERS", at pp. 313-321; copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX General:  KZ 6460 .D56 A33 1977 v. 4;
 

DIXON, Rodney, "Prosecuting the Leaders: the Application of the Doctrine of Superior Responsibility before the United Nations International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda in The Commander's Responsibility in Difficult Circumstances", in Netherlands Annual Review of Military Studies (1998), at pp. 109-130", in Peter J. van Krieken, ed., Refugee Law in Context: The Exclusion Clause, The Hague : T.M.C. Asser Press, 1999, xvi, 327 p., ISBN:   9067041181; copy at the Department of Justice Canada Library, Ottawa, JX 4292 .R4 R2592; title noted in my research but article not consulted;
 

DONEGAN, Tony, "Independent Study: The Doctrine of Command Responsibility", January 1997, 51 p.; available at  http://www.nesl.edu/center/wcmemos/1997/donegan.pdf(accessed on 21 October 2005); note: New England School of Law International War crimes Project Rwanda Genocide Prosecution;
 

DOUGLASS, Joh Jay, "High Command Case: A Study in Staff and Command Responsibility", (1972) 6 International Lawyer 686-705; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada;
 

DUYX, Peter, Roelof Haveman and Elies van Sliedregt, "War Crimes and the Statute of Rome: Some Afterthoughts", (2000) 39 Revue de Droit Militaire et de Droit de la Guerre / The Military Law and Law of War Review 67-122, and see on command responsibility, pp. 70-73 and 78-93; "Report of theSeminar hosted by the Netherlands Defence College in Rijswijk, The Netherlandson 22 October 1999"; copy at the University of Ottawa, KJM 0 .R49 Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

EBOE-OSUJI, Chile, "Rape and Superior Responsibility: International Criminal Law in Need of Adjustment", The Hague, 20 June 2005, 14 p. (series; Guest Lecture Series of the Office of the prosecutor); available at http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/organs/otp/050620_Chile_presentation.pdf (accessed on 1 November 2005);
 

ECKHARDT, William G., "Command Criminal Responsibility A Plea for a Workable Standard", (Summer 1982) 97 Military Law Review 1-34, available at  http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/Military-Law-Review-home.html (accessed on 25 October 2005);
 

___________"My Lai: An American Tragedy", available at  http://religion.rutgers.edu/courses/347/readings/my_lai.html (accessed on 28 October 2005);
 

FEITH, Kirsten M.F., "The Mens Rea of Superior Responsibility as Developed by ICTY Jurisprudence", (2001) 14 Leiden Journal of  International law 617-634;
 

FENRICK, William J., "Attacking the enemy civilians as a punishable offense", (1996-97) 7 Duke Journal of International & ComparativeLaw 539-569;
 

___________"[Command Responsibility --] Reaction by William Fenrick", (2000) 39 Revue de Droit Militaire et de Droit de la Guerre / The Military Law and Law of War Review 86-89; copy at the University of Ottawa,KJM 0 .R49  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

___________"A First Attempt to Adjudicate Conduct of Hostilities Offences:Comments on Aspects of the ICTY Trial Decision in the Prosecutor v. Tihomir Blaskic?" (2000) 13 Leiden Journal of International Law 931-947;
 

___________"Responsibility of commanders and other superiors", in Otto Triffterer, ed., Commentary on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Observers' Notes, Article by Article, Baden Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1999, xxviii, 1295 p. at pp. 515-522, ISBN: 3789061735; copy at the Department of External Affairs, Ottawa, call number: legal KZ 6310 .C734 1999; Mr. Fenrick is a former Judge Advocate General officer of the Canadian Forces;
 

___________"Some International Law Problems Related to Prosecution Before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia", (1995-96) 6 Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law 103-125, and see "Command Responsibility" at pp. 110-123, and "Conclusion" at pp. 123-125;
 

Final Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Events at the Refugee Camps in Beirut, 7 February 1983; reproduced in (1983) 22 International Legal Materials 473-520; the Commission was chaired by the President of the Israeli Supreme Court Kahan (the report is referred to as the "Kahan  Report"); copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada; copy at theUniversity of Ottawa, K 202 .I573  Location: FTX Peridicals;
 

FISCHER, Horst, "Command Responsibility -- Introduction by Professor Fischer", (2000) 39 Revue de Droit Militaire et de Droit de la Guerre / The Military Law and Law of War Review 79-86; copy at the University of Ottawa, KJM 0 .R49  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

FLIESS, Peter J., "Book Review: The Yamashita Precedent: War Crimes and Command Responsibility.  By Richard L. Lael. Wilmington: ScholarlyResources Inc., 1982. Pp. xii, 165. Index. $19.95", (1984) 78 American Journal of International Law 256-257;
 

FURET, Marie-Françoise, Jean-Claude Martinez et Henri Dorandeu, La guerre et le droit, Paries: Pedone, 1979, 335 p., et voir les pp. 280-284 sur la supression de l'article 77 du projet de la C.I.C.R.; ISBN: 2233000676; copie à l'Université d'Ottawa, FTX General: KZ 6385 .F871979;
 

GARRAWAY, Charles H.B., "Command responsibility: victor's justice or just desserts?", in Richard Burchill, Justin Morris, and Nigel White, eds., International Conflict and Security Law: Essays in Memory of Hilaire McCoubrey, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005, 348 p., at  pp. 68 to approx. 83, ISBN: 0521845319; title noted; no locations yet for this book, verification of the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 4 December 2005);
 

___________"Responsibility of command: a poisoned chalice?", in Roberta Arnold, 1974-, and Pierre-Antoine Hildbrand, eds., International humanitarian law and the 21st century's conflicts: changes and challenges,Lausanne: Edis, 2005, vi, 253 p., ISBN: 2940341044; title noted inmy research but article not consulted; no copy of this book in the Ottawa area libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 16 October 2005); copy at the University of Montreal,DKZD I5966 2005;
 

GERMANY, (Territory under Allied Occupatuion, 1945-1955: U.S. Zone), MilitaryTribunalsTrials of war criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunalsunder Control Council Law no. 19, Nuernberg, October 1946-1949 , Washington:U.S.G.P.O., 1943-1953, 15 volumes,  copy of the books at the Libraryof Parliament, D804 G42 A2; also available: AMS Press Microfilm GreenSeries -- 15 volumes in 5 Reels; also available: Washington, D.C. : MicrocardEditions, 1971, 164 microfiches in 15 v.; also available at Buffalo, N.Y.: W.S. Hein, 1997, 15 v. in 18;

" v.1. Case 1: U.S. v. Brandt (Medical case). -- v.2. Case:U.S. v. Brandt (cont.). Case 2: U.S. v. Milch (Milch case). --  v.3.(Case 3: U.S. v. Altstoetter (Justice case). -- v.4. Case 9: U.S. v. Ohlendorf(Einsatzgruppen case). Case 8: U.S. v. reifelt (RuSHA case). -- v.5. Case8: U.S. v. Greifelt (cont.). Case 4: U.S. v. Pohl (Pohl case). -- v.6.Case 5: U.S. v. Flick (Flick case). -- v.7-8. Case 6: U.S. v. Krauch (I.G.Farben case) -- v.9. Case 10: U.S. v. Krupp (Krupp case). -- v.10. Case 12: U.S. v. von Leeb (High Command case). -- v.1l. Case 12: U.S. v. vonLeeg (cont.). Case 7: U.S. v. List (Hostage case). -- v.12-14. Case 11:U.S. v. Von Weizsaecker(Ministries case). -- v.15. Procedure, practiceand administration." (Source: AMICUS catalogue)

GREEN, L.C. (Leslie Claude), 1920-, "Command Responsibility in International Humanitarian Law", (1995) 5 Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems 319-371;
 

___________The contemporary law of armed conflict, 2nd ed., Manchester/NewYork: Manchester University Press, 2000, xx, 393 p., on the command responsibility, see the index (series; Melland Schill studies in international law) ISBN:0719056004 and 0719056012 (pbk.);

____________“Fifteenth Waldemar A. Solf Lecture in International Law -- Superior Orders and Command Responsibility” (March 2003) 175 Military Law Review 309-384; available at  http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/Military_Law_Review/2003.htm (accessed on 22 February 2006);

___________"War crimes, extradition and command responsibility", (1984)14 Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 17-53; copy at the University of Ottawa, KPD 0 .I852  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

GREENWOOD, Christopher, Notes and Comments, "Command Responsibility and the Hadzihasanovic Decision", (2004) 2 Journal of International Criminal Justice 598-605;
 

GULAM, Hyder, "Command Responsibility : International and AustralianPerspectives", (October 2004) 28(5) Criminal Law Journal 287-306;copy at the University of Ottawa University, KTA O .C735;
 

___________"Command Responsibility under the Law of Armed Conflict", [December 2004] New Zealand Armed Forces Law Review 8 to approx.19; title noted in my research but article not consulted; no hard copy of this periodical in the libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 4 November 2005);
 

GUY, George F., "The Defence of Yamashita", (1949-50) 4 Wyoming LawJournal 153-180; KFW 4269 .W94  Location: FTX Periodicals; with the same title in (1995-96) 6 United States Air Force Journal of Legal Studies 215 (not verified); with the same title in (1981) Yearbook -- Supreme Court Historical Society / Journal of Supreme Court history : yearbook of the Supreme Court Historical Society 52 (not verified);
 

HART, Franklin A., "Yamashita, Nuremberg and Vietnam: Command Responsibility Reappraised", (1972) 25 Naval War College Review 19-36; withthe same title in Richard B. Lillich, and John Norton Moore, eds., Reading sin international law from the Naval War College Review, 1947-1977, Newport (R.I.): Naval War College Press; Washington : for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1980, vol. 2, at pp. 397-414 (series; international law studies; v. 62); copy at  FTX General: KZ 1238 .U6R425 1980 v. 2;
 

HEDER, Stephen and Brian D. Tittemore, "Seven Candidates for Prosecution Accoutability for the Crimes of the Khmer Rouge", War Crimes Research Office,Washington College of Law, American University and Coalition for International Justice Copyright @ June 2001 by War Crimes Research Office, American University;available at  http://www.wcl.american.edu/warcrimes/khmerrouge.pdf?rd=1(accessed on 31 October 2005);
 

HENDERSON, Loik S., "Superior Responsibility", April 2000, available at  http://www.nesl.edu/center/wcmemos/hendersn.htm (accessed on 21 October 2005); note: New England School of Law International War crimes Project Rwanda Genocide Prosecution;
 

HENDIN, Stuart, "Command Responsibility and Superior Orders in the Twentieth Century -- A Century of Evolution", (March 2003) 10(1) Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law; available at  http://www.murdoch.edu.au/elaw/issues/v10n1/hendin101.txt (accessed on 29 August 2005);
 

HENSON, Christopher M., "Superior Orders and Duress as Defenses in International Law and the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia", Paper based on an Expository Essay prepared for PSCI4820: International Law, under the direction of James Meernik, Ph.D. and Kimi King, Ph.D., Department of Political Science, University of North Texas, 2004, 30 p.;available at  http://www.unt.edu/honors/eaglefeather/2004_Issue/2004_PDFs/HensonC.pdf  (accessed on 10 January 2004);
 

HENQUET, Thomas, "Convictions for Command Responsibility Under Articles7(1) and 7(3) of the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia", (2002) 15 Leiden Journal of International Law 805-834;
 

HENZELIN, Marc, "Les raisons de savoir du supérieur hiérarchiquequ'un crime va être commis ou a été commis par un subordonné:examen de la jurisprudence des tribunaux pénaux internationaux pourl'ex-Yougoslavie et le Rwanda", dans Paul Tavernier, sous la directionde, Actualité de la jurisprudence pénale internationaleà l’heure de la mise en place de la Cour pénale internationale,Bruxelles: Bruylant, 2004, viii, 281 p., aux pp. 81-125 (Collection; Collectiondu CREDHO), ISBN: 2802719297; titre d'un article noté dans mes recherches;article non consulté; aucune aucune copie de ce volume dans lesbibliothèques de la région d'Ottawa comprises dans le catalogue AMICUS de Bibliothèque et Archives Canada (vérification du30 octobre 2005);  copie à l'Université de Montréal, DJZD A188 2004;
 

HINGORANI, R.C., "Chain of Command and War Crimes: Yamashita revisited", (2004) 4 ISIL [Indian Society of International Law] Year Book of International, Humanitaria and Refugee Law 131-135; title noted in my research butthesis not consulted; no copy in the Canadian libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 4 November 2005);
 

HOECHERL, Cortney C., "Command Responsibility Doctrine: Formulation Through Ford v. Garcia and Romagoza v. Garcia", available at  http://www.law.upenn.edu/groups/jilp/1-1_Hoecherl_Cortney.pdf(accessed on 31 October 2005); civil law;
 

HOWARD, Kenneth A., "Command Responsibility for War Crimes", (1972) 21 Journal of Public Law 7-22;
 

HUMANITARIAN LAW CENTER, "Conferences.  Command Responsibility in International and National Law", 22 August 2003; available at http://www.hlc.org.yu/english/Conferences/index.php?file=478.html (accessed on 1 November 2005);
 

ICRC - Regional Delegation for East Asia, and Aleardo Ferretti, ed., Internationalrules of warfare and command responsibility : ICRC East Asia regional seminar on the instruction of the law of war, Bangkok: Thailand ICRC Regional Delegation for East Asia, 1998, xx, 253 p., ISBN: 9748635465; notes: "Includes bibliographical references. This publication contains the papers and proceedings of the ICRC East Asia regional seminar on International humanitarian lawfor military instructors, which was held in Bangkok, Thailand, from 24-28 November 1997 and attended by members of fifteen armed forces of the region. The presentations and related discussions in this book focus on various aspects of the 'Law of war', its implementation as well as its implications for the armed forces in terms of training and command responsibility."(source: AMICUS catalogue); title noted in my research but book not consulted; no copy in the Ottawa area Canadian Libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 16 October 2005); copy at Pearson Peacekeeping Centre, Library;
 

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT / COUR PÉNALE INTERNATIONALE, http://www.un.org/law/icc/ (accessed/visionné, 6 November 2005);

- Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court:

"Article 28
Responsibility of commanders and other superiors

In addition to other grounds of criminal responsibility under this Statutefor crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court:

(a) A military commander or person effectively acting as a military commander shall be criminally responsible for crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court committed by forces under his or her effective command and control, or effective authority and control as the case maybe, as a result of his or her failure to exercise control properly oversuch forces, where:

(i) That military commander or person either knew or, owing to the circumstances at the time, should have known that the forces were committing or about to commit such crimes; and

(ii) That military commander or person failed to take all necessary and reasonable measures within his or her power to prevent or repress their commission or to submit the matter to the competent authorities for investigation and prosecution.

(b) With respect to superior and subordinate relationships not described in paragraph (a), a superior shall be criminally responsible for crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court committed by subordinates under his or her effective authority and control, as a result of his or her failure to exercise control properly over such subordinates, where:

(i) The superior either knew, or consciously disregarded information which clearly indicated, that the subordinates were committing or about to commit such crimes;

(ii) The crimes concerned activities that were within the effective responsibility and control of the superior; and

(iii) The superior failed to take all necessary and reasonable measures within his or her power to prevent or repress their commission or to submit the matter to the competent authorities for investigation and prosecution." (available at  http://www.un.org/law/icc/statute/english/rome_statute(e).pdf, accessed on 6 November 2005)

-----------

- Statut de la Cour pénale internationale :

"Article 28
RESPONSABILITÉ DES CHEFS MILITAIRES ET
AUTRES SUPÉRIEURS HIÉRARCHIQUES

Outre les autres motifs de responsabilité pénale au regard du présent Statut pour des crimes relevant de la compétencede la Cour :

a) Un chef militaire ou une personne faisant effectivement fonction de chef militaire est pénalement responsable des crimes relevant de la compétence de la Cour commis par des forces placées sous son commandement et son contrôle effectifs, ou sous son autorité et son contrôle effectifs, selon le cas, lorsqu'il ou elle n'a pas exercé le contrôle qui convenait sur ces forces dans les cas où :

i) Ce chef militaire ou cette personne savait, ou, en raison des circonstances, aurait dû savoir, que ces forces commettaient ou allaient commettre ces crimes; et

ii) Ce chef militaire ou cette personne n'a pas pris toutes les mesures nécessaires et raisonnables qui étaient en son pouvoir pour en empêcher ou en réprimer  l'exécution ou pour en référer aux autorités compétentes aux fins d'enquête et de poursuites;

b) En ce qui concerne les relations entre supérieur hiérarchique et subordonnés non décrites au paragraphe a), le supérieur hiérarchique est pénalement responsable des crimes relevant de la compétence de la Cour commis par des subordonnés placés sous son autorité et son contrôle effectifs, lorsqu'il ou elle n'a pas exercé le contrôle qui convenait sur ces subordonnés dans les cas où :

i) Le supérieur hiérarchique savait que ces subordonnés commettaient ou allaient  commettre ces crimes ou a délibérément  négligé de tenir compte d'informations qui l'indiquaient clairement;

ii) Ces crimes étaient liés à des activités relevant de sa responsabilité et de son  contrôle effectifs; et

iii) Le supérieur hiérarchique n'a pas pris toutes les mesures nécessaires et raisonnables qui étaient en son pouvoirpour en empêcher ou en réprimer l'exécution ou pouren référer aux autorités compétentes aux fins d'enquête et de poursuites." (disponible à  http://www.un.org/law/icc/statute/french/rome_statute(f).pdf,visionné le 6 novembre 2005)
 

- Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, available at  http://www.un.org/icty/legaldoc-e/index.htm(accessed on 6 November 2005) / Statut du tribunal pénal internationalde l'ex-Yougoslavie, disponible à  http://www.un.org/icty/legaldoc-f/index-f.htm (visionné le 6 novembre 2005):

"Article 7
Individual criminal responsibility ...

2. The official position of any accused person, whether as Head of Stateor Government or as a responsible Government official, shall not relieve such person of criminal responsibility nor mitigate punishment.

3. The fact that any of the acts referred to in articles 2 to 5 of the present Statute was committed by a subordinate does not relieve his superior of criminal responsibility if he knew or had reason to know that the subordinate was about to commit such acts or had done so and the superior failed to take the necessary and reasonable measures to prevent such acts or to punish the perpetrators thereof. ..."
----
"Article 7
Responsabilité pénale individuelle [...]

2. La qualité officielle d'un accusé, soit comme chef d'Etat ou de gouvernement, soit comme haut  fonctionnaire, ne l'exonère pas de sa responsabilité pénale et n'est pas un motif dediminution de la peine.

3. Le fait que l'un quelconque des actes visés aux articles 2 à 5 du présent statut a été commis par un subordonné ne dégage pas son supérieur de sa responsabilité pénales lorsqu'il savait ou avait des raisons de savoir que le subordonné s'apprêtait à commettre cet acte ou lorsqu'il l'avait fait et que le supérieur n'a pas pris les mesures nécessaires et raisonnables pour empêcher que ledit acte ne soit commis ou en punir les auteurs. [...]"

- "Bulletin: CELEBICI -- THE TRIBUNAL'S FIRST TRIAL TO CONSIDER COMMANDRESPONSIBILITY...", available at  http://www.un.org/icty/BL/15art3e.htm (accessed on 30 October 2005); also published in French/aussi publié en français: TRIBUNAL PÉNAL INTERNATIONAL POUR L'EX-YOUGOSLAVIE, "Bulletin: -- CELEBICI -- LE PREMIER PROCÈS À EXAMINER LARESPONSABILITÉ DES SUPÉRIEURS HIÉRARCHIQUES", disponibleà  http://www.un.org/icty/BL/15art3f.htm(visionné le 30 octobre 2005);

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA / TRIBUNAL PÉNAL INTERNATIONAL POUR LE RWANDA; available at /disponible à:
 http://65.18.216.88/

- Statute of the International Tribunal / Statut du tribunal international, available / disponible à  http://65.18.216.88/ENGLISH/basicdocs/statute/2004.pdf

"Article 6: Individual Criminal Responsibility ...

2. The official position of any accused person, whether as Head of state or government or as a responsible government official, shall not relieve such person of criminal responsibility nor mitigate punishment.

3. The fact that any of the acts referred to in Articles 2 to 4 of the present Statute was committed by a subordinate does not relieve his orher superior of criminal responsibility if he or she knew or had reason to know that the subordinate was about to commit such acts or had done so and the superior failed to take the necessary and reasonable measuresto prevent such acts or to punish the perpetrators thereof. ..."

-------------

"Article 6 : Responsabilité pénale individuelle [...]

2. La qualité officielle d'un accusé, soit comme chef d'État ou de gouvernement, soit comme haut fonctionnaire, ne l'exonère pas de sa responsabilité pénale et n'est pas un motif de diminution de la peine.

3. Le fait que lorsqu'un quelconque des actes visés aux Articles 2à 4 du présent Statut a été commis par un subordonnéne dégage pas son supérieur de sa responsabilité pénale s'il savait ou avait des raisons de savoir que le subordonné s'apprêtait à commettre cet acte ou l'avait fait et que le supérieur n'a pas pris les mesures nécessaires et raisonnables pour empêcher que ledit acte ne soit commis ou en punir les auteurs. [...]"
 

JIA, Bing Bing, Case Note, "Prosecutor v. Zejnil Delalic et al.,Case No. IT-96-21-A, Judgment, 20 February 2001) ('Appeal Judgement')", (2002) 1 International Criminal Law Review 241-249, and see "The Mental Element of Command Responsibility", at pp. 243-244; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada;
 

___________"The Doctrine of Command Responsibility: Current Problems", (2000) 3 Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 131-165; title noted in my research but article not consulted yet (12 November 2005); copie à la Bibliothèque des Affaires étrangères et Commerce international / Library of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Ottawa (verification of the AMICUS catalogue, 23 February 2006);
 

___________"The doctrine of command responsibility in international law: with emphasis on liability for failure to punish", (1998) 45(3) Netherlands International Law Review 325-347; title noted in my research but article not consulted yet (12 November 2005);
 

___________"The Doctrine of Command Responsibility Revisited", (2004)3 Chinese Journal of International Law 1-42; 
 

KEHNAN, Herbert C. and Lee H. Lawrence, "Assignment of Responsibility in the Case of LL Calley: Preliminary Report on a National Survey", (1972)28 Journal of Social Issues 177-212; copy at the University of Ottawa, MRT Periodicals: HN 51 .J6;

KEIJZER, N., "Command Responsibility", (2002) 41(3-4) Revue de droit militaire et de droit de la guerre 193-214; titre noté dans mes recherches mais article non encore consulté;
 

KEITH, Kirsten M.F., "The Mens Rea of Superior Responsibility as Developed by ICTY Jurisprudence", (2001) 14(3) Leiden Journal of International Law 617-634;

___________"Superior Responsibility applied before the ICTY", (2001) The Journal of International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict / Humanitäres Völkerrecht-Informationsschriffen 98; title noted in my research but article not consulted; no copy of this periodical in the AMICUS catalogue, Library and Archives Canada (verification of 17 July 2006);
 

KNOOPS, Geert-Jan Alexander, The Prosecution and Defense of Peacekeepers under InternationalCriminal Law, Ardsley (NY): Transnational Publishers, Inc., xlviii, 368 p., 2004, and see "International Peacekeepers and Superior Responsibility", at pp. 127 to approx. 160 (series; International and comparative criminal law series), ISBN: 1571051546; title noted in my research but book notconsulted; no copy in the Ottawa area libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 5 November 2005);
 

KOSKENNIEMI, Martti, "Hersch Lauterpacht and the Development of International Criminal Law", (September 2004) 2(3) Journal of International Criminal Justice 810-825, and see "Superior Orders and Command Responsibility", at pp. 816-818; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada;
 

LAEL, Richard, 1946-, The Yamashita Precedent: War Crimes and Command Responsibility, Wilmington (Del.): Scholarly Resources, 1982, xii,165 p., ISBN:  0842022023; copy at Carleton University, Floor 4, JX5441.M3L33; title noted in my research but book not consulted yet (12 November 2005);
 

LANDRUM, Bruce D., "The Yamashita War Crimes Trial: Command Responsibility Then and Now", (1995) 149 Mililtary Law Review 293-301; availableat http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/Military_Law_Review/1995.htm (accessed on 29 October 2005);
 

LANGSTON, Emily, "The superior responsibility doctrine in international law: Historical continuities, innovation and criminality: Can East Timor's Special Panels bring militia leaders to justice?", (2004) 4(2) International Criminal Law Review 141-183; copy at the Library of the Supreme Courtof Canada;
 

LEVIE, Howard S., "Command Responsibility", (1997-98) 8 Journal of Legal Studies, United States Air Force Academy Journal of Legal Studies1-18; available at  http://atlas.usafa.af.mil/dfl/journal.html (accessed on 30 October 2005);
 

___________ed., Protection of war victims: Protocol I to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, vol. 4, see, supra, DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE ON THE REAFFIRMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW APPLICABLE IN ARMED CONFLICTS;
 

LEVINE, Eugenia, "The Mens Rea Requirement of Command Responsibility:Modern Developments and Future Direction", (February 2005) Global Policy Forum; available at  http://www.globalpolicy.org/intljustice/general/2005/command.htm (accessed on 4 June 2005);

LEVINE, Major James D., "The Doctrine of Command Responsibility and Its Application to Superior Civilian Leadership: Does the International Criminal Court Have the Correct Standard?", (2007) 193 Military Law Review 52 to approx. 96; available at https://www.jagcnet.army.mil/JAGCNETInternet/Homepages/AC/MilitaryLawReview.nsf/20a66345129fe3
d885256e5b00571830/085bbefdd7beee6d852573c5004a04ff/$FILE/Article%202%20-%20By%20MAJ%20James%20D.%20Levine%20II.pdf (accessed on 19 March 2008);  
 

LIPPMAN, Mathhew R., "Conundrums of Armed Conflict: Criminal Defencesto Violation of Human Rights", (1996-97) 15 Dickinson Journal of Internial Law 1-111, and see "Command Responsibility", at pp. 71-90;
 

___________ "The Evolution and Scope of Command Responsibility", (2000)13 Leiden Journal of International Law 139-170;
 

___________"Humanitarian Law: The Uncertain Contours of Command Responsibility",  (Fall 2001) 8(2) & 9(1) (Combined Issue) Tulsa Journal of Comparative and International Law 1-93; title noted in my research but article not consulted; no copy of this periodical in the Ottawa area librariescovered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verificationof 30 October 2005);
 

___________"War Crimes: The My Lai Massacre and the Vietnam War", (Summer1993) 1 San Diego Justice Journal  295-364;
 

LI WAI SUEN, Rachel, From Yamashita to Romagoza and beyond: command responsibility as a norm and strategy of human rights, LL.M. thesis, Harvard Law School, 2003, 78 leaves; thesis supervisor: Prof. Ryan Goodman; title noted in my research but thesis not consulted; no copy in the Canadian libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 4 November 2005);
 

MALONE, Linda A., The Appointment of General Yaron: Continuing Impunity for the Sabra and Shatilla Massacres", (2000) 32 Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 287-305;
 

___________"The Kahan Report, Ariel Sharon and the Sabra-Shatilla Massacresin Lebanon: Responsibility Under International Law for Massacres of Civilian Populations",  [1985] Utah Law Review 373-433;
 

MAOGOTO, Jackson Nyamuya, "Presiding over the Ex-President: A look at Superior Responsibility in light of the Kosovo Indictment", (2002) 7 Deakin Law Review 177-199;

MARTINEZ, Jenny S., "International Criminal Law: A Conversation with Professor Jenny S. Martinez", circa 2005 or 2006; available at http://www.law.stanford.edu/publications/stanford_lawyer/issues/74/InternationalCriminalLawMartinez.html (accessed on 21 November 2006); important contribution;

MATEUS-RUGELES, Andrea, "Command Responsibility for Omission When the Military Commander 'Should Have Known' ", (2007) 2(1) Interdisciplinary Journal of Human Rights Law 61-72,
available at http://www.americanstudents.us/IJHRL2/Articles/Journal_IJHRL_2007_Rugeles_online.pdf (accessed on 4 September 2009);

MAUGERI, Anna Maria, "La responsabilité des supérieurs hiérarchiques et l'effet d'exonération de l'ordre du supérieur dans le statut de la Cour pénale internationale", dans, sous la direction de Mario Chiavario, La justice pénale internationale entre passé et avenir, Milano: A. Giuffrè; [Paris](F): Dalloz, 2003, 398 p., aux pp. 295-326, ISBN: 8814100535 et 2247054390; copie à l'Université d'Ottawa, FTX General, KZ 6311 .J872003;
 

MAY, Richard and Steven Powles, "Command Responsibility -- A New Basis of Criminal Liability in English Law", [2002] The Criminal Law Review 363-378; covers origins and history of doctrine;
 

MENU, Christophe, La responsabilité du commandement, Genève:Institut universitaire des hautes études internationales, octobre1998, mémoire présenté en vue de l'obtention du diplôme d'études supérieures en relation internationales, mention: droit international; disponible à  http://membres.lycos.fr/cmenu/diplome-devoir.htm (visionné le 16 avril 2005);
 

MELERTÖNS, Heiko, "Superior Responsibility and Mens Rae : the Appeals Decision in the Blaskic-Case", (2005) 18(1) Humanitäres Völkerrecht: Informationsschriften 53-58; title noted in my research but article not consulted; no copy of this periodical in the libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 29 October2005);
 

METTRAUX, GUENAEL, "Current Developments", (2002) 1 International Criminal Law Review 261-284, and see "Criminal participation: The inter-action between individual criminal responsibility for direct participation in the commission of a crime and criminal responsibility as a superior", at pp. 272-276; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada;
 

MEIERTÖNS, Heiko, "Superior Responsibility and Mens Rea: The Appeals Division in the Blaskic-Division", (2005) 18(1)  Humanitäres Völkerrecht 53-58; titre complet serait-il  Humanitäres Völkerrecht, Informationsschriften Informationsschriften?, ISSBN: 0937-5414; titre noté dans mes recherches mais article non consulté; aucune copie de ce périodique dans les bibliothèques comprises dans le catalogue AMICUS de Bibliothèque et Archives Canada (vérification du 23 février 2006);

MITCHELL, Andrew D., "Failure to halt, prevent, or punish: The doctrine  of command responsibility for war crimes", (2000) 22 The Sydney Law Review 381-409; available at  http://www.law.usyd.edu.au/~slr/v22/n3/mitchell.pdf (accessed on 4 December 2004);
 

MORRIS, Virginia, 1955-, and Michael P. Scharf, 1963-, The International Criminal Tribunal of Rwanda, 2 volumes, Irvington-on-Hudson (N.Y.):Transnational Publishers, c1998, vol. 1, xx, 743 p., and see "Command Responsibility",  at pp. 249-262, ISBN:1571050388; copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX  General, KZ 1201 .A12 M67 1998  v.1;
 

MUNDIS, Daryl A., "Crimes of the Commander.  Superior Responsibility  under Article 7(3) of the ICTY Statute", in Gideon Boas &William A. Schabas, editors, International criminal law developments in the case law of the ICTY, Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,  2003, xxxiv, 309 p., at pp. 239-275 (series; International humanitarianlaw series; v. 6); ISBN: 9041119876; copy at Ottawa University, FTX General:  KZ 1203 .A12 I5755 2003; not consulted yet; on loan as of 12 November 2005;
 

NEUNER, Matthias. "Superior Responsibility and the ICC Statute", in LaCorte penale internazionale : problemi e prospettive / / a cura di GaetanoCarlizzi ... [et al.] ; pref. di Flavia Lattanzi, Napoli: Vivavium, 2003, xxxiv, 604 p., at pp. 259-287, ISBN: 8885239803; title noted in myresearch but article not consulted; no copy of this book in the libaries covered by the ANICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verificationof 5 November 2005);
 

Note, "Command Responsibility for War Crimes", (1972-733) 82 Yale Law Journal 1274-1304;
 

NYBONDAS, Maria, "Civilian superior responsibility in the Kordic case", (2003) 50 Netherlands International Law Review 59-82;
 

O'BRIEN, Edward J., The Nuremberg principles, command responsibility, and the defense of Captain Rockwood", (1995) 149 Military Law Review 275-291; available at  http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/Military_Law_Review/1995.htm(accessed on 29 October 2005);
 

O'BRIEN, William V., "The Law of War, Command Responsibility and Vietnam", (1971-72) 60 Georgetown Law Journal 605-664;
 

OLANOFF, Jared, "Holding a Head of State Liable for War Crimes: Command  Responsibility and the Milosevic Trial", (2004) 27(2) Suffolk Transnational Law Review 327-355; title noted in my research but article not consultedyet (12 November 2005); copie à la Bibliothèque des Affaires étrangères et Commerce international / Library of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Ottawa (verification of the AMICUS catalogue, 23 February 2006);

OLASOLO, Hector,  The criminal responsibility of senior political and military leaders as principals to international crimes / Héctor Olásolo ; with a foreword by Adrian Fulford, ntroduction by Ekaterina Trendafilova and an epilogue by Kai Ambos, Oxford ; Portland, Or. : Hart, 2009, xlv, 354 p. ; 24 cm. ( series; Studies in international and comparative criminal law; v. 4), ISBN: 9781841136950 (hbk.) and 1841136956 (hbk.);

OOSTERVELD, Valerie and Alejandra C. Flah, "Holding Leaders Liable for Torture by Others: Command Responsibility and Respondat Superioras Frameworks for Derivate Civil Liability ", in Craig Scott, ed., Tortureas Tort, : comparative perspectives on the development of transnationalhuman rights litigation, Oxford (England)/Portalnd (Or.): Hart Pub., 2001, xliii, 731 p., at pp. 441-463, ISBN: 841130605; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, K5304 T67 2001;
 

O'REILLY, Arthur Thomas, "Command Responsibility: A Call to Realign Doctrine with Principles", (2004) 20(1) American University International Law Review 71-107; copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX Periodicals, K1. M475;
 

___________"Command responsibility: a call to realign the doctrine with principles of individual accountability and retributive justice", (2004-2005)40(1) Gonzaga Law Review 127-155; copy at the University of Ottawa,  KFW 69 .G65  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

OSIEL, Mark, "Modes of Participation in Mass Atrocity", (2005) 38 Cornell International Law Journal 793-822;

PARKS, William H., "Command Responsibility for war Crimes", (1973) 62 MilitaryLaw Review 1-104; available at   ttp://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/Military-Law-Review-home.html (accessed on 25 October 2005); important contribution;
 

__________"Command responsibility for war crimes", in N. J. Kritz, ed.,Transitionaljustice: how emerging democracies reckon with former regimes, Washington (D.C.): United States Institute of Peace Press, 1995, 3 volumes, in vol.I: General considerations, pp. 456-458, ISBN: 187837947X and 1878379437 (pbk.); copy at the University of Ottawa, MRT General, K 5250 .T746 1995v. 1; excerpt from "Command Responsibility for war Crimes", (1973) 62 MilitaryLaw Review 1-104;
 

__________"A Few Tools in the Prosecution of War Crimes", (1995) 149 Military Law Review 73-85, and see "Command Responsibility", at pp. 74-77; availableat http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/Military-Law-Review-home.html (accessed on 6 November 2005);
 

PARTSCH, Karl Joseph, 1914-, "[Commentary on] ARTICLE 86 -- FAILURE TO ACT" and "[Commentary on] ARTICLE 87 -- DUTY OF COMMANDERS", in Michael Bothe, Karl Josef Partsch, Waldemar A. Solf, with the collaboration of Martin Eaton, New Rules for Victims of Armed Conflicts: commentary on the two 1977 protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; Hingham (MA): Distributors for U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Boston, 1982, xxi, 746 p., at pp.523-526 and 526-529, ISBN: 9024725372; copy at the University of Ottawa, FTX General: KZ 6515.B67 1982;
 

PAUST, Jordan J., "My Lai and Vietnam: Myths and Leader Responsibility",(1972) 57 Military Law Review 99-187, and see "The Limits of Leader Responsibiolity", at pp. 175-185; available at  http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/Military-Law-Review-home.html (accessed on 30 October 2005);
 

___________speech by Jordan J. Paust, at pp. 546-569, and see, in particular, "Recent Attempts to Restrict Leader Responsibility", at pp. 563-567, in "Panel II. Comparative Analysis of International and National Tribunals", (1994-95) 12 New York Law School  Journal of Human Rights 545-630;
 

___________"Superior Orders and Command Responsibility" in M. Cherif Bassiouni, International Criminal Law, 2nd ed., Vol. I, Crimes, Ardsley (New York): Transnational Publishers, 1999, ci, 1004 p., at pp.223-237,  ISBN: 1571050175;
 

PRÉVOST, Ann Marie, "Race and War Crimes: The 1945 War Crimes Trial of General Tomoyuki Yamashita", (1992) 14 Human Rights Quarterly 303-338;copy at the University of Ottawa, K 3236.2 .H943  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

"Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I)", 1977, United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 1125,p. 3; also published in French/aussi disponible en français:"Protocole additionnel aux Conventions de Genève du 12 août 1949 relatif à la protection des  victimes des conflits armés internationaux (Protocole I)", United Nations Treaty Series,vol. 1125, p. 3;

"Article 86 -- Failure to act

1.  The High Contracting Parties and the Parties to the conflict  shall repress grave breaches, and take measures necessary to suppress all other breaches, of the Conventions or of this Protocol which result from a failure to act when under a duty to do so.

2. The fact that a breach of the Conventions or of this Protocol was committed by a subordinate does not absolve his superiors from penal or disciplinary responsibility, as the case may be, if they knew, or had information which should have enabled them to conclude in the circumstances at the time, that he was committing or was going to commit such a breach and if they did not take all feasible measures within their power to prevent or repress the breach.
 

Article 87 -- Duty of commanders

1.  The High Contracting Parties and the Parties to the conflict shall require military commanders, with respect to members of the armed forces under their command and other persons under their control, to prevent and, where necessary, to suppress and to report to competent authorities breaches of the Conventions and of this Protocol.

2. In order to prevent and suppress breaches, High Contracting Partiesand Parties to the conflict shall require that, commensurate with their level of responsibility, commanders ensure that members of the armed forces under their command are aware of their obligations under the Conventions and this Protocol.

3. The High Contracting Parties and Parties to the conflict shall require any commander who is aware that subordinates or other persons under his control are going to commit or have committed a breach of the Conventionsor of this Protocol, to initiate such steps as are necessary to prevent such violations of the Conventions or this Protocol, and, where appropriate, to initiate disciplinary or penal action against violators thereof."

------------

"Article 86 -- Omissions

1. Les Hautes Parties contractantes et les Parties au conflit doivent réprimer les infractions graves et prendre les mesures nécessaires pour faire cesser toutes les autres infractions aux Conventions ou au présent  Protocole qui résultent d'une omission contraire à un devoird'agir.

2. Le fait qu'une infraction aux Conventions ou au présent Protocole a été commise par un subordonné n'exonère pas ses supérieurs de leur responsabilité pénale ou disciplinaire, selon le cas, s'ils savaient ou possédaient des informations leur  permettant de conclure, dans les circonstances du moment, que ce subordonné  commettait ou allait commettre une telle infraction, et s'ils n'ont pas pris toutes les mesures pratiquement possibles en leur pouvoir pour empêcher  ou réprimer cette infraction.
 

Article 87 -- Devoirs des commandants

1. Les Hautes Parties contractantes et les Parties au conflit doivent  charger les commandants militaires, en ce qui concerne les membres des  forces armées placés sous leur commandement et les autres personnes sous leur autorité, d'empêcher que soient commises des infractions aux Conventions et au présent Protocole et, au besoin, de les réprimer et de les dénoncer aux autorités compétentes.

2. En vue d'empêcher que des infractions soient commises et de  les réprimer, les Hautes Parties contractantes et les Parties au  conflit doivent exiger que les commandants, selon leur niveau de responsabilité, s'assurent que les membres des forces armées placés sous leur commandement connaissent leurs obligations aux termes des Conventionset du présent Protocole.

3. Les Hautes Parties contractantes et les Parties au conflit doivent exiger de tout commandant qui a appris que des subordonnés ou d'autrespersonnes sous son autorité vont commettre ou ont commis une infraction aux Conventions ou au présent Protocole qu'il mette en oeuvre les mesures qui sont nécessaires pour empêcher de telles violations  des Conventions ou du présent Protocole et, lorsqu'il conviendra,  prenne l'initiative d'une action disciplinaire ou pénale à l'encontre des auteurs des violations."

PUERTO RICO, The Penal Code of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico of 2004, available at http://www.oslpr.org/english/PDF/penal%20code.pdf (accessed on 16 June 2006) / in Spanish/en espagnol: Codigo Penal del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico -- Ley Num. 149 de 18 de Junio de 2004, available at http://www.unifr.ch/derechopenal/legislacion/pr/CP_puertorico04.pdf (accessed on 16 June 2006);

RANGELOV, Lavor and Jovan Nicic, "War Crimes Trials Before National Courts / Serbia -- Analysis Command Responsibility: The Contemporary Law",  Humanitarian Law Center, 23 February 2004; available at http://www.hlc.org.yu/english/War_Crimes_Trials_Before_National_Courts/Serbia/index.php?file=729.html (accessed on 20 August 2005);

"Belgrade - The doctrine of 'command responsibility' was established by the Hague Conventions IV (1907) and X (1907) and applied for the first time by the German Supreme Court in Leipzig after World War I, on the Trial of Emil Muller.  Miller was sentenced by the Court for failing to  prevent the commission of crimes and to punish the perpetrators thereof. Command responsibility is an omission mode of individual criminal liability: the superior is responsible for crimes committed by  his subordinates and for failing to prevent or punish (as opposed to crimes he ordered). The doctrine was invoked by the International Military Tribunals afterWorld War II and developed further through international and domestic jurisprudence: inter alia, the High Command, In Re Yamashita, Hostages and Abbaye Ardenne cases after World War II, and the Medina case dealing with war crimes in Vietnam."

REEL, Frank A. (Frank Adolf), The Case of General Yamashita, New York, Octagon Books, 1971 [c1949], vi, 323 p., ISBN: 0374967660; originally published by: Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1949; copy at theUniversity of Ottawa, FTX General: D 804 .J33Y36 1971;
 

REID, Natalie L., "Bridging the Conceptual Chasm: Superior Responsibility as the Missing Link Between State and Individual Responsibility Under International Law", (2005) 18(4) Leiden Journal of International Law 795-828;

ROBERT, Marie-Pierre, "La responsabilité du supérieur hiérachique basée sur la négligence en droit pénal international".(2008) 49 Les Cahiers de Droit 413-543;

___________"L'évolution de la responsabilité du supérieir hiérarchique en droit pénal international", (2007-2008) 67 La Revue du Barreau du Québec 1-38;
 

ROBERTS, Roberts and Th. Ingadottir, "The Use of the Tokyo Trial in Determining the Applicability of the Doctrine of Command Responsibilityto Civilians", in  Kalliopi Koufa, ed., The new international criminal law: 2001 international law session, Athens: Sakkoulas, 2003, 1221p., at pp. 1043-1063, ISBN: 960301737X (series; Thesaurus Acroasium; 32); notes: "United Nations 'Peace Messenger' Award"; At head of title: Institute of International Public Law and International Relations of Thessaloniki; title noted in my research but article not consulted; no copy of this periodical in the libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and ArchivesCanada (verification of 29 October 2005);
 

ROGERS, A.P.V., "Command Responsibility under the Law of War", 1999; note: Major General (Retired) A.P.V. Rogers, former U.K. Director of Army Legal Services; available at  http://lcil.law.cam.ac.uk/lectures/lecture_papers.php(accessed on 23 October 2005);
 

__________Law on the Battlefield, Hungtington (N.Y.): Juris Pub.; Manchester (UK): Manchester University Press, 2004, xxvi, 269 p.(series; Melland Schill studies in international law), ISBN: 0719061350; copy ordered by the University of Ottawa, FTX General, 2005-03-02.; note: 1st edition: Manchester University Press, 1996, and see chapter 7; title noted in my research but book not consulted yet (6 November 2005);

RONEN, Yael, "Superior Responsibility of Civilians for International Crimes Committed in Civilian Settings", Hebrew University International Law Research Paper No. 16-09, . Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1458263; 20 August 2009; available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1458263 (accessed on 27 August 2009);

ROWLAND, Robin, 1950-,  A River Kwai story : the Sonkrai Tribunal, Crows Nest, N.S.W. : Allen & Unwin, 2007,  416 p., ISBN: 9781741144222 (pbk.); see http://robinrowland.com/kwai.html (accessed on 16 May 2009);
 

RUSSELL-BROWN, Sherrie L., "The Last Line of Defense: The Doctrine of Command Responsibility and Gender Crimes in Armed Conflict", (Winter 2004) 22(1) Wisconsin International Law Journal 125-161; also publishedin the "ExpressO Preprint Series", printed in 37 p., available at http://law.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1101&context=expresso (accessed on 12 November 2005);
 

RUTAZANA, Angéline, Le principe de la responsabilté  pénale des supérieurs hiérarchiques en droit international,mémoire de maîtrise, Université d'Ottawa, 2000 (tel qu'annoncé dans (automne 2000) 60 La revue du Barreau 486 et on ajoute à la p. 485 que les mémoires ne sont pas disponibles pour consultation; texte non consulté;
 

SALAND, Per, "International Criminal Law Principles" in Roy S. Lee,ed., The International Criminal Court: The Making of the Rome Statute:Issues, Negotiations, Results, The Hague/London/Boston: Kluwer LawInternational, 1999, xxxv, 657 p., at pp. 189-216, ISBN: 904111212X (hardcover)and 904111243X (pbk.); see "IX. Article 28, Responsibility of commandersand civilian superiors" at pp. 202-204 and "XIV. Article 33, Superior ordersand prescription of law" at pp. 210-212; copy athe Library of the SupremeCourt of Canada, Ottawa;
 

SAROOSHI, Danesh, "Command Responsibility and the Blaskic case",(April 2001) 50(2) International and Comparative Law Quarterly 452-465;
 

SAVASTANO, Mona H., "Defining Who Is a Subordinate, under the InternationalDoctrine of Command Responsibility", New England School of Law, International War Crime Project, RWANDA Genocide Prosecution, May 2001, [i], 31, iii, p.; available at  http://www.nesl.edu/center/wcmemos/2001/savastano.pdf (accessed on 21 October 2005);
 

SCHAACK, Beth Van, "Command responsibility: the anatomy of proof in Romagoza v. Garcia", (2002-2003) 36 U.C. Davis Law Review 1213-1259; copy at the University of Ottawa, KFC 69 .U54  Location: FTX Periodicals;available at  http://www.ilsa.org/jessup/jessup04/basicmats/bm2.html (accessed on 5 November 2005);
 

SCHABAS, William A., "General Principles of Criminal Law in the International Criminal Court Statute (Part III)" (1998) 6(4) European Journal of Crime,Criminal Law, and Criminal Justice 400-428, see "Responsibility ofCommanders and Other Superiors (Art. 28)", at pp. 416-419;
 

__________"Mens Rea and the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia" (2002-2003) 37 New England Law Review 1015-1036; copy at the University of Ottawa, KFM 2469 .N49  Location FTX Periodicals;

SEPINWALL, Amy J., "Failures to Punish: Command Responsibility in Domestic and International Law", (2009) 30 Michigan Journal of International Law; available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1262776 (accessed on 29 September 2008);
 

SHANY, Yuval and Keren R. Michaeli, "The Case Against Ariel Sharon:Revisiting the Doctrine of Command Responsibility", (2001-2002) 34 NewYork University Journal of International Law and Politics 797-886;

SINGH, Avi, "Criminal Respoonsibility for Non-State Civilian Superiors Lacking De Jure Authority: A Comparative Review of the Doctrine of Superior Responsibility and Parallel Doctrines in National Criminal Laws", (2004-2005) 28 Hastings International Law and Comparative Review 267-297;
 

SINGH, Karam, Tara Conklin and Cora True-Frost, "ICTR: Legal conditions of subordination in criminal law. Requirements to be a subordinate to another person as a superior", 30 August 2000, 56 p.; available at  http://www.nesl.edu/center/wcmemos/2000/subordination.pdf (accessed on 12 October 2005);
 

SLIEDREGT, Elies van, The Criminal Responsibility of Individualsfor Violations of International Humanitarian Law, The Hague: T.M.C.Asser Press, 2003, xxiv, 437 p., see Chapter 4, "Superior Responsibilityat the Tribunals and the ICC", at pp. 137-197 and Chapter 5, "The Conceptof Superior Responsibility", at 199-222, ISBN: 9067041661; copy at Ottawa University, FTX General, K5064 .S53 2003;
 

SMIDT, Major Michael L., "Yamashita, Medina, and Beyond Command Responsibility in Contemporary Military Operations", (June 2000) 164 Military Law Review155-234; available at  http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/Military_Law_Review/pdf-files/276081%7E1.pdf (accessed on 18 December 2003);
 

SOLF, Waldemar A., "A Response to Telford Taylor's Nuremberg and Vietnam:An American Tragedy", (1972) 5 Akron Law Review 43-68, and see "Commander's Responsibility for Axcts of his Subordinate", at pp. 55-68;
 

SOLF, Waldemar A., and Edward R. Cummings, "A Survey of Penal Sanctions under Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949", (1977) 9 Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 205-251, andsee pp. 242-245 on command resposnibility; copy at the University of Ottawa, K 3 .A84  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

STARR, Scott, "Can Civilian 'Superior' Be Held Criminally Responsiblefor the Actions of Their Subordinates", New England School of Law, Rwanda Genocide Prosecution Project, 9 December 1997, 28 p.; available at http://www.nesl.edu/center/wcmemos/1997/starr.pdf (accessed on 9 January 2005);
 

STRYSZAK, Michal, "Command Responsibility: How Much Should a Commanderbe Expected to Know?", (2000-2001) 11 United States Air Force Academy Journal of Legal Studies 27; available for download in WORD format at http://atlas.usafa.af.mil/dfl/vol11.html (accessed on 24 October 2005);
 

SUNGA, Lyal S., "The Celebici Case: A Comment on the Main Legal Issues in the ICTY's Trial Chamber Judgment", (2000) 13 Leiden Journalof International Law 105-138, and see "The principles and elements of command/superior responsibility in Article 7(3)", at pp. 124-126;
 

SWAAK-GOLDMAN, Olivia, "International Criminal Tribunal for the formerYugoslavia -- command responsibility -- multiple defendants -- rape constituting torture as grave breach of 1949 Geneva Conventions and violation of laws or customs of war -- characterization of conflict in Bosnia and Heizegovina. PROSECUTOR V. DELALIC, No. IT-96-21-T.    International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Nov. 16, 1998", (1999) 93 AmericanJournal of International Law 514-519;
 

TALLOW, Adamin A., Command responsibility: its legal aspect, Thesis, University of Santo Thomas, Quezon City (Philippines), 1965, xxxii, 472 p.;  title noted in my research but thesis not consulted; no copy of this thesis in the libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of 30 October 2005);
 

TINTA, M. Feria, "Commanders on Trial: The Blaskic Case and the Doctrine of Command Responsibility under International law", (2001) 47(3) Netherlands International Law Review 293-322; tile noted in my resaerch but articlenot consulted yet (12 November 2005);
 

TRIFFTERER, Otto, "Causality, a Separate Element of the Doctrine of Superior Responsibility as Expressed in Article 28 Rome Statute?", (2002) 15 Leiden Journal of International Law 179-205;
 

___________"Command Responsibility, Article 28 Rome Statute, an Extensionof Individual Criminal Responsibility for Crimes Within the Jurisdictionof the Court : Compatible with Article 22, nullum crimen sine lege?", in Gedächtnisschriftfür Theo Vogler / herausgegeben von Otto Triffterer, Heidelberg: Müller, 2004, x, 283 p., at pp. 213-262, ISBN: 3811452290;
 

UN Blue Book

" 2.  FORCE AND FIREARMS...

2.10  Superior officials shall be held responsible if they know, or should have known, that law enforcement officials under their commandare resorting, or have resorted, to the unlawful use of force and firearms, and the superior officials did not take all measures in their power toprevent, suppress and report such use.⁴⁵

2.11  Obedience to superior orders shall be no defence if law enforcement officials knew that orders to use force and firearms resulting in death or serious injury of a person were unlawful and had a reasonable opportunityto refuse to follow them. In any case, responsibility also rests on the superiors who gave the unlawful orders.⁴⁶
------
45.  Principles on Force and Firearms, Principle 24.
46.  Principles on Force and Firearms, Principle 26. See also Judgment of the Nuernbern International Military Tribunal, 1946, 41 A.J.I.L.172 (1947)." (available at  http://www.uncjin.org/Documents/BlueBook/BlueBook/english/bbenotes.html#46 ,accessed on 26 September 2005)

---------

2. LE RECOURS À LA FORCE ET L'UTILISATION DES ARMES ÀFEU [...]

2.10   Les supérieurs hiérarchiques doivent être tenus pour responsables dans le cas où, sachant ou étant censés savoir que des agents chargés de l'application des lois placés sous leurs ordres ont ou ont eu recours à l'emploi illicite de la force ou des armes à feu, ils n'ont pas pris toutes les mesures en leur pouvoir pour empêcher, faire cesser ou signaler cet abus.⁴⁵

2.11   L'obéissance aux ordres ne peut être invoquée comme moyen de défense si les responsables de l'application des lois savaient que les ordres de recourir à la force ou aux armes à feu ayant entraîné la mort ou des blessures graves étaient manifestement illicites et s'ils avaient une possibilité raisonnable de refuser de les exécuter. En toute hypothèse, la responsabilité du supérieur qui a donné les ordresillicites est également engagée. ⁴⁶
------
45. Principes relatifs au recours à la force et aux armes à feu, principe 24.
46.  Principes relatifs au recours à la force et aux armesà feu, principe 26. Voir aussi le Jugement du Tribunal militaire intemational de Nuremberg, 1946, 41 A.J.I.L.172 (1947)." (disponible à http://www.uncjin.org/Documents/BlueBook/BlueBook/french/bbf2.html (visionné le 26 septembre 2005)
 

"D. Command responsibility

The Commission addressed the matter of command responsibility in paragraphs 51 through 53 of its first interim report as follows:

'51. A person who gives the order to commit a war crime or crime against humanity is equally guilty of the offence with the person actually committing it. This principle, expressed already in the Geneva Conventions of 1949, applies to both the military superiors, whether of regular or irregulararmed forces, and to civilian authorities.'

'52. Superiors are moreover individually responsible for a war crime or crime against humanity committed by a subordinate if they knew, or had information which should have enabled them to conclude, in the circumstances at the time, that the subordinate was committing or was going to commit such an act and they did not take all feasible measures within their power to prevent or repress the act.'

'53. Military commanders are under a special obligation, with respect to members of the armed forces under their command or other persons under their control, to prevent and, where necessary, to suppress such acts and to report them to competent authorities.'
 

The Commission notes with satisfaction that article 7 of the statute of the International Tribunal uses an essentially similar formulation.

The doctrine of command responsibility is directed primarily at military commanders because such persons have a personal obligation to ensure them aintenance of discipline among troops under their command. Most legal cases in which the doctrine of command responsibility has been considered have involved military or paramilitary accused. Political leaders and public officials have also been held liable under this doctrine in certain circumstances.

It is the view of the Commission that the mental element necessary when the commander has not given the offending order is (a) actual knowledge, (b) such serious personal dereliction on the part of the commander as to constitute wilful and wanton disregard of the possible consequences, or(c) an imputation of constructive knowledge, that is, despite pleas to the contrary, the commander, under the facts and circumstances of the particular case, must have known of the offences charged and acquiesced therein. To determine whether or not a commander must have known about the acts of his subordinates, one might consider a number of indices, including:

a. The number of illegal acts;
b. The type of illegal acts;
c. The scope of illegal acts;
d. The time during which the illegal acts occurred;
e. The number and type of troops involved;
f.  The logistics involved, if any;
g. The geographical location of the acts;
h. The widespread occurrence of the acts;
i.  The tactical tempo of operations;
j.  The modus operandi of similar illegal acts;
k. The officers and staff involved;
l. The location of the commander at the time.

The military commander is not absolutely responsible for all offences committed by his subordinates. Isolated offences may be committed of which he has no knowledge or control whatsoever. As a fundamental aspect of command, however, a commander does have a duty to control his troops and to take all practicable measures to ensure that they comply with the law. The arguments that a commander has a weak personality or that the troops assigned to him are uncontrollable are invalid. In particular, a military commander who is assigned command and control over armed combatant groups who have engaged in war crimes in the past should refrain from employing such groups in combat, until they clearly demonstrate their intention and capability to comply with the law in the future. Thus, a commander has a duty to do everything reasonable and practicable to prevent violations of the law. Failure to carry out such a duty carries with it responsibility. Lastly, a military commander has the duty to punish or discipline those under his command whom he knows or has reasonable grounds to know committed a violation." (available at http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/I-II.htm#II.E,accessed on 23 October 2005)

UNITED NATIONS, International Law Commission, "Draft Code of Crimes Against the Peace and Security of Mankind", in Report of the International Law Commission on the work of its  forty-eight session 6 May - 26 July 1996 , General Assembly, Official Records, Fifty-first Session Supplement No. 10 (A/51/10), New York: United Nations, 1996, at pp. 9-120, and see "Article 6  Responsibility of the superior", at pp. 34-39;available at http://www.un.org/law/ilc/reports.htm (accessed on 1 November 2005); included in Part Two of volume II of the Yearbookof the International Law Commission 1996; also published in French/aussipublié en français : NATIONS-UNIES, Commission du droit international, "Projet de des crimes contre la paix et la sécurité de l'humanité", Rapport de la Commission du droit internationalsur les travaux de sa quarante-huitième session 6mai-26 juillet 1996, Assemblée générale, Documents officiels, Cinquanteet unième session, Supplément No 10 (A/51/10), New York: Nations, 1996, aux pp. 25-143, et voir l'article 6, "Responsabilité du supérieur hiérarchique", aux pp. 51-56; disponible à  http://www.un.org/law/ilc/reports.htm(visionné le 1^er novembre 2005); paru dans la deuxième partie du volume II de l'Annuaire de la Commission du droit international, 1996;

"Article 6
Responsibility of the superior

    The fact that a crime against the peace and security of mankind was committed by a subordinate does not relieve his superiorsof criminal responsibility, if they knew or had reason to know, in the circumstances at the time, that the subordinate was committing or was going to commit such a crime and if they did not take all necessary measures within their power to prevent or repress the crime." (p. 34, at  http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N96/236/37/IMG/N9623637.pdf?OpenElement (accessed on 1 November 2005)

------------

"Article 6
Responsabilité du supérieur hiérarchique

    Le fait qu'un crime contre la paix et la sécurité de l'humanité a été commis par un subordonné n'exonère pas ses supérieurs de leur responsabilité pénale, s'ils savaient, ou avaient des raisons de savoir, dans les circonstances du moment, que ce subordonné commettait ou allait commettre un tel crime et s'ils n'ont pas pris toutes les mesures nécessaires en leur pouvoir pour empêcher ou réprimer ce crime." (p. 51,à http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N96/236/38/IMG/N9623638.pdf?OpenElement, visionné le 1^er novembre 2005)
 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,  Department of the Army, The Law ofLand Warfare, Washington (D.C.): The Department, 1956 (series; Departmentof the Army Field Manual; FM 27-10); available at  http://www.jagcnet.army.mil/JAGCNETInternet/Homepages/AC/TJAGSAWeb.nsf/~8f7edfd448e0ec6c8525694b0064ba51/8daeb722d746afd1852569e10053a0b2/$FILE/FM%2027-10.pdf

"501. Responsibility for Acts of Subordinates

In some cases, military commanders may be responsible for war crimes committed by subordinate members of the armed forces, or other persons subject to their control. Thus, for instance, when troops commit massacres and atrocities against the civilian population of occupied territory oragainst prisoners of war, the responsibility may rest not only with the actual perpetrators but also with the commander. Such a responsibility arises directly when the acts in question have been committed in pursuance of an order of the commander concerned. The commander is also responsible if he has actual knowledge, or should have knowledge, through reports received by him or through other means, that troops or other persons subject to his control are about to commit or have committed a war crime and he fails to take the necessary and reasonable steps to insure compliance with thelaw of war or to punish violators thereof." (Appendix A-117)

-----------

"507. Universality of Jurisdiction
...
b.  Persons Charged With War Crimes. ... Commanding officers of United States troops must insure that war crimes committed by members of their forces against enemy personnel are promptly and adequately punished."(Appendix A-119 and A-120)

VAN DER VYVER, Johan D., "The International Criminal Court and the Concept of Mens Rea in International Criminal Law", (2004) 12 University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review 57-149, and see "Command Responsibility", at pp. 113-119;

VETTER, Greg R., "Command Responsibility of  Non-Military Superiors in the International Criminal Court", (2000) 25 Yale Journal of International Law 89-143;
 

VAN DEN WYNGAERT, Christine, editor, and Guy Stessens and Liesbeth Janssens, assistant editors,  International Criminal Law: A Collection of International and European Instruments, 3rd ed., Leiden/Boston: MartinusNijhoff, 2005, xviii, 1542 p., see the index, at p. 1535, under "Command responsibility" where the authors refer to 16 instruments, ISBN: 900414232 and 9004142940 (pbk.); copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada,K5301 A35 I58 2005; important contribution;
 

WASSERSTROM, Richard A., "Conduct and Responsibility in War", (1980) Philosophy and Social Issues: five studies, Notre Dame (Ind.): University of Notre Dame Press, c1980, x, 187 p., at pp. 152-187, ISBN: 026801535X; copy atthe University of Ottawa, MRT General, HN 18 .W37 1980; with the same title in Larry May and Stacey Hoffman, eds., Collective responsibility : fivedecades of debate in theoretical and applied ethics, Savage, Md. :Rowman & Littlefield, c1991, viii, 292 p., at pp. 179-195, ISBN: 0847676919 and 0847676927 (pbk.); copy at Ottawa University,  MRT General BJ1451 .C64 1991;
 

WENKI, Zhu, "The Doctrine of Command Responsibility as Applied to Civilian Leaders: the ICTR and the Kayishema Case",  in Sienho Yee, 1965-, and Wang Tieya, eds., International Law in the Post-Cold War World:Essays in Memory of Li Haopei, London/New York: Routledge, 2001, xxix,529 p., at pp. 373-384, ISBN: 0415236088; title noted but article not consulted; no copy of this book in the Ottawa area libraries according to my verification of the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives Canada (verification of26 October 2005);
 

WILLIAMSON, Jamie Allan, "Command Responsibility in the Case Law of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda", (2002) 13(3) Criminal LawForum 365-384;

___________"Some considerations on command responsibility and criminal liability", (June 2008) 90 International Review of the Red Cross 303-317; available at http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/review-870-p303  (accessed on 15 January 2009);
 

WOMACK, Brandy, "The Development and Recent Applications of the Doctrine of Command Responsibility: With Particular Reference to the Mens Rea Requirement",  in Sienho Yee, ed.,  International crime andpunishment: selected issues, volume One, Lanham (Md.): University Press of America, 2003, vii, 173 p., at pp. 101-168, ISBN: 0761825703; copy at the University of Ottawa,  MRT General, K 5000 .I575 2003  v.1;
 

WU, Timothy and Yong-Sung (Jonathan) Kang, "Criminal Liability for theActions of Subordinates -- the Doctrine of Command Responsibility and Its Analogues in United States Law", (1997) 38 Harvard International LawJournal 272-297;
 

YATES, April, "Imputing the Intent of a Superior to a Subordinate", New England School of Law International War Crimes Project Rwanda Genocide Prosecution, December 2000, i, 33, iii p.; available at  http://www.nesl.edu/center/wcmemos/2000/yates.pdf (accessed on 21 October 2005);
 

ZAHAR, Alexander, "Command Responsibility of Civilian Superiors for Genocide", (2001) 14 Leiden Journal of International Law 591-616;
 

ZAKR, Nasser, "La responsabilité du supérieur hiérarchique devant les tribunaux pénaux internationaux", (2002) 73(1-2) Revue internationale de droit pénal 59-80; copie à l'Université d'Ottawa, K 5012 .R47  Location: FTX Periodicals; available at http://www.cairn.info/sommaire.php?ID_REVUE=RIDP&ID_NUMPUBLIE=RIDP_731 (accessed on 17 July 2007);
 

___________"L'imputabilité des faits et actes criminels des subalternes au supérieur hiérarchique devant le tribunal pénal pour le Rwanda", (2001) 78 Revue de droit international et de droitcomparé 51-73, et voir en particulier les pp. 69-72; copie àl'Université d'Ottawa, K 7001 .R48  Location: FTX Periodicals;
 

ZEGVELD, Liesbeth, "Observation by Liesbeth Zegveld on the responsibility of leaders of armed opposition groups", (2000) 39 Revue de Droit Militaire et de Droit de la Guerre / The Military Law and Law of War Review 89-93; copy at the University of Ottawa, KJM 0 .R49  Location: FTX Periodicals;

ZHU, Wenqi, "The doctrine of command responsibility as applied to civilian leaders: the ICTR and the Kayishema case", in  Sienho Yee and  Tieya Wang, eds., International law in the post-Cold War world: essays in memory of Li Haopei, London: Routledge, 2001, at pp. 373-386;
 

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