[Main Page -- Criminal
Law / Page principale
-- droit pénal]
Updated and corrections / mise à jour et corrections: 15
February 2009
©by / par François
Lareau,
2008, Ottawa, Canada
First posted on the internet on 20 Januaryr
2008
Bibliography on
Immunity from
Prosecution in Canadian Law
as a result
of Plea Negotiation or Agreement
------------
Bibliographie sur
l'immunité
contre les poursuites en droit canadien
résultant de la négociation du plaidoyer
sur la culpabilité ou d'ententes
"In Canada, the power for the Attorney
General to grant a party immunity from criminal prosecution is not
found in either the CA
[Competition Act] or
the Criminal Code. Rather, it
is derived from the common law."
(Franklyn and Winton, infra,
p.2 )
----
"In Canada, delators are not usually given full immunity from
prosecution; rather, they are offered an adavantageous plea bargain
and
a reduced sentence ..." (Brodeur, infra, "
Undercover Policing in
Canada: A Study of its Consequences")
Note:
Plea Negotiation can
include reduction of charges, withdrawal or stay of other charges,
promise not to proceed on possible other charges etc. The best
examples in Canada are the cases of Karla Homolka in Ontario, an
accomplice of Paul Bernardo and Yves "Apache" Trudeau, a member
of the Hell's Angels in Quebec. Both individuals pleaded
guilty
to reduced manslaughter charges (instead of first degree murder
charges)
in exchange for their cooperation.
I- Canadian law /
Droit canadien
ALBERTA (Province), Alberta Justice, "Immunity from Prosecution and
other Consideration for Witnesses and Informants", 20 May 2008;
available at http://www.justice.gov.ab.ca/criminal_pros/default.aspx?id=5670
(accessed on 15 February 2009);
___________Alberta Justice, "Policy
Consultation Document on the Use of In-Custody Informant Evidence", 4
October 1999, available at http://www.solgen.gov.ab.ca/publications/default.aspx?id=1801
(accessed on 29 December 2007);
___________, Alberta Justice, "Policy Guideline on
the Use of In-Custody Informant Evidence", 4 October 1999, available
at http://www.justice.gov.ab.ca/publications/default.aspx?id=222
at (accessed on 29 December 2007);
BARIL, Daniel, "Ces criminels au service de la justice: Le recours
aux délateurs est un mal nécessaire, selon Me Louise
Viau", (25 avril 2001) 35(28) Forum;
une revue de l'Université de Montréal, disponible
à http://www.forum.umontreal.ca/numeros/2000_2001/forum_01_04_23/article09.html
(vérifié le 9 décembre 2007);
BARREAU DU QUÉBEC, "Mémoire du Barreau du Québec
sur certains aspects de l'administration de la justice en
matière criminelle", [Montréal]: Barreau du
Québec, 1991, 18 feuilles; titre noté dans mes recherches
mais document non consulté (9 décembre 2007);
mémoire au Groupe de travail sur l’administration de
la
justice
en matière criminelle, voir infra, Québec (Province);
titre noté dans mes recherches mais document non consulté
(29 décembre 2007);
BELLEMARE, Daniel A., "Le témoignage d'un délateur:
Est-ce constitutionnellement répréhensible?", (1983) 43 Revue du Barreau 781-784;
Bergeron c. Québec (Procureur
général), 2006 QCCS 7250 (CANLII) (21 December
2006, Mr. Justice Fraser Martin, Superior Court); available at http://www.canlii.org/en/qc/qccs/doc/2006/2006qccs7250/2006qccs7250.html
(accessed on 31 December 2007);
BLAIS, Jean-Michel, “Conclure un marché avec le diable:
la
nécessité et les conséquences de l’utilisation des
indicateurs de police dans le processus judiciaire”, (1997) 11 La Revue juridique des étudiants et
étudiantes de l’Université Laval 139-193;
voir la 
Table des
matières aux pp.139-140; notes: l'article a gagné un
prix; superviseur: professeure Paule Halley;
BLOOMENFELD, Miriam, "Potential Impact of the Youth Criminal Justice
Act on Plea Resolution in Youth Cases", (2005) 50 The Criminal Law Quarterly 165-189;
BOILARD, Jean-Guy, "Le témoin délateur.
Conférence de l'honorable Jean-Guy Boilard devant les membres du
Barreau, le 14 mai 1982"; titre mentionné dans QUÉBEC
(Province), Groupe de travail sur l’administration de
la
justice
en matière criminelle,
infra, à la p. 101; titre noté dans mes recherches
mais document non consulté (9 décembre 2007);
BOISVERT, Anne-Marie, 1960 et Québec (Province),
Ministère de la sécurité publique, La protection des collaborateurs de la
justice: éléments de mise à jour de la politique
québécoise : rapport final présenté au
ministre de la Sécurité publique,
[Québec: Sécurité publique], 2005, 55 p., ISBN:
2550444787; disponible à http://www.msp.gouv.qc.ca/police/publicat/boisvert/rapport_boisvert_2005.pdf
(vérifié le 2 décembre 2007);
BOIVIN, Jim, 1961-, "Le métier de délateur: respecter
son contrat -- Entretien avec M. Denis 'Jim' Boivin", dans Jean-Paul
Brodeur et Jobard Fabien, sous la
direction de, Citoyens et
délateurs, La
délation peut-elle être civique?,
Paris: Éditions Autrement,
2005, 217 p., aux pp. 181-188 (Collection; Mutations; 238), ISBN:
2746707284; copie à
l'Université d'Ottawa, MRT Général, K 5425
.C57 2005;
"Propos recueillis par Mathilde
Turcotte et Jean-Paul Brodeur. Ancien indicateur, Denis Boivin
témoigne et commente la création de l'association qui
défend les 'droits' des délateurs dans les contarts
qu'ils signent avec la police et que souvent celle-ci ne respecte pas."
(p. [217])
BOIVIN, Jim, 1961-, et Patrick Mahony, 1973-, Au-delà
du masque, Montréal: Les Intouchables (Distribution: Prologue, 1650, boul.
Lionel-Bertrand, Boisbriand (Québec) J7H 1N7),
2006, 233 p., [8]
p. de pl. : ill., portr. ; 23 cm. ISBN: 2895492166;
contribution
importante;
BRODEUR, Jean-Paul, "Citoyen Cane", Le Devoir.com, édition du
mercredi 22 mai 2002, disponible à http://www.ledevoir.com/2002/05/22/1562.html
(vérifié le 30 décembre 2007);
___________"Introduction.
La délégation organisée", dans Jean-Paul Brodeur
et
Jobard Fabien, sous la direction de, Citoyens et délateurs, La
délation
peut-elle être civique?, Paris: Éditions Autrement, 2005,
217 p., aux
pp. 4-23 (Collection; Mutations; 238), ISBN: 2746707284; copie à
l'Université d'Ottawa, MRT Général, K 5425 .C57
2005;
___________"Police Informants", in Research
Studies 1991/Board of
Inquiry on Activities of the RCMP Related to Allegations made
in the
Senate of Canada, Ottawa: The Board, 1991, 1 vol. (various
pagings), 76 p. for the article, and see Table
of Contents and "Prosecutorial control" at pp. 47 and 52; copy at
Sécurité publique Canada et Centre
d'information/Public Safety Canada, Library and Information
Centre, HV
7641.A8 B6 1991r;
____________"Undercover Policing in
Canada: A Study of its Consequences ",
in Cyrille Fijnaut and Gary T. Marx, eds., Undercover: Police Surveillance in
Comparative Perspective, The Hague/Boston : Kluwer Law
International 1995, x, 337 p., at pp. 71-102, ISBN: 9041100156;
"Furthermore, Canadians draw a distinction between what are considered
two very different kinds of police informants. We tend to
distinguish between the informer, in the traditional sense of the
word, and the delator (in French,
délateur).
Delators are Crown witnesses who are granted court and financial
considerations to testify in open court against their former
accomplices in extremely serious crimes, which are difficult to solve
for the police (typically, an assassination perpetrated by a
professional 'hit man' working under contract).
......
In Canada, delators are not usually given full immunity from
prosecution; rather, they are offered an adavantageous plea bargain and
a reduced sentence (e.g., manslaughter instead of first degree
murder). The crucial difference between informers and
delators is that only the former can be said to work undercover, since
the latter agree to blow whatever cover they may have by accepting to
testify in open court. Canadian police made extensive use of
delators between 1972 and 1986.
......
Although, as I just argued, delators are different from informers,
there are also important similarities between the two categories.
They both refer to persons involved in criminal activities, who are
'flipped' or 'turned' by the police in exchange for court
and/or financial considerations; both kinds of persons provide the
police with information on crimes and their authors (often associates)
and both are also protected by the police (delators are physically
protected, since they have no cover). Futhermore, there is a
two-way circulation between the two categories. A
'repentant' accused, willing to testify against former
associates, may be offered complete immunity and returned into the
criminal milieu, if the police and the prosecution believe that there
is more to gain in having this individual as an informer than as a
witness. Conversely, an informer may accept to reveal his
identity and testify in open court, if the benefits he or she may reap
are substantial enough." (p. 80, available at
http://books.google.com/books?id=TcUkI8A6QW0C&pg=PA71&dq=brodeur++Fijnaut&lr=
&as_brr=0&sig=opAe6Trb32FXwEuIB1sT3lgZA4c#PPA81,M1,
accessed on 13 December 2007)
___________"Undercover policing in Canada: Wanting what is
wrong",
(September 1992) 18(1-2) Crime, Law
and Social Change 105-136; note: vol. 18(1-2) is a special
issue dealing with issues and theories on covert policing; available at
the University of Ottawa, Electronic Resources, PROQUEST;
CAINE, Alex, Befriend and
betray
: infiltrating the Hells Angels, Bandidos and other criminal
brotherhoods, Toronto : Random House Canada, forthcoming April
2008, 304 p., ISBN:
9780307355942; title noted in my research but book not consulted yet
(19 January 2008);
CANADA, Canada Revenue Agency, "Voluntary Disclosure Program",
available at http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/agency/investigations/vdp-e.html
(accessed on 2 December 2007); information
on the French version/informations sur la version française, CANADA,
Agence du revenu du Canada, "Programme des divulgations volontaires",
disponible à http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/agency/investigations/vdp-f.html
(vérifié le 2 décembre 2007);
"
Principles of the VDP
[Voluntary Disclosure Program]
8. The VDP promotes compliance with Canada’s tax laws by
encouraging taxpayers to voluntarily come forward and correct previous
omissions in their dealings with the CRA [Canada Revenue Agency].
Taxpayers who make a valid disclosure will have to pay the taxes or
charges plus interest, without penalty or prosecution that the taxpayer
would otherwise be subject to under the acts noted above."
(source:
http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/E/pub/tp/ic00-1r2/ic00-1r2-e.pdf
, accessed on 2 December 2007)
------
"
Principes du PDV [Programme
des divulgations volontaires]
8. Le PDV fait la promotion de l’observation des lois fiscales du
Canada en encourageant les contribuables à procéder
à une divulgation volontaire afin de corriger des omissions
passées dans le cadre de leurs transactions avec l’ARC [l'Agence
du reveu du Canada]. Les contribuables qui font une divulgation
volontaire valide devront payer les impôts, plus les
intérêts, sans pénalités ou poursuites
auxquelles ils se verraient autrement assujettis en vertu des lois
mentionnées ci-dessus." (source:
http://www.cra-arc.gc.ca/F/pub/tp/ic00-1r2/ic00-1r2-f.pdf,
vérifié le 2 décembre 2007)
CANADA, Canadian Sentencing Commission, Sentencing
Reform:
A Canadian Approach, Report of the Canadian Sentencing Commission,
Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1987, xl, 592 p., and
see Chapter 13, "Prosecutorial Discretion and Plea Negotiation", at pp.
401-432, the recommendations on plea negotiation are found at pp.
427-429 and are reproduced at http://examenequitesalariale.gc.ca/en/ps/rs/rep/2002/vppnpc/append_a.html
(accessed on 10 December 2007),
ISBN: 0660122456 (Chairman: J.R. Omer Archambault); also published
in French / aussi publié en français: Canada,
Commission
canadienne sur la détermination de la peine, Réformer
la sentence: une approche canadienne -- Rapport de la Commission
canadienne
sur la détermination de la peine, Ottawa: Ministre des
Approvisionnements
et Services Canada, 1987, xlii, 651 p.et voir le Chapitre 13, "Le
pouvoir discrétionnaire de la poursuite et la négotiation
de plaidoyer", aux pp. 443-476; les recommandations des pp. 472-473
sont reproduites à http://examenequitesalariale.gc.ca/fr/ps/rs/rep/2002/vppnpc/append_a.html
(vérifié le 10 décembre 2007), ISBN:
0660918447 (Président: J.R. Omer
Archambault);
CANADA, Competition Bureau Canada, "Immunity Program under the
Competition Bureau",
[Ottawa]:
Industry Canada, 2000, 8 p., ISBN: 0662652258, available at http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/pics/ct/immunitye.pdf,
http://www.competitionbureau.gc.ca/epic/site/cb-bc.nsf/en/01389e.html
and http://www.competitionbureau.gc.ca/epic/site/cb-bc.nsf/en/01389e.html
(accessed on 28 November 2007); information
on the French version/informations sur la version française, Bureau
de la concurrence Canada, "Programme d'immunité en vertu de la
Loi sur la concurrence", septembre 2000, 8 p., disponible à http://www.bureaudelaconcurrence.gc.ca/epic/site/cb-bc.nsf/vwapj/immunityf.pdf/$file/immunityf.pdf
et http://www.bureaudelaconcurrence.gc.ca/epic/site/cb-bc.nsf/fr/01389f.html
(vérifiés le 29 décembre 2007);
CANADA, Department of Justice Canada, Federal
Prosecution Service Deskbook,
Part 7, Chapter 35, "Immunity Agreements"; available at http://justice.gc.ca/en/dept/pub/fps/fpd/ch35.html,
Chapter 36, "The 'police informer' privilege" at http://justice.gc.ca/en/dept/pub/fps/fpd/ch36.html
and for the Table of Contents of the Deskbook, see http://www.justice.gc.ca/en/dept/pub/fps/fpd/index.html
(accessed on 28 November 2007); information
on the French version/informations sur la version française, CANADA,
Ministère de la Justice Canada, Le service fédéral
des poursuites -- guide, Partie 7, Chapitre 35, "Ententes
portant
garantie d'immunité", disponible à http://justice.gc.ca/fr/dept/pub/fps/fpd/ch35.html,
chapitre 36, "Le privilège relatif aux 'indicateurs de police'",
disponible à http://justice.gc.ca/fr/dept/pub/fps/fpd/ch36.html
et et pour la Table des matières du guide, voir http://www.justice.gc.ca/fr/dept/pub/fps/fpd/index.html
(vérifié le 28 novembre 2007);
CANADA, Department of National Defence, Canadian Forces, Director of
Military Prosecutions, Policy Directive 013/00, 31 March 2000,
"Immunity from Prosecution", http://www.dnd.ca/jag/military_justice/cmps/policy_and_directives/policy13_e.asp,
(accessed on 28 November 2007); also
available in French / aussi
disponible en français: CANADA, MINISTÈRE DE LA
DÉFENSE CANADIENNE, Forces canadiennes, Directeur des poursuites
militaires, Directive en matière de politique, Directive 013/00,
31 mars 2000, "Immunité contre les poursuites", disponible
à http://www.dnd.ca/jag/military_justice/cmps/policy_and_directives/policy13_f.asp
(vérifié le 28 novembre 2007);
CANADA, Director of
Public Prosecutions, various web pages/ Directeur des poursuites
fédérales, diverses pages web
- http://www.faa-lfi.gc.ca/fs-fi/12/13fs-fi_e.asp
(accessed on 11 December 2007);
- http://www.ppsc-sppc.gc.ca/eng/bas/dpp-dpp.html
(accessed on 11 December 2007);
CANADA, Parliament,
House of Commons, Standing Committee on Public Safety and National
Security (SECU), Review of the Witness Protection Program:
- meetings:
39th Parliament, 1st session: meeting number 49 (held 7 June 2007), 48
(5 June 2007), 47 (31 May 2007), 46 (29 May 2007), 43 (8 May 2007), and
38 (19 April 2007), available at http://cmte.parl.gc.ca/cmte/committeelist.aspx?lang=1&parlses=391&jnt=0&selid=e21_&com=10804;
- meeting for 39th Parl., 2nd
session, meeting 14 (14 February 2008), available at http://cmte.parl.gc.ca/cmte/CommitteeList.aspx?Lang=2&PARLSES=392&JNT=0&SELID=e21_&COM=13205;
- report, 13 March 2008, available at http://cmte.parl.gc.ca/cmte/CommitteePublication.aspx?COM=13205&Lang=1&SourceId=230421;
also
available in French / aussi
disponible en français:
CANADA, Parlement, Comité
permanent de
la sécurité publique et nationale (SECU), Examen du
programme de
protection des témoins:
- réunions poiur la 39e
législature, 1ère
session, réunion numéro 49 (tenue le 7 juin 2007), 48 (5
juin 2007), 47
(31 mai 2007), 46 (29 mai 2007), 43 (8 mai 2007), et 38 (19 avril
2007), disponible à http://cmte.parl.gc.ca/cmte/committeelist.aspx?lang=2&parlses=391&jnt=0&selid=e21_&com=10804;
- réunion pour la 39e
législature, 2e session, voir la réunion 14 (14
février 2008), disponible à http://cmte.parl.gc.ca/cmte/CommitteeList.aspx?Lang=2&PARLSES=392&JNT=0&SELID=e21_&COM=13205;
- rapport, 13 mars 2008, disponible à http://cmte.parl.gc.ca/cmte/CommitteePublication.aspx?COM=13205&SourceId=230421&SwitchLanguage=1;
CANADA,
Parliament, House of Commons, Standing Committee on Justice and Human
Rights, Study on Gangsterism, 30 January and 1 February 2007, available
at http://cmte.parl.gc.ca/cmte/CommitteeList.aspx?Lang=1&PARLSES=391&JNT=0&SELID=e21_&COM=10474
(accessed on 19 January 2008); also available
in French / aussi
disponible en français: Canada, Parlement, Chambre des communes,
Comité permanent de la justice
et des droits de la personne, Étude des gangs de rue, 30 janvier
et 1er février 2007, disponible à http://cmte.parl.gc.ca/cmte/committeelist.aspx?lang=2&parlses=391&jnt=0&selid=e21_&com=10474
(vérifié le 18 janvier 2008);
CANADA, Parliament, Senate, Bill
S-3, An Act to amend the Criminal
Code (plea
bargaining), presented by Senator Anne C.
Cools, tabled in
the
Senate, First reading, 28 February 1996 (35th Parliament, 2nd session);
also available in French / aussi
disponible en français: Projet de loi
S-3, Loi modifiant le Code criminel
(accord sur le chef d’accusation), présenté par la
Sénatrice Anne C. Cools, Première lecture le 28
février 1996 (35e Législature, 2e
session);
Debates
before second reading in the Senate /:Débats pour la
deuxiième lecture
- 19 March 1996, at http://www.parl.gc.ca/35/2/parlbus/chambus/senate/deb-e/003db_1996-03-19-E.htm?Language=E&Parl=35&Ses=2;
- 24 April 1996, available at http://www.parl.gc.ca/35/2/parlbus/chambus/senate/deb-e/010db_1996-04-24-E.htm?Language=E&Parl=35&Ses=2
- 30 April 1996, available at http://www.parl.gc.ca/35/2/parlbus/chambus/senate/deb-e/012db_1996-04-30-E.htm?Language=E&Parl=35&Ses=2;
- 1 May, 1996, available at http://www.parl.gc.ca/35/2/parlbus/chambus/senate/deb-e/013db_1996-05-01-E.htm?Language=E&Parl=35&Ses=2;
- 2 May 1996, available at http://www.parl.gc.ca/35/2/parlbus/chambus/senate/deb-e/014db_1996-05-02-E.htm?Language=E&Parl=35&Ses=2;
- Bill read a second time on 2 May
1996/ Projet de loi lu une seconde fois le 2 mai 1996.
Proceedings of the Standing Senate
Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs /
Délibérations du comité sénatorial
permanent desd affaires
juridiques et constitutionnelles
- Issue 28, September 26, 1996;
-
Issue 31, October 24, 1996;
- Report of the Committee (its 16th of the session) presented to the
Senate
on 7 November 1996 / Rapport du Comité (son 16e de la session)
au Sénat, présenté le 7 novembre 1996,
Debates before the Senate / Débats du Sénat
- 10 April 1997, available at
http://www.parl.gc.ca/35/2/parlbus/chambus/senate/deb-e/088db_1997-04-10-e.htm?Language=E&Parl=35&Ses=2;
- Dissolution of Parliament on 27 April 2007/Dissolution du Parlement
le 27 avril 2007;
CANADIAN ASSOCIATION OF CHIEFS OF POLICE, "Resolutions Adopted at the
101st Annual Conference -- August, 2006 St. John's , Newfoundland &
Labrador", and see " [Resolution] 2006-01, Prevention of Miscarriages
of Justice", at pp.3-11, available at http://www.cacp.ca/english/resolutions/RESOLUTIONS%202006/PackageAdopted.pdf
(accessed on 29 December 2007); also available in French/aussi disponible en
français: ASSOCIATION CANADIENNE DES CHEFS DE
POLICE, "Résolutions adoptées à la 101e
Conférence Annuelle -- Août, 2006, St John's,
Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador", et voir "[Résolution] 2006-01,
Prévention des erreurs judiciaires", aux pp. 3-18", disponible
à http://www.cacp.ca/english/resolutions/RESOLUTIONS%202006/PackageFRAdopted.pdf
(vérifié le 29 décembre 2007);
CANADIAN PRESS, "Ex-biker testifies against [Mom] Boucher at murder
trial", 28 March 2002; available at http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1024897270851_20306470//
(accessed on 30 December 2007); the ex-biker and informant is
Stéphane "Godasse" Gagné;
CHERRY, Paul, 1958-,
"Infamous
killer not free yet", The Gazette,
Wednesday 5 December 2007, p. A1;
available at http://www.canada.com/montrealgazette/news/story.html?id=3b1fd6f3-8bf1-4ced-9611-ee41e8d3f19f
(accessed on 5 December 2007); in 1986, after striking a deal, Yves
"Apache" Trudeau, former Hell's Angel turned informant, pleaded guilty
to 43 counts manslaughters for the 43 murders he had committed;
___________Les procès
des
motards: La chute des Hells Angels, [traduit de
l'anglais par Serge Dubuc], Montréal: Les Éditions de
l'homme, 2007, 365 p. ISBN:
978-2-7619-2333-0; traduction de The Biker Trials; titre noté
dans mes recherches mais livre non consulté (19 janvier 2008);
___________The Biker Trials:
bringing down the Hells Angels, Toronto: ECW Press, 2005, x, 404
p., ISBN:
978-1-55022-638-6; copy at the Library of Parliament;
COHEN, Stanley
A. and Anthony N. Doob, "Public Attitudes to Plea Bargaining",
(1989-90) 32 The Criminal Law
Quarterly 85-109;
COLE, "Introduction [to the articles on "Plea Bargaining" in
the issue of vol. 50(1 & 2)]", (2005) 50(1 & 2) The
Criminal
Law Quarterly 1-3;
COMMISSION OF INQUIRY INTO CERTAIN ASPECTS OF THE TRIAL AND
CONVICTION OF JAMES DRISKELL, Report
of the Commission of Inquiry into
Certain Aspects of the Trial and Conviction of James Driskell,
January
2007 (Honourable Patrick LeSage, Q.C. Commissioner), available
at http://www.driskellinquiry.ca/pdf/final_report_jan2007.pdf
(accessed on 2 December 2007); see also http://www.driskellinquiry.ca/
(accessed on 30 December 2007);
DE VAULT, Carole, 1945-, et Richard Desmarais, 1950-, Donald Lavoie tueur à gages,
Montréal: Québec-livres, 1984, 233 p., ISBN: 289239842;
copie à Bibliothèque et Archives Canada; copie à
l'Université de Montréal, HV/6248/L38/D48/1984; titre
noté dans mes recherches mais livre non consulté;
"
Lavoie went on to
testify against many
of his former associates, including influential Dubois brothers Adrien,
Jean-Guy, and Jean-Paul. His testimony brought the powerful organiztion
to its knees, which has never recovered from the blows.
Aside from the 27 murders he participated in, Lavoie also supplied
information on eighty other unsolved homicides. He was sentenced to
eight years in jail, which he served on the fourth floor of the
Parthenais penitentiary in Montreal side-by-side with other famous
Quebec informants Yves "Apache" Trudeau and Réal Simard.
Lavoie is now
living under an assumed name somewhere in Canada." (source: http://www.geocities.com/wiseguywally/DonaldLavoie.html,
accessed on 19 January 2008)
DICKIE, Mary Lou, "Through the Looking Glass -- Ethical
Responsibilities of the Crown in Resolution Discussions in Ontario",
(2005) 50 The Criminal Law
Quarterly 128-147;
Director of Public
Prosecutions Act, Statutes of Canada 2006, chapter 9, s. 121, available at http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/ShowFullDoc/cs/D-2.5//20071210/en?command=HOME&caller=
SI&search_type=all&shorttitle=Director%20prosecutions&day=10&month=12&year=2007&search_domain=cs&showall=L&statuteyear=all&lengthannual=50&length=50&noCookie (accessed on 10 December
2007); also available in French/aussi disponible en français:
Loi sur le directeur des poursuites
pénales, Lois du Canada
2006, chapitre 9, art. 121, disponible à http://laws.justice.gc.ca/fr/ShowFullDoc/cs/
D-2.5//20071210/fr?command=HOME&caller=SI&search_type=all&shorttitle=poursuites&day=10&month=12&year=2007&search_domain=cs&showall=L&statuteyear=all&lengthannual=50&length=50&noCookie (vérifié le 10
décembre 2007);
DI LUCA, Joseph, A Day in the Life, "Plea
Bargaining -- Bartered
Justice or Acceptable Compromise?", (2003) 24(2) For the Defence --
Criminal Lawyers' Association Newsletter 12-20;
___________A Day in the Life, "Plea
Bargaining American
Style",
(2003) 24(3) For the Defence -- Criminal Lawyers' Association Newsletter
10-18;
___________"Expedient McJustice or Principled Alternative Dispute
Resolution? A Review of Plea Bargaining in Canada ", (2005) 50 The Criminal Law Quarterly 14-66; important
contribution to the subject;
Contents
Introduction....14
1. Defining Plea Bargaining?...15
2. The Types of Plea Bargaining...18
(1) Explicit Plea Bargaining...19
(2) Implicit Plea Bargaining...20
(3) Charge Bargaining...21
(4) Fact Bargaining...22
(5) Sentence Bargaining...22
3. The Argument For and Against Plea Bargaining...23
4. The Argument in Favour of Plea Bargaining...23
(1) The Necessity/Efficiency Based Arguments...23
(2) The Accused Person's Best Interests...28
(a) Lower Sentences...28
(b) Certainty of Outcome...29
(c) Other Benefits to the
Accused...30
(3) The Efficient Prosecutor's Office...31
(4) The Interests of Society...32
(5) The Victims of Crime...33
5. The Arguments against Plea Bargaining...36
6. A Brief History of Plea Bargaining in Canada...40
7. The Martin Committee Report...46
8. The Criminal Justice Review Committee...52
9. Selected Issues in Canadian Guilty Plea Justice...55
(1) The Trial Penalty: Is There a Rational Way of
Discounting
Sentences Following a Guilty Plea?...56
(2) Divorcing Considerations of Remorse from the
the Mere Act of
Pleading Guilty...60
(3) Timing of Guilty Pleas -- Do We Have a Cracked
Trial
problem?...63
10. Conclusion...65
DIMMOCK, Gary, "Ex-informant accuses RCMP of lying to him.
Relationship 'like an abusive marriage,' man writes to official", The Ottawa Citizen, Monday, 25
February 2008, p. A6;
"Mr. Derry, a drug dealer who drove the getaway car for the contract
killers, testified in exchange for immunity and was relocated and is
now living under a new identity."
DUMONT, Hélène, 1947-, Pénologie - Le droit
canadien relatif aux
peines
et aux sentences, Montréal: Éditions Thémis,
Montréal,
1993, xii, 684 p., ISBN:289400012X;
"La négociation des
incriminations
Les négociations entre les parties portent
parfois non pas directement sur la sentence mais plutôt sur les
incriminations. En échange d'un plaidoyer de
culpabilité, la Couronne accepte de réduire la
gravité des accusations portées, soit en retirant
certains chefs d'accusation, soit en modifiant les accusations pour les
réduire aux infractions incluses, de moindre gravité.
Dans un tel cas, le procureur de la Couronne n'est
pas censé réclamer une sentence qui reflète la
gravité des crimes qui étaient imputés au
départ. La sentence doit, en effet, être
proportionnelle à la gravité du crime pour lequel
l'accusé a plaidé coupable ou à l'infraction
moindre et incluse à laquelle il a été
condamné." (p. 198; note omise)
Edwards v. Canada
(Attorney General), (2000)
35 Criminal Reports (5th)
270-289, (Ontario Superior Court of Justice, J. Lax); discusses the
federal Witness Protection Program;
EPP, John Arnold, “Penetrating Police Investigative Practice
Post-Morin”, (1997) 31 University of
British Columbia Law Review 95-126;
ERICSON, Richard V., 1948-, and P. Baranek, The
Ordering of Justice: A Study of Accused Persons as Dependents in the
Criminal Process, Toronto: University of Toronto Press
(published in association with the Centre of Criminology, University of
Toronto, by), 1982, xvi, 268 p., (series; canadian studies in
criminology), ISBN: 0802024513 and 080206439 (pbk.); see
the Table of
Contents;
FERGUSON, Gerry, "Protection and Treatment of Witnesses and
Informants under the United Nations Convention Against Corruption and
under Canadian Law", in The International Centre
for Criminal law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy, Promoting Criminal Justice Reform : A
Collection of Papers from the Canada-China Cooperation Symposium,
Vancouver: The International Centre for Criminal law Reform and
Criminal Justice Policy, 2007, [viii], 482 p., at pp. 187-215,
ISBN: 978-0-973043259; available at http://www.icclr.law.ubc.ca/Publications/Reports/Promoting%20Criminal%20Justice%20Reform%20070607.pdf
(accessed on 5 March 2008);
FERGUSON, Gerard A. and
Darrell W. Roberts, "Plea Bargaining:
Directions
for
Canadian Reform", (1974) 52 Canadian
Bar Review 497-576; note: study paper for the Law Reform
Commission of Canada; important
contribution to the subject;
FORGET, Sophie, recherches de doctorat en cours (criminologie) sur l'Analyse qualitative
du vécu carcéral des délateurs, à
l'Université de Montréal; see Social Sciences and
Humanities Research Council of Canada, 2006 Doctoral Fellowships
Program as of 2006/09/14 / Centre de recherches en sciences
humaines du Canada, Programmes de bourse de doctorat de
2006, en date du 2006/09/14; see / voir http://www.sshrc.ca/web/winning/comp_results/2006/fellowships.pdf
(accessed on 20 December 2007);
FRANKLYN, Peter and Paul Winton, "An Overview of the Immunity
Program under Canada's Competition Act: A Paper Presented to the
American Bar Association Section of International Law and Practice Fall
Meeting, Brussels, October 17, 2003", 41, 17 p., available at http://www.abanet.org/intlaw/hubs/programs/Fall0318.01-18.03.pdf
(accessed on 8 December 2007);
FTP HEADS OF PROSECUTIONS COMMITTEE WORKING GROUP, Report on the Prevention of Miscarriages
of Justice, Ottawa: Department of Justice, [2004], viii, 155 p.
(Chair: Rob Finlayson); available at http://www.wrongfulconviction.ca/PDF%20DOcuments/PreventionOfMiscarriagesOfJustice.pdf,
http://www.justice.gc.ca/en/dept/pub/hop/PreventionOfMiscarriagesOfJustice.pdf
and http://www.justice.gc.ca/en/dept/pub/hop/p1.html
(accessed on 11 December 2007); also available in French/aussi disponible en
français: COMITÉ FPT DES CHEFS
DES POURSUITES PÉNALES, Rapport
sur la prévention des erreurs judiciaires, Ottawa :
Ministère de la justice, [2004], ix, 170 p.; disponible
à http://www.justice.gc.ca/fr/dept/pub/hop/PreventionDesErreursJudiciaires.pdf
et http://www.justice.gc.ca/fr/dept/pub/hop/p1.html
(vérifié le 11 décembre 2007);
GABOR, Thomas, Assessing the
Effectiveness of Organized Crime Control Stategies: A Review of
the Litterature, Ottawa: Department of Justice, Research and
Statistics Division, 2003, iii, 70 p. (series; "Rr05-5e"); available
at http://www.canada-justice.org/en/ps/rs/rep/2005/rr05-5/rr05-5.pdf
et http://examenequitesalariale.gc.ca/en/ps/rs/rep/2005/rr05-5/index.html
(accessed on 15 December 2007); also available in French/aussi disponible en
français: GABOR, Thomas, Évaluation de l'efficacité
des stratégies de lutte contre le crime organisé :
analyse documentaire, Ottawa : Ministère de la Justice,
2003, 82 f., (Collection; "Rr05-5f"), disponible à http://examenequitesalariale.gc.ca/fr/ps/rs/rep/2005/rr05-5/rr05-5.pdf
et http://examenequitesalariale.gc.ca/fr/ps/rs/rep/2005/rr05-5/index.html
(vérifiés le 15 décembre 2007);
"In Canada, there are no statutory
provisions for granting a person total immunity from prosecution. A
prosecutor does have the discretionary power to refrain from laying
charges in return for an undertaking to provide testimony. The Law
Reform Commission of Canada discourages this practice, taking the view
that this informal system of granting immunity is invisible and lacking
in accountability (cited in Beare, 1996). On the other hand, the Quebec
Police Commission (1976:211), in its report on OC, found it lamentable
that such agreements have been regarded in Canada as misuses of
discretionary power. The Commission took the view that, “…the decision
not to lay charges against a suspect, when his collaboration is
indispensable for the prosecution of other individuals of a higher rank
than himself in the organized crime hierarchy, represents a wise use of
power which is entirely compatible with the higher interests of
justice.” (p. 37)
-----
"Au Canada, il n’existe aucune disposition législative
permettant d’accorder une immunité personnelle complète
contre les poursuites. Un avocat de la poursuite n’a pas le pouvoir
discrétionnaire de s’abstenir de déposer des accusations
en échange d’un engagement à livrer un témoignage.
La Commission de réforme du droit au Canada déconseille
cette pratique, au motif que ce système officieux d’octroi
d’immunité est invisible et n’est assujetti à aucun
mécanisme de contrôle (citée dans Beare, 1996). En
revanche, la Commission de police du Québec (1976, p. 211), dans
son rapport sur le crime organisé, a déploré que
de telles ententes aient été considérées au
Canada comme des exercices déplacés du pouvoir
discrétionnaire. La
Commission a jugé que [TRADUCTION] « … la décision
de ne pas déposer d’accusations contre un suspect, lorsque sa
collaboration est indispensable à la poursuite d’autres
individus plus haut placés que lui-même dans la
hiérarchie du crime organisé, représente un
exercice de pouvoir judicieux qui est tout à fait compatible
avec les intérêts supérieurs de la justice ". (p.
42)
GALLIGAN, The Honourable Patrick T., Report
to the Attorney General of Ontario
on Certain Matters Relating to Karla Homolka, [Toronto], March
1996, 342 p. (also known
as the "Galligan Report"); see the Table
of Comntents, at p. 1 and the Conclusion,
at pp. 215-218; research
note: as part of a resolution agreement or plea arrangement, between
the Crown and Karla Homolka, the accomplice of Paul Bernardo, Homolka
was only charged with two manslaughters instead of two murder charges
in exchange
for her collaboration that lead to the murder convictions of Paul
Bernardo; important
contribution to the subject;
"TERM OF REFERENCE NO. 1
WHETHER THE PLEA ARRANGEMENT ENTERED INTO BY CROWN
COUNSEL WITH KARLA HOMOLKA ON MAY 14, 1993, WAS APPROPRIATE IN ALL THE
CIRCUMSTANCES." (p. 52)
"TERM OF REFERENCE NO. 2
WHETHER THE ADVICE GIVEN BY CROWN COUNSEL TO THE
GREEN RIBBON TASK FORCE IN CONNECTION WITH POSSIBLE CHARGES AGAINST
KARLA HOMOLKA ARISING OUT OF A SEXUAL ASSAULT ON JANE DOE WAS
APPROPRIATE IN ALL THE CIRCUMSTANCES." (p. 114)
"TERM OF REFERENCE NO. 3
WHETHER IN ALL THE CIRCUMSTANCES, IT IS APPROPRIATE
OR FEASIBLE TO TAKE FURTHER PROCEEDINGS AGAINST KARLA HOMOLKA FOR HER
PART IN THE DEATHS OF KRISTEN FRENCH AND LESLIE MAHAFY AND SEXUAL
ASSAULT ON JANE DOE." (p. 192)
GILLIS, Charlie, "Karla Homolka: girl next door -- She's out in
July. She could be your neighbour. Should she be
controlled?", Macleans.ca, 15 March 2005; available at http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20050321_102168_102168
(accessed on 19 December 2007);
GIRARD-SOLOMITA, Monique, "Débat de
société. La justice peut-elle faire confiance
aux délateurs?, Le Journal de
Montréal, 17 janvier 2003, disponible à http://www.canoe.com/archives/infos/societe/2003/01/20030117-092634.html
(vérifié le 30 décembre 2007);
GRAVEL, Sylvie, 1960-, "La négociation des plaidoyers de
culpabilité:
une pratique hétérogène", (1991) 24(2) Criminologie
5-29;
disponible à http://www.erudit.org/revue/crimino/1991/v24/n2/017307ar.pdf
(visité le 9 décembre 2007);
GRAVEL. Sylvie, 1960-, et Sylvie Bordelais, Le
recours aux délateurs dans le contexte de l'administration de la
justice québécoise, Montréal, Centre
international de
criminologie, Université de Montréal, 1993, v, 166 p., et
voir en particulier, "Immunités et clémence judiciaires"
aux pp. 69- 76 dont je donne ici quelques
extraits;
copie chez Public Safety Canada, Library and Information Centre /
Sécurité publique Canada, Bibliothèque et Centre
d'information, KE 8468 G7 1993;
GRIFFITHS, Curt and Simon Verdun-Jones, “Plea Bargaining”
(definitively
check the title) in Julian V. Roberts and Michelle G. Grossman, eds., Criminal Justice in Canada: A
Reader, 2nd ed., Toronto: Thomson Nelson, 2004,
chapter 4, at pp.49-57, ISBN: ; copy at the University of
Ottawa, MRT General, HV 9960 .C2 C73 2004;
GROSSMAN, Brian A., 1935-, The
Prosecutor: An inquiry into the exercise of discretion,
[Toronto]
: University of Toronto Press, 1969, [vi], 121 p., ISBN:
0802016723; see Table
and Contents and excerpt at pp. 39-40;
HUBBARD, Robert W., 1948-, Susan Magotiaux, 1973-, and Suzanne M.
Duncan, 1961-, The Law of Privilege
in Canada, Aurora (Ontario): Canada Law Book, 2007, and see
"2.110190 The Witness Protection Program Act", at pp. 2-99 to 2-106 and
"2.120 The Jailhouse Informant: the Need for Extra Caution", at pp.
2-106 to 2.110, looseleaf, ISBN: 0888044542
HÉBERT,
Jean-Claude, "Pactiser avec le diable -- The author argues that plea
bargainning is a necessary evil. He makes a number of
recommendations on how it can be better regulated",
(January/February 1996) 17(1) Policy Options Politiques 27-29;
available at the University of Ottawa, MRT Periodicals JL 1 .P6;
"Pour
le substitut du procureur général, l'entente signifie une
reconnaissance formelle d'une immunité de poursuite, partielle
ou
totale, à l'égard des crimes confessés par
l'indicateur. Concrètement,
cet engagement de l'État peut prendre la forme d'une absence
d'inculpation ou, plus fréquemment, de dépôt
d'accusations réduites.
L'aveu de culpabilité oblige le poursuivant à faire
valoir des motifs
justificatifs au tribunal quant au degré souhaitable de peine
privative
de liberté. Rappelons que le juge, en principe, n'est
aucunement lié
par les représentations des parties. Toutefois, la
pratique démontre
que ce type de dossier se règle devant des magistrats qui
endossent
invariablement la proposition conjointe des parties." (p. 28)
HO, Anita, 1971-, The ethics of plea bargaining,
Thesis
(M.A.), Dalhousie University, 1995;
title noted in my research but thesis not consulted; Dr. Ho is
assistant professor at the Philosophy Department, University
of British Columbia (information gathered on 8 December 2007);
Abstract
"During the last few decades, plea bargaining has been a crucial
element of our criminal justice system. It has replaced the trial
system, which was once the dominant process of criminal
conviction. Under plea bargaining, the defendant agrees to plead guilty
in exchange for lesser punishment. Although some proponents
believe that this conviction process can serve the interests
of the public better because it is a more economical and
effective way to convict criminals, I shall argue in my thesis
that this negotiation process has many intrinsic problems. I
begin Chapter 1 by examining the definition of plea bargaining and
introducing, some problems with this negotiation process.
In Chapter 2, I offer an analysis of duress and examine how standard
plea bargaining constitutes duress, i.e., it wrongfully compels
defendants to plead guilty. For example, I argue that by coercing
defendants to plead guilty, plea bargaining undermines the
defendants' moral autonomy and violates their legal rights. Although
some may argue that not all cases of plea bargaining constitute
duress, I argue in Chapter 3 that there are still other inherent
problems that exist in these non-compelling cases. I argue that
the apparent advantages of plea bargaining are not sufficient to
outweigh the intrinsic problems of this system, since it allows
systemic-injustice, and thereby contradicts the main purpose of our
criminal justice system. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)" (source: AMICUS
catalogue of Library and Archives Canada, at
http://www.collectionscanada.ca/amicus/index-e.html)
HEUMANN, Milton, Review Essay, "Back to the Future: The Centrality of
Plea
Bargaining
in the Criminal Justice", (2003) 18 Canadian Journal of Law and
Society
133-142; review of George Fisher, Plea
Bargaining's Tiumph, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003;
HUTCHINSON, Allan and Adam Bernstein, "A Plea for Justice:
Bargaining
in the Shadow of the
Courts", (January-February 1996) 17(1) Policy Options Politiques 21-25;
copy at
the University of Ottawa, MRT Periodicals, JL 1 .P6;
Jean-Guy Dubois et al., (No.
2), Cour supérieure de Montréal, 500-01-0066 40
822, 20
Janvier 1983 (Juge Barette-Joncas, Cour supérieure); for
the English translation, see (1983) 7 C.C.C. (3d) 90; the case
explains the advantages given to Donald Lavoie for his testimony
against Dubois; the advantages include having beer in his cell!
KEY WORDS FOR RESEARCH /
MOTS-CLÉS POUR LA RECHERCHE:
immunity from prosecution, immunity from conviction, repentant
terrorist, cooperating defendants,
informant defendants,
government witnesses, penitent criminals, resolution
agreement, resolution
discussion, plea agreement,
plea arrangement, plea bargain, plea dealing, plea discussion, plea
transaction, plea
negotiation, public interest agreement, co-operating
information-providers, immunity from prosecution, immunity agreement,
undercover operations, jailhouse informants, in-custody informants,
delators, transactional
immunity, King/Queen's evidence, State's evidence,
informants, informer; supergrasses, collaborators, deals with
criminals, Crown witnesses, informant witnesses, impunity;
dissociation, working off a beef, state agent, government witness,
witnesses with blood on their hands; witnesses with dirty hands,
insider witnesses
/
immunité, contrat de repenti, contrat de
délation,
entente de délation, marchandage des plaidoyers, ententes et
discussions sur le plaidoyer, négociation de plaidoyer;
plaidoyer transactionnel; délateurs, repentis, collaborateurs de
justice, criminel repenti, témoin dénonciateur,
délation, témoin repenti; dénonciateur,
témoins spéciaux, impunité, l'exemption des
peines, exemption de peines en cas de dénonciation,
procédure d'exemption, dénonciateur, immunité
légale, réduction de la peine, abandon
des poursuites, remise en liberté des délateurs,
témoin spécial, témoins spéciaux,
témoin
protégé, délation, loi
PERBEN, informateur; exclusion de la punissabilité,
non-punissabilité, dispense de peine, exemption de peine, cause
légale d'absolution, l'opportunité des poursuites, excuse
absolutoire; immunité de poursuite, immunité judiciaire /
pentiti,
collaboratore della giustizia / Staatszeugen,
kronzeuge /
arrependitos
LACKO, Gregory, The
Protection
of Witnesses, [Ottawa, Ont.]: Dept. of Justice, 2004, 25 p.;
available at http://justice-canada.com/en/ps/inter/protect_witness/index.html
and http://justice-canada.com/en/ps/inter/protect_witness/WitnessProtection-EN.pdf
(accessed on 6 December 2007); information
on the French version/informations sur la version française, LACKO,
Gregory, La protection des
témoins, [Ottawa, Ont.] : Ministère de la justice,
2004, 27 p.; disponible à http://justice-canada.com/fr/ps/inter/protect_witness/index.html
et http://justice-canada.com/fr/ps/inter/protect_witness/WitnessProtection-FR.pdf
(vérifiés le 6 décembre 2007);
LAFONTAINE, Gregory and Vincenzo Rondinelli, "Plea Bargaining and the
Modern Criminal Defence Lawyer: Negotiating Guilt and the Economics of
21st Century Criminal Justice", (2005) 50 The Criminal Law Quarterly 108-127;
LAURENDEAU, Marc, "La
police, et ses auxiliaires particuliers: informateurs, délateurs
et agents provocateurs", (1984) 17 Revue de criminologie
117-125; disponible à http://www.erudit.org/revue/crimino/1984/v17/n1/017193ar.pdf (vérifié
le 5 décembre 2007);
LAW REFORM COMMISSION OF CANADA, Criminal Procedure:
Control of
the Process, Ottawa, Information Canada, 1976 (series; working
paper; number 15), vii, 60 p., and see on plea bargaining, pp. 44-48;
available at my Digital Library
at http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html;
also published in French / aussi
publié en français: Procédure pénale. Les
pousuites
pénales:
responsabilité politique ou judicaire, Ottawa:
Information Canada, 1976, viiii, 66 p., et voir en particulier, sur
le marchandage des plaidoyers, les pp. 49-55 (Collection; document de
travail; numéro 15);
"The criminal law is only one of the
many methods by which behaviour is controlled and the character of
society determined. The elimination of crime is important to
society, but it is not an end in itself; it is one method of attaining
the higher goals of maximizing human freedom and potential in a
democratic state. The capacity of the criminal justice system to
contribute to the realization of these goals is limited; its
effectiveness in preventing undesirable behaviour is also
limited. Yet the price of the criminal justice system is high in
both economic and human terms. Hence we have urged that the
criminal law should be used with restraint. At all levels of
criminal law policy-making and at all levels of the administration of
the criminal law the onus should be on those who wish to use this
instrument to demonstrate that it is the most suitable response to the
problem in question." (p. 29)
------
"Le droit pénal ne constitue
qu'une des nombreuses méthodes qui permettent de contrôler
le comportement des individus et de déterminer le
caractère d'une société. La lutte contre le
crime est importante pour la société, mais ce n'est pas
une fin en soi; c'est uniquement une technique grâce à
laquelle la société peut atteindre certains objectifs
essentiels, soit la maximisation de la libertés et les
possibilités de l'homme dans un État
démocratique. Le système de justice pénale
ne peut contribuer à la réalisation de ces objectifs que
pour une faible part; de plus, son efficacité à
prévenir les comportements indésirables est
limitée. Or, il entraîne des coûts
élevés, tant au plan économique qu'au plan
humain. C'est pourquoi nous avons recommandé d'y recourir
avec beaucoup de modération. À tous les niveaux de
l'élaboration des politiques en matière de droit
pénal et tous les échelons de l'administration de la
justice pénale, il devrait incomber à ceux qui
désirent utiliser cette technique de prouver qu'elle constitue
la réaction la mieux adaptée au cas d'espèce." (p.
33)
___________Immunity from
Prosecution,
Ottawa: Law
Reform Commission of Canada,
1992, xiii, 77 p., (series;
Working Paper; 64), ISBN: 0662587103; available at my Digital Library
at http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html;
information
on the French version/informations sur la version française, COMMISSION
DE RÉFORME DU DROIT DU CANADA, L'immunité contre les
poursuites,
Ottawa:
Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, 1992, xiii, 82 p.,
(Collection; Document de
travail; 64), ISBN: 0662587103;
____________Plea
Discussions and Agreements,
Ottawa: Law
Reform Commission of Canada,
1989, [vii], 97 p., (series;
Working Paper; 60), ISBN: 0662568095;;
available at my Digital Library
at http://www.lareau-law.ca/DigitalLibrary.html;
information
on the French version/informations sur la version française, COMMISSION
DE RÉFORME DU DROIT DU CANADA, Les discussions et ententes
sur le plaidoyer,
Ottawa:
Commission de réforme du droit du Canada, 1989, [viii], 106 p.,
(Collection; Document de
travail; 63), ISBN: 0662568095;
"Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor General of
Canada”,
R.S.C. 1985, Appendix II, Constitutional Document #31, Paragraph
12,
effective October 1, 1947; information
on the French version/informations sur la version française, « Lettres
patentes constituant la charge de gouverneur général du
Canada », L.R.C. (1985), Annexe II, Document constitutionnel
no 31, article
XII, entré en vigueur le 1er octobre 1947;
MacFARLANE, Bruce, "Convicting the Innocent: A Triple Failure of the
Justice System", (2006) 31 Manitoba
Law Journal 403-487; available at http://www.canadiancriminallaw.com/articles/articles%20pdf/convicting_the_innocent.pdf;
and see the executive summary at http://www.canadiancriminallaw.com/articles/articles%20pdf/Convicting%20the%20Innocent%20Executive%20Summary.pdf
(accessed on 11 december 2007); see also http://www.wrongfulconviction.ca/PDF%20DOcuments/Convicting%20the%20Innocent.pdf
(accessed on 11 December 2007);
MANITOBA, Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Death
of Barbara Stopel and the Subsequent Prosecution and Conviction of
Thomas Sophonow, The Inquiry
Concerning Thomas Sophonow,
[Winnipeg, Man.]: Manitoba Justice, 2001 (Commissioner: Peter de C.
Cory); available at http://www.gov.mb.ca/justice/publications/sophonow/toc.html
(accessed on 18 January 2008)and see in particular "Jailhouse
Informants, Their Unreliability and the Importance of Complete Crown
Disclosure Pertaining to Them and Recommendations" and "Appendix F --
Manitoba Guidelines Respecting the Use of Jailhouse informants" (dated
12 July 2000); pour le français voir http://www.gov.mb.ca/justice/publications/sophonow/recommendations/francais.fr.html#top;
MARTIN, Dianne L., "Distorting the Prosecution Process: Informers,
Mandatory Minimum Sentences, and Wrongful Convictions", (2001) 39 Osgoode Hall Law Journal 513-527
and see in particular pp. 519-525;
MARTINEAU, Pierre, 1965-, I was
a killer for the Hells Angels : the true story of Serge Quesnel /
Pierre Martineau ; translated by Jean-Paul Muray, Toronto:
McClelland & Stewart, 2003, xv, 263, [8] p. de pl. :
ill., portr. ; 18 cm , ISBN: 0771054920; copy at the Library of
Parliament; translation of Testament
d'un tueur des Hells, infra;
copy at Public Safety Canada, Library and
Information Centre /
Sécurité publique Canada, Bibliothèque et Centre
d'information, HV 6248 .Q4
M3 2002 E;
___________ Testament d'un
tueur des Hells, Montréal: Les Intouchables (Diffusion
Prologue: 1650, boul. Lionel-Bertrand, Boisbriand, QC J7H 1N7),
2002, 245
p., ISBN: 2895490805; also published in English under the title I was
a killer for the Hells Angels : the true story of Serge Quesnel,
supra;
"Le testament est celui de Serge Quesnel, devenu délateur. Ce
tueur à gages se met à
table et nous livre un pan de l'histoire du crime au Québec,
dont il est un témoin privilégié. Si le
crime fascine depuis toujours, au-delà de toute moralité,
ce témoignage d'un tueur lié au crime
organisé est fort intéressant pour comprendre un tant
soit peu la psychologie de ce genre de
criminels ainsi que la sociologie de l'organisation de ce genre de
groupe criminel.
L'annexe de
ce livre présente en détail le " contrat " officiel entre
le délateur et le ministère de la Justice du
Québec. C'est la première fois qu'un tel " contrat de
délation " est rendu public." (source:
http://ccja-acjp.ca/fr/rccr/rccr30.html;
caractères en gras ajoutés)
McCARTHY TÉTRAULT, "Competition Bureau Releases New Guidelines
on Immunity and Confidentiality", available at http://www.mccarthy.ca/article_detail.aspx?id=3715
(accessed on 28 November 2007);
McCOY, Candace, "Plea Bargaining as Coercion: The Trial Penalty and
Plea Bargaining Reform", (2005) 50 The
Criminal Law Quarterly 67-107;
McMILLAN BINCH MENDELSON, Competition Law Bulletin, "A Clearer, Less
Ambiguous Immunity Program in Canada", 11 October 2007;
available at http://www.mcmbm.com/Upload/Publication/ImmunityProgram_1007.pdf
(accessed on 28 Novembber 2007);
MÉNARD, Serge, "Plea Bargaining", dans Formation
permanente Barreau
du Québec, sous la direction de, Développements
récents en
droit
criminel, Cowansville: Éditions Yvon Blais, 1989, [vi], 297
p., aux pp.
233-257,
(Collection; Colloques
du Service
de la formation permanente du Barreau du Québec; vol. 11) ISBN:
2890737128;
INTRODUCTION...233
I- LES DÉSAVANTAGES...234
A- Inapplicabilité des
principes d'imposition des
sentences...234
B- Perversion du système
de droit criminel...235
1- L'accusation
exagérée...235
2- L'incitation
à s'avouer coupable d'un
crime dont on est innocent...237
3- Les plaidoyers
de culpabilité douteux...238
C- Obstacle à la
réhabilitation...239
II- LES AVANTAGES DE LA PRATIQUE...241
A- L'économie...241
B- La certitude...241
C- Une sentence moins
sévère...243
III- CETTE PRATIQUE EST-ELLE VRAIMENT
INÉVITABLE?...243
IV- PROBLÈMES
D'ÉTHIQUE...244
A- La couronne...245
B- La défense...245
CONCLUSION...246
ANNEXE I...247
- PRESIDENT'S COMMISSION ON LAW
ENFORCEMENT AND
AND ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE,
TASK FORCE
REPORT: THE COURTS (1967)...247
- NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMISSION
ON CRIMINAL
JUSTICE STANDARDS AND GOALS,
COURTS (1973)...249
ANNEXE II...252
- Le marchandage de plaidoyers
[extrait du document de travail
15 de
la Commission de r/forme du
droit du Canada]...252
MONTY, Paul, "Le recours aux délateurs -- Les suites du
Rapport
Guérin: L'expérience québécoise,
[Québec]; Gouvernement du Québec, Ministère de la
Justice, Direction générale des affaires criminelles, 5
mai 1988; disponible dans Ministère
de la Justice du Québec et
Ministère de la sécurité publique du
Québec, Rapport sur
l'utilisation des
témoins repentis en 1998, infra, à l'Annexe 2, http://www.justice.gouv.qc.ca/francais/publications/rapports/pdf/tem-repent.pdf
(vérifié le 2 décembre 2007);
MORSELLI, Carlo, Guillaume Louis et Mathilde Turcotte, “Le
contrôle du crime organisé: une approche comparée”,
Rapport préparé pour le Ministère de la
sécurité publique du Québec", Québec;
Ministère de la sécurité publique, 2005, 34 p.,
bibliographie aux pp. 31-34; titre noté dans mes recherches mais
document non consulté; aucune copie dans la région
d'Ottawa selon ma vérification du catalogue AMICUS de
Bibliothèque et Archives Canada(17 janvier 2008); copie à
la Bibliothèque de la Sûreté du Québec,
Centre de documentation, 364.10609714 M886 2005;
MORSELLI, Carlo, Mathilde Turcotte et Guillaume Louis "Le
crime organisé et les contre-mesures", dans Maurice Cusson,
1942-, Benoît Dupont, 1972-, et Frédéric
Lemieux, 1975-, sous la direction de, Traité de
sécurité intérieure, Montréal:
Hurtubise HMH, 2007, 705 p., aux pp. 185-198, et voir " Le
recours aux informateurs de police et aux repentis", aux pp.
193-195.(Collection; Cahiers du Québec; CQ 150; Collection Droit
et
criminologie, ISBN: 9782894289860; copie à
l'Université d'Ottawa;
"Contrairement aux informateurs et aux agents doubles, le
délateur accepte donc de mettre fin à sa carrière
criminelle.
[...]
Dans une majorité de cas, les individus qui deviendront des
informateurs ou des délateurs consentent rapidement à
collaborer et sont défavorisés par les termes de
l'échange. [...] Il arrive cependant que certains
délinquants ayant de réels talents de négociateur
parviennenet à imposer leurs conditions, notamment en
menaçant de vendre leurs services à d'autres
organisations ou en exigeant des garanties écrites." (pp.
194-195)
MYLES, Brian, "Justice -- Délateurs se sentent
floués. L'ex agent-source Jim Boivin réclame une
enquête publique", Le Devoir.com, édition du jeudi 12 juin
2003, disponible à http://web.archive.org/web/20031024231434/http://www.ledevoir.com/2003/06/12/29710.html
(vérifié le 30 décembre 2007); concerne Jim Boivin;
NATIONAL JOINT COMMITTEE OF SENIOR CRIMINAL JUSTICE OFFICIALS, Annual Report 2005-2006, 28 p., see
"Special Topic -- Police Information", at pp.10-11; available at http://vancouver.ca/police/justice/documents/NJCAnnualReport0506E.pdf
(accessed on 9 December 2007); information
on the French version/informations sur la version française, COMITÉ NATIONAL MIXTE DES
HAUTS REPRÉSENTANTS OFFICIELS DE LA JUSTICE PÉNALE, Rapport annuel 2005-2006, 28 p., et
voir "Dossier --témoin repenti", aux pp. 10-11; disponible
à http://vancouver.ca/police/justice/documents/NJCAnnualReport0506F.pdf
(vérifié le 9 décembre 2007);
NEW BRUNSWICK, Public Prosecutions -- New Brunswick, "Public Interest
Agreements : Use Immunity, Benefit and Immunity Agreements, In-custody
Informants", DPP Guideline 2, March 10, 2003, available at http://gnb.ca/0227/PPOM/PDF/Public%20Interest%20Agreements_DPP02.pdf
(accessed on 28 November 2007); part of the Public Prosecution Services
Operational Manual, available at http://gnb.ca/0227/PPOM/(accessed
on 28 November 2007); information
on the French version/informations sur la version française, NOUVEAU-BRUNSWICK, Poursuites
publiques -- Nouveau-Brunswick, "Ententes conclues dans
l'intérêt public. Immunité contre
l'utilisation d'un témoignage. Ententes sur des avantages
et sur l'immunité de poursuite . Informateurs dans un
établissement de détention", Ligne directrice du DPP 2,
10 mars 2003, disponible à http://gnb.ca/0227/PPOM/PDFF/Ententes%20conclues%20dans%20l'in%E9tr%EAt%20public_DPP02.pdf
(vérifié le 28 novembre 2007); cette directive fait
partie du Manuel pratique des services des poursuites publiques,
disponible à http://gnb.ca/0227/PPOM/index-f.asp
(vérifié le 28 novembre 2007);
NOVA SCOTIA (Province), Public Prosecution Service, "In-Custody
Informers", DPP Directive, 2002, available at http://www.gov.ns.ca/pps/publications/ca_manual/ProsecutionPolicies/In-custodyInformersMay04.pdf
and http://www.gov.ns.ca/pps/ca_manual.htm
(accessed on 29 December 2007);
___________Royal Commission on the Donald Marshall, Jr.
Prosecution, Royal Commission on the
Donald Marshall, Jr.
Prosecution, Halifax: The Commisssion, 1989; 8 volumes
(Chairman: Chief Justice T. Alexander Hickman); v. 1.
Commissioners' report: findings and recommendations, and see at pp. 236-237, recommendation 48 (48(b)(xiv)),
ISBN:
0888711093 -- v.2.
Public policing in Nova Scotia -- v.3. Mi'kmaq and criminal justice in
Nova Scotia : research study -- v.4. Discrimination against blacks in
Nova Scotia : the criminal justice system -- v.5. Walking the tightrope
of justice : an examination of the office of Attorney General in Canada
with particular regard to its relationships with the police and
prosecutors and the arguments for establishing a statutorily
independent Director of Public Prosecutions -- v.6. Prosecuting
officers and the administration of criminal justice in Nova Scotia : a
study paper -- v.7. Consultative Conference on Discrimination Against
Natives and Blacks in the Criminal Justice System and the Role of the
Attorney General : edited transcript of proceedings, November 24-26,
1988 -- v. [8]. Digest of findings and recommendations; copy at the
University of Ottawa, FTX General, KEN 7970 .A74 A15 1989;
OFFICE DES DROITS DES DÉTENUS (Montréal,
Québec), Le temps des
délateurs : mémoire de l'Office des droits des
détenu(e)s présenté à la Commission
d'enquête chargée par le ministre de la Justice du
Québec d'enquêter sur certains aspects de la justice,
[Montréal] : L'Office, [1990], 196 p.; titre noté dans
mes recherches mais document non consulté (9 décembre
2007);
ONTARIO (Province), Attorney General's Advisory Committee on Charge
Screening,
Disclosure and Resolution Discussions, Report of the Attorney General's Advisory
Committee on Charge Screening, Disclosure and Resolution
Discussions, Toronto: Ministry of the Attorney General, 1993, v,
523 p., ISBN: 077781515X; see Table
of Contents;
___________Criminal Justice Review Committee, Report of the Criminal Justice Review
Committee, [Toronto] : The Committee, 1999, iv, 214 p.
(Co-chairs: Hugh Locke, John D. Evans, Murray Segal), ISBN: 0777884925;
see chapter 6, "Resolution Discussions", at pp. 52-62; copy at the
Ottawa Public Library, Main /Centrale, Reference353.409713
O59a;
___________Ministry of the Attorney General, Criminal Law Division,
"Ontario Witness Protection Program", Practice Memorandum to Counsel,
Criminal Law Division, 2007, 7 p., number 1 (PM [2007] NO. 1],
available at http://cmte.parl.gc.ca/Content/HOC/committee/392/secu/reports/rp3345059/392_SECU_Rpt02_PDF/392_SECU_Rpt02-e.pdf,
pp. 55-61; pour le texte en fran]cais, voir http://cmte.parl.gc.ca/Content/HOC/committee/392/secu/reports/rp3345059/392_SECU_Rpt02_PDF/392_SECU_Rpt02-f.pdf;
____________ Ministry
of Attorney General, Crown Policy
Manual, "In-Custody Informers", 21 March 2005, available at http://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/english/crim/cpm/2005/InCustodyInformers.pdf
(accessed on 29 December 2007); also
available in French / aussi
disponible en français: Ministère du Procureur
général, Manuel des
politiques de la Couronne, "Dénonciateurs sous garde", 21
mars 2005, disponible à http://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/french/crim/cpm/2005/InCustodyInformers.pdf
(vérifié le 29 décembre 2007);
___________Ministry
of Attorney General, Crown Policy
Manual, "Resolution Discussions", 21
March 2005, 2 p.; available at http://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/english/crim/cpm/2005/ResolutionDiscussions.pdf
(accessed on 5 December 2007); also
available in French / aussi
disponible en français: Ministère du Procureur
général, Manuel des
politiques de la Couronne, "Pourparlers de règlement", 21
mars 2005, 2 p., disponible à http://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/french/crim/cpm/2005/ResolutionDiscussions.pdf
(vérifié le 29 décembre 2007);
___________The Report of the
Commission on Proceedings Involving Guy Paul Morin, Toronto:
Publications Ontario, 1998 (President: The Honourable Fred Kaufman);
available at see http://www.attorneygeneral.jus.gov.on.ca/english/about/pubs/morin/
and see in particular, vol. 1, CHAPTER
III, Sections C-D - JAILHOUSE INFORMANTS;
OUELLETTE,
Guy, 1951-, avec Normand Lester, Mom, Montréal
: Intouchables, diffusion: Diffusion Prologue, 1650, boul.
Lionel-Bertrand, Boisbriand, QC J7H 1N7), 2005, 268 p., ISBN:
2895491844;
copie à la Bibliothèque du Parlement; livre au sujet de
Maurice "Mom" Boucher, chef des Hells Angels/Nomads, à
Montréal;
PICCINATO, Milica Potrebic, Plea
Bargaining, [Ottawa, Ont.] : Dept. of Justice, 2004, 22 p.;
available at http://justice-canada.com/en/ps/inter/plea/toc.html
and http://justice-canada.com/en/ps/inter/plea/PleaBargaining-EN.pdf
(accessed on 5 December 2007); also
available in French / aussi
disponible en français: PICCINATO, Milica Protebic, La reconnaissance préalable de
culpabilité, [Ottawa, Ont.] : Ministère de la
justice, 2004, 22 p.; disponible à http://justice-canada.com/fr/ps/inter/plea/toc.html
et http://justice-canada.com/fr/ps/inter/plea/PleaBargaining-FR.pdf
(vérifié le 5
décembre 2007);
POIRIER, Robert, "La négociation des sentences du point de
vue des avocats de la défense", (1987) 20(2) Criminologie 57-68; disponible
à http://www.erudit.org/revue/crimino/1987/v20/n2/017251ar.pdf
(vérifié le 8 décembre 2007);
PRESSE CANADIENNE, LA, "Un criminaliste croit à la
reprise de
procès de motards", 1er mai 2007, disponible à http://www.matin.qc.ca/articles/20070501094921/criminaliste_croit_reprise_proces_motards.html
(vérifié le 30 décembre 2007);
"Principles of Plea Negociations", (Dec. 1978) Crown's Newsletter;
newsletter of the Ontario Crown Attorneys;
PROULX, Michel and David Layton, Ethics
and Canadian Criminal Law, Toronto: Irwin Law, 2001, xxvii, 739
p. (series; Essential of Canadian law), ISBN: 1552210448; copy at the
Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, KF9620 ZA2 P76 2001; copy at
the University of Ottawa, KE 339 .P76 2001; copy at the Library of
Parliament;
"Duty to Honour Plea
Agreement
As the
Commentary to
ABA Prosecution Standard 3-4.2 states, 'a prosecutor's refusal to
honour a plea agreement concerning a recommendation to the Court after
a guilty plea is made undermines the voluntariness of the plea and
results in fundamental unfairness to the defendant.' 229
Unless
the
public interest would be compromised by continued adherence to a plea
agreement, it is thus unacceptable for a prosecutor to refuse to honour
a completed plea agreement.230
Moreover, the public interest can
operate to release the Crown from an agreement only in rare
circumstances , most particularly where the agreement was obtained by
fraud or misrepresentation.231
……
______
229 ABA Prosecution
Standard §3-4.2. See
also FPS Deskbook, above note 30 at §20.3.8.2.
230 See CBA Code ch.
IX, comm. 12. See also R.
v. Pawliuk (2001), 157 C.C.C. (3d) 155 at 175 (B.C.C.A.)
231 In R. v.
Obadia, [1998]
R.J.Q. 2581 (C.A.), the Crown convinced the Court of Appeal to increase
the sentence agreed to at first instance, because of the accused's
subsequent failure to fulfil the terms of the agreement." (p. 697)
PROVENÇAL, Bernard, 1943-, avec la participation de
Bruno
Butot, Big Ben,
Montréal: Domino, 1983, 198 p., ISBN: 2890290336; titre
noté dans mes recherches mais livre non consulté;
"As if things weren’t bad enough
for
[Roger] Provencal, he [Roger Provençal] learned that his brother
Bernard was cooperating with
the police. After being sentenced to nine years in prison for
conspiring to import cocaine into Canada, Bernard Provencal
complained
that his associates refused to pay him money he was owed and took
his
revenge by spilling the beans. The informer implicated 250 criminals,
including his brother, and gave information on 116 murders, armed
robberies, loansharking networks, and gambling dens." (source: ,
accessed on 19 January 2008)
QUÉBEC (Province), Code de
procédure pénale, L.R.Q., chapitre 25.1 / Code of Penal Procedure, R.S.Q., c.
C-25.1;
"Rejet d'un chef d'accusation.
184.
À la demande du défendeur, le
juge ordonne le rejet d'un chef d'accusation s'il est convaincu que:
[...]
___________Commission d'enquête
chargée de faire
enquête sur la Sûreté
du Québec, Rapport de la
Commission d'enquête chargée de faire enquête sur la
Sûreté
du Québec: pour une police au service de
l'intégrité et de la justice (familèrement
appellé Rapport Poitras),
[Montréal] : La
Commission, [1998] 5 v. ; 23 cm. + 2 disques au laser d'ordinateur (12
cm.), ISBN: 2551180740
(Président:
Lawrence A. Poitras); vol. 1 et 2: rapport; vol. 3:
Annexes; vol. 4: Appendices; vol. 5: le
sommaire et les recommandations, les annexes
et les appendices, et deux cédéroms contenant le Rapport,
la preuve et les
notes sténographiques; voir sur cette commission, http://web.archive.org/web/19991115104258/http://www.secpub.gouv.qc.ca/francais/police/dossiers/poitras/index.htm
(note: web.archive.org, vérifié le 31 décembre
2007); voir au vol. 2,
"Les sources humaines", soient les informateurs et délateurs aux
pp.
1182-1206; et voir également les recommandations sur les
délateurs aux pp. 1285-1286;
[Table des matières]
3. Les sources humaines...1182
a) Les informateurs...1186
i) Leur utilisation...1186
ii) Leurs contrôle...1189
iii) Leur anonymat...1193
b) Les délateurs...1196
i) Leur utilisation...1196
ii) Leur contrôle...1199
iiii) Leur changement d'identité...1203
iv) Le test polygraphique...1204
v) Vers une gestion québécoise...1205
___________Commission de police du Québec,
Enquête sur
le crime organisé, La lutte
au crime organisé au
Québec / Rapport d'enquête sur le crime organisé
et recommandations, [Québec] : Commission de police
du
Québec, [1976], 365, 48 p., et voir "L'immunité
de poursuite" aux pp. 220-223; familièrement appelé
le rapport de la CECO à l'époque; aussi
disponible en anglais/ also available in English: QUEBEC,
Quebec Police Commission, Commission of Enquiry on Organized crime in
Québec, The Fight Against
Organized Crime In Quebec: Report of the Commission of Inquiry on
Organized Crime and Recommendations, Quebec: Official Editor of
Quebec,
1976, 344, [46] p., and see "Immunity
from prosecution", at pp. 209-212, ISBN:0775426903
(Président: Jean Louis Dutil);
___________Groupe de travail chargé d'examiner
les pratiques en matière d'enquêtes criminelles au sein
des corps de police du Québec, Les
pratiques en matière d'enquêtes criminelles au sein des
corps de police du Québec du Québec,
[Montréal] : Le Groupe, 1996,
3 volumes, vol. 1: Rapport final déposé au ministre de la
Sécurité publique, Monsieur Robert Perreault, et
voir pour ce volume, La
table des matières et le "délateur" aux pp. 133-134;
vol.
2: Annexes au rapport final déposé au ministre de
la Sécurité publique, Monsieur Robert Perreault; vol. 3
Annexes complémentaires au rapport final déposé au
ministre de la Sécurité publique, Monsieur Robert
Perreaultovembre 1996; (rapport
Bellemare) (Président: Jacques Bellemare), ISBN:
2551172225; copie
à la Bibliothèque de la Cour suprême du Canada,
HV8073 G772 1996;
___________Groupe de travail sur l’administration de
la
justice
en matière criminelle, L'administration
de la justice en matière criminelle,
[Québec]: Ministère de la Justice et le Ministère
de la sécurité publique 1991, v, 158 p. et voir la Partie
II -- Le délateur Table des matières
et les pp. 87-90 et la Partie III -- La négotiation de
plaidoyer Table
des matières et les pp. 129-134 (Guy
Guérin,
juge - Le président); contribution
importante au sujet;
___________Groupe de travail sur l’administration de la justice
en matière criminelle, L'administration
de la justice, Rapport -- synthèse,
[Québec]: Ministère de la Justice et le Ministère
de la sécurité publique 1991, iii, 43 p., (Guy
Guérin,
juge - Le président); contribution
importante au sujet;
___________Ministère de la Justice du Québec et
Ministère de la sécurité publique du
Québec, Rapport sur
l'utilisation des
témoins repentis en 1998, [Québec]:
Ministère de la sécurité publique, 2001, 70 p.
(version pdf), voir notamment la "Partie
VI -- Le ministère public n'a pas accordé aux repentis
d'immunité partielle ou totale en 1998", aux pp. 32-34 et les
annexes; la publication est disponible à http://www.justice.gouv.qc.ca/francais/publications/rapports/pdf/tem-repent.pdf
(vérifié le 2 décembre 2007);
___________Sûreté du Québec, Directive,
DIR.-GÉN. -- 26, Utilisation
et contrôle des informateurs et des délateurs, 15
novembre 1995, tel que cité dans QUÉBEC (Province),
Commission d'enquête
chargée de faire
enquête sur la Sûreté
du Québec, Rapport de la
Commission d'enquête chargée de faire enquête sur la
Sûreté
du Québec: pour une police au service de
l'intégrité et de la justice (familèrement
appellé Rapport Poitras),
supra, vol. 2, p. 1182, note 190;
ce document est identifié comme "E-667"; document non
consulté;
___________Sûreté du Québec,
Politique de gestion, direction des services de soutien des
enquêtes, DIR.-GÉN. -- 26, Utilisation et contrôle des
informateurs et des délateurs et des agents de sources,
projet 27-01-98, tel que cité dans QUÉBEC (Province),
Commission d'enquête
chargée de faire
enquête sur la Sûreté
du Québec, Rapport de la
Commission d'enquête chargée de faire enquête sur la
Sûreté
du Québec: pour une police au service de
l'intégrité et de la justice (familèrement
appellé Rapport Poitras),
supra, vol. 2, p. 1183, note 192;
ce document est identifié comme "C-671"; document non
consulté;
___________voir aussi BOISVERT, supra;
.
R. v. Betesh, (1975) 30 C.C.C. (2d) 233
(General Sessions of the Peace, Judicial District of York, Ontario,
Graburn, County Court Judge), and see pp.
249-251;
R.
c. Charbonneau (1996) 46
Quebec Appeal Cases 1-21; copy
at the University of Ottawa, FTX
Reserve, KE 176 .M367; copy at the University of Ottawa,
Faculty of law library, SLR4 (38-29); description des avantages
accordés au délateur Michel Blass;
l'accusé Charbonneau est un avocat;
R. v. Dufresne, [1988] 1 S.C.R. 1095,
1988 CanLII 42, disponible à http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/1988/1988canlii42/1988canlii42.html
(vérifié le 13 décembre 2007);
R. c. Flahiff [1999] R.J.Q. 626; cause
où le juge Flahiff de la Cour supérieure a
été reconnue coupable (alors qu'il était avocat)
suite au témoignage d'un délateur;
RATUSHNY, Ed, 1942-,
Self-Incrimination in the Canadian Criminal Process, Toronto:
Carswell, 1979, xxiiii, 432 p., ISBN: 0459323008 (series; Carswell's
criminal law series);;
"It is submitted that the Criminal code should be amended to provide
formally for the grant of an immunity from prosecution to a specified
individual. Such an immunity could be established by the filing
of a document at the proceeding where the testimony is taken. The
suitable authority for granting immunity would be the one now
authorized by the Criminal code to enter a stay of proceedings, namely,
'The Attorney general or counsel instructed by him for the
purpose.' The decision to forego a public prosecution is a
serious one and should properly be made by the Attorney General
although, in practice, it would normally be exercised by his deputy."
(p. 400; notes omitted)
ROACH, Kent, "Unreliable Evidence and Wrongful Convictions: The Case
for Excluding Tainted Identification Evidence and Jailhouse and Coerced
Confessions, (2007) 52 The
Criminal Law Quarterly 210-236, and see "The Dangers of
jailhouse Informers", at pp. 225-228;
ROYAL CANADIAN MOUNTED POLICE, Assistant Commissioner Raf Souccar,
"Witness Protection Program", 2007, available at http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/news/2007/2007_03_27_e.htm
(accessed on 2 December 2007); also
available in French / aussi
disponible en français:
GENDARMERIE ROYALE DU CANADA, par le commissaire adjoint Raf
Souccar,
"Programme de protection des témoins", 2007, disponible
à http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/news/2007/2007_03_27_f.htm
(vérifié le 2 décembre 2007);
"These stories failed to communicate
one very important fact - those who
enter the Witness Protection Program are still subject and will remain
subject to all Canadian laws. They are not treated differently than
anyone else. Being in the Witness Protection Program does not confer
immunity from responsibility for criminal actions either before or
after entering the program. A person doesn’t escape his or her criminal
history. This fully applies to protected witnesses.
------
"Ces histoires n’ont pas communiqué un fait très
important - les
personnes qui adhèrent au Programme de protection des
témoins
continuent d’être assujetties à toutes les lois
canadiennes. Elles ne
sont pas traitées différemment du reste de la
poplation. Faire partie
du Programme de protection des témoins ne confère pas une
immunité
contre la responsabilité liée aux actes criminels commis
avant ou après
l’adhésion au programme. Une personne n’échappe pas
à ses antécédents
criminels et cela s’applique pleinement aux témoins
protégés."
RUPPERT, Jake, "The Plea Deal: Lack of forensic evidence versus risk
of
dangerous offender application 'Best interests of justice'", The Ottawa Citizen, Wednesday, 9
January 2008, p. A4; guilty plea to second degree murder by
accused Christopher Myers on first degree murder charge for the death
of Ms. Ardeth Wood, on 6 August 2003; in Ottawa, 8 January 2008,
before Judge Monique Métivier; defence counsel was Bruce Engel
and Crown counsel was Hilary McCormack; the sentence ios life
imprisonment with parole inegibility is 10 years;
SHERRIN, Christopher, “Comment on the Report on the Prevention of
Miscarriages of Justice”, (2007) 52 The
Criminal Law Quarterly 140-174, and see "Jailhouse Informants",
at pp. 165-169;
____________ “Jailhouse Informants, Part I: Problems with their Use”,
(1998) 40 The
Criminal Law Quarterly 106-122
and “Jailhouse Informants in the Canadian Criminal Justice System, Part
II: Options for Reform”, (1998), 40 The
Criminal Law Quarterly 157-187;
STENNING, Philip C., Appearing
for
the Crown: A legal and historical review of criminal prosecutorial
authority in Canada: A Study conducted for the Law Reform Commission of
Canada, Cowansville: Brown Legal Publications, 1986, [viii], 426
p., and see Table
of Contents and "Prosecurorial discretion with respect to the
initiation of criminal proceedings and the granting of
immunity at pp.
243-245, ISBN:
2890735583;
TURCOTTE, Mathilde, boursière University d'Oxford, 2007-2009,
thème: "Le recours aux informateurs et aux délateurs :
impacts sur les milieux policiers et criminels", voir http://www.fqrsc.gouv.qc.ca/programmes/pdf/b308-rs.pdf
(vérifié le 9 janvier 2008);
UNIFORM LAW CONFERENCE, Toronto, Ontario, August 19-23, 2001,
Criminal Law Section, Minutes, see "In-Custody Informant Testimony:
Discussion Paper", available at http://www.ulcc.ca/en/poam2/index.cfm?sec=2001&sub=2001c
(accessed on 14 December 2007); also
published in French / aussi publié en français: LA
CONFÉRENCE POUR L'HARMONISATION DES LOIS DU CANADA, Toronto
(Ontario), 19 au 23 août 2001, Section pénale,
Procès-verbal, et voir "Témoignages des indicateurs en
prison: document de travail", disponible à http://www.ulcc.ca/fr/poam2/index.cfm?sec=2001&sub=2001c
(vérifié le 14 décembre 2007);
UPPER CANADA, An Act to enable the
Government of this Province to extend a conditional Pardon, in certain
cases, to persons who have been concerned in the late Insurrection,
1st Victoria, Third Session, Chapter X, passed on 6 March 1838, click ; comment by François Lareau: pardon granted
without conviction; compare with research by MENZA, infra;
VERDUN-JONES, Simon (Simon
Nicholas), 1947-, "Plea Bargaining", in Julian V. Roberts and
Michelle G. Grossman, eds., Criminal
Justice in Canada: A Reader, 3rd ed., Toronto: Thomson Nelson,
2007, xiv,
321 p., at pp. 128-143, ISBN: 0176424091;
VERDUN-JONES, Simon (Simon
Nicholas), 1947-, and Alison (Alison J.)
Hatch, Plea Bargaining and Sentencing Guidelines, Ottawa :
Department
of Justice, Policy, Programs and Research Branch, Research and
Development
Directorate, 1988, viii, 56 p., see Table
of Contents and Bibliography of Pre-Trial Bargaining in Canada
(series; Research reports of the Canadian
Sentencing Commission; ISSN: 0836-1797; volume 7); ISBN: 0662158695;
note: Research Report of the Canadian Sentencing
Commission; also
published in French / aussi publié en français :
Verdun-Jones,
Simon et Alison (Alison J.) Hatch, La négociation de
plaidoyer
et les lignes directrices en matière de détermination des
sentences, Ottawa : Ministère de la Justice Canada,
Direction
générale de la recherche et du développement,
Direction
de la politique, des programmes et de la recherche, 1988, viii,
106
p. (Collection; Rapports de recherche de la Commission canadienne sur
la
détermination de la peine; ISSN: 0836-1800; volume 7), ISBN:
0662946723; note: Rapport de recherche de la Commission canadienne sur
la
détermination
de la peine;
VERDUN-JONES, Simon N. (Simon Nicholas), 1947-, and Adamira A.
Tijerino, 1971-, Victim
participation in the plea
negotiations process in Canada, [Ottawa] : Dept. of Justice
Canada, 2002, xii, 74 p., available at http://justice.gc.ca/en/ps/rs/rep/2002/vppnpc/vppnpc.html;
also available in French /
aussidisponible en français: VERDUN-JONES, Simon N., et
Adamira A. Tijerino, Participation
de la victime à la négociation: analyse de la recherche
et de quatre modèles en vue d'une réforme
éventuelle, [Ottawa] : Ministère de la Justice
Canda, 2002, xii, 83 p., disponible
à http://justice.gc.ca/fr/ps/rs/rep/2002/vppnpc/vppnpc.html
(vérifié
le 6 décembre 2007);
VIAU, Louise, "L'utilisation des délateurs dans la lutte
contre
le crime organisé" dans Institut canadien des études
supérieures, Droits de la personne : solidarité et bonne
foi : actes des Journées strasbourgeoises de l'Institut
canadien d'études juridiques supérieures 2000, Cowansville (Québec):
Éditions Yvon
Blais, 2001, xii, 700 p, aux pp. 523-579, ISBN: 2894514654; copie
à la Bibliothèque du Parlement; contribution
importante;
Witness Protection Program Act, Statutes of Canada
1996,
chapter 15 (Bill C-13), available at http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/ShowFullDoc/cs/W-11.2//20071205/en?command=HOME&caller=SI&search_type=all&shorttitle=witness&day=5&month=12&year=2007&
search_domain=cs&showall=L&statuteyear=all&lengthannual=50&length=50&noCookie; (accessed on 5 December
2007); note: C-13 in 35th Parliament, 2nd session; and C-78 in
35th Parliament, 1st session; also available in French / aussi
disponible en
français: Loi sur le
programme de protection des témoins, Lois du Canada 1996, chapitre 15, disponible à http://laws.justice.gc.ca/fr/ShowFullDoc/cs/W-11.2//20071205/fr?command=HOME&caller=SI&search_type=all&shorttitle=protection%20des%20t%C3%A9moins&day=5&month=12&year=2007&search_domain
=cs&showall=L&statuteyear=all&lengthannual=50&length=50&noCookie (vérifié
le 5 décembre 2007);
Bill C-78, An Act to provide for
the establishment and operation of a program to enable certain persons
to receive protection in relation to certain inquiries, investigations
or prosecutions (Shorth Title: Witness Protection Act)
35th Parliament, 1st session (session:
17 January 1994 to 2 February 1997)
- Introduced and read the first time, 23 March 1995
- Debated at second reading; read the second time and referred to the
Standing Committee on Justice and Legal Affairs, 5 October 1995,
available at
http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=35&Ses=1&DocId=2332497
- Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights, meetings 177-182, 185
and 187, 18 Oct 95 to 8 Nov 95; available at
http://www.parl.gc.ca/35/Archives/committees351/jula/minutes/jula_issue-114_177-188/jula_114_covE.html
- Reported with amendments (Sessional Paper No. 8510–351–160), 9
November 9, 1995;
- reprint of Bill C-78 as amended by the Standing Committee, 9 November
1995, available at
http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=2328387&Language=e&Mode=1
- Debated at report stage; concurred in at report stage, November 28,
1995, available at
http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=35&Ses=1&DocId=2332525
- With the end of the session, Bill C-78 died on the Order Paper
Bill C-13, An Act to provide for
the establishment and operation of a program to enable certain persons
to receive protection in relation to certain inquiries, investigations
or prosecutions (Shorth Title: Witness Protection Act)
35th Parliament, 2nd session (session
started on 27 February 1997)
-Introduced and read the first time, 8 March 1996, see
http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=35&Ses=2&DocId=2332548
- Deemed read the second time; deemed considered by the Standing
Committee on Justice and Legal Affairs; deemed reported with amendments
(Sessional Paper No. 8510-351-160; 1st Session); deemed concurred in at
report stage, 8 March 1996 (
Previously Bill C-78 -- 1st session),
- Debated at third reading -- March 28, 1996, see
http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=35&Ses=2&DocId=2332562
- Read the third time and passed -- March 29, 1996, see
http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=35&Ses=2&DocId=2332563
- Senate, Standing Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional
Affairs, 9 and 16 May 1997, available at
http://www.parl.gc.ca/common/Committee_SenProceed.asp?Language=E&Parl=35&Ses=2&comm_id=11
- Passed by the Senate (with an amendment) -- May 30, 1996
- Motion in relation to Senate amendment -- Debated; adopted -- June
11, 1996, see
http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=35&Ses=2&DocId=2332598
- Royal Assent (
Statutes
of Canada 1996,
chapter 15), 20 June1996
Witness Protection Program Act
Annual
Report, also available in
French
/
aussidisponible en français: Loi sur le programme de
protection des témoins -- rapport annuel;
WABY, Michael, "Comparative Aspects of Plea Bargaining in England and
Canada: A Practioner's Perspective", (2005) 50 The Criminal Law Quarterly 148-164;
WOOD, G., "Police Informants in Canada: the Law and Reality",
(1986) 50 Saskatchewan Law Review
249-270;
II- Comparative Law /
Droit comparé
ALLEMAGNE, Code de
procédure pénale, traduction de l'allemand par
Raymond Legeais, Code
allemand de procédure pénale, Juriscope, 2000
disponibe
à
http://www.juriscope.org/publications/documents/pdf/proc-pen-all.pdf
(vérifié le 15 janvier 2008);
"§
153e (Abstention en cas de repentir actif)
(1) Lorsque l’objet de la procédure est une infraction de la
catégorie prévue au § 74a, alinéa 1, n0s 2
à 4 et au § 120, alinéa 1, n0s 2 à 7, de la
loi d’organisation judiciaire, le procureur général
fédéral peut, avec l’accord du tribunal régional
supérieur compétent en vertu du § 120 de la loi
d’organisation judiciaire, s’abstenir de poursuivre une telle
infraction, si son auteur a contribué après les faits,
avant de savoir que sa culpabilité était
découverte, à écarter un danger pour l’existence
ou la sécurité de la République
fédérale allemande ou pour l’ordre constitutionnel. Cette
disposition est également applicable lorsque l’auteur a fourni
une telle contribution en communiquant aux services compétents,
après l’accomplissement de l’infraction, ses informations
sur des tentatives de haute trahison, sur une mise en danger de l’Etat
de droit démocratique ou sur une trahison et une mise en danger
de la sûreté extérieure de l’Etat.
(2) Lorsque l’action publique est déjà exercée, le
tribunal régional supérieur compétent en vertu du
§ 120 de la loi d’organisation judiciaire peut classer la
procédure, dans les conditions prévues à
l’alinéa 1, avec l’accord du procureur général
fédéral."
ALSCHULER, Albert W. "Plea Bargaining And Its History", (1979) 79 Columbia Law Review 1-43;
AUSTRALIA, Australian Federal Police (AFP), Witness Protection Annual Report 2005-06
-- Witness Protection Act 1994, Commonwealth of Australia, 2006,
9 p., ISSN: 1144-5433; available at http://www.afp.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/22768/Witness_Protection_Aunnual_Report_2005_06.pdf
(accessed on 11 January 2008);
___________Victoria, Office of Police Integrity Victoria, Review of the Victoria Police Witness
Protection Program: Report to the Director, Police Integrity, Melbourne : Government Printer, July 2005, 58 p.
(series; Parliamentary paper; no. 145, session 2003-2005,
available at http://www.opi.vic.gov.au/resources/documents/Review_of_the_Victoria_Police_Witness_Protection_Program.pdf
(accessed on 10 January 2008);
BARREIROS, José Antonio, "Le problème des
repentis. Crime et châtiment. Statut des repentis",
[1986] Revue de science criminelle et de droit
pénal comparé 753-755; sur le Portugal;
BEAUTHIER G.-H., "La délation: l'impunité
dénoncée", (1998) 22(4) Déviance
et société 427-433; copie à
l'Université d'Ottawa, MRT
Péridiques, HM 811 .D4925;
BEERNAERT, Marie-Aude, "De l’irrésistible
ascension des « repentis » et
« collaborateurs de justice » dans le
système pénal", (2003) 27(1) Déviance et société
77-91; copie à l'Université d'Ottawa, MRT
Péridiques, HM 811 .D4925; disponible à http://www.cairn.info/article_p.php?ID_ARTICLE=DS_271_0077
et http://www.cairn.info/article.php?REVUE=deviance-et-societe&NUMPUBLIE=2003-1&PP=77
(vérifié le 5 janvier 2008); contribution
importante;
"Pour ancienne qu'elle soit [le
phénomène de la délation] -- on en trouve trace
déjà, dans la Guerre du Péloponèse de
Thucydide ou dans certains procès célèbres de la
Rome antique (Mommsen, 1907, 195). -- la figure du collaborateur
de justice semble toutefois opérer un retour en force sur la
scène pénale ces dernières années.
Les États-Unis furent pionniers en la matière (I),
rapidement relayés, au niveau européen, par l'Italie
(II). Depuis lors, le phénomène n'a cessé de
s'étendre et, que ce soit dans le cadre des Nations Unies, au
niveau de l'Union européenneou dans divers systèmes
nationaux, le recours aux collaborateurs de justice est
désormais présenté un peu partout comme une mesure
dont on ne saurait plus faire l'économie si l'on veut pouvoir
lutter efficacement contre les multiples manifestations de la
criminalité organisée (III). La mesure ne va
pourtant pas sans soulever un certain nombre d'objections (IV)." (p. 77)
___________Enquêtes sous couverture, repentis et
protection de témoins: des droits fondamentaux en péril?,
in Mehr Sicherheit, weniger
Freiheit?: Ermittlungs -- und Beweistechniken hinterfragt /
Schweizerische Arbeitsgruppe für Kriminologie = Plus de
sécurité,
moins de liberté? Les techniques d'investigation et de preuve
en
question/ Groupe suisse de travail , Zurich: Verlag
Rüegger, 2003, 408 p., aux pp. 337-353 ( Collection; Reihe
Kriminologie; Bd. 21), ISBN: 3725307393; note: Exposés
présentés lors du congrès annuel du Groupe suisse de travail de
criminologie qui s'est tenu du 5 au 7 mars 2003 à Interlaken;
titre noté dans mes recherches mais article non consulté;
aucune copie au Canada selon ma vérification du catalogue AMICUS
de Bibliothèque et Archives Canada, 11 janvier 2008;
.
_____________ Repentis et
collaborateurs de justice dans le système pénal: analyse
comparée et critique / Marie-Aude Beernaert; préface de
Françoise Tulkens et Henri-D. Bosly, Bruxelles: Bruylant,
2003, xvi, 616 p. (Collection; Bibliothèque de la Faculté
de droit de l'Université catholique de Louvain; 38), ISBN: 2802716468; étude
sur l'Italie, les U.S.A., les Pays-Bas et la Belgique; copie à
la Sûreté du Québec, Centre de
documentation, Droit C5 T281 2002; titre noté dans mes
recherches mais livre non consulté;
__________"«Repentis» ou «collaborateurs de
justice» : quelle légitimité dans le système
pénal? " (2003) 55 Droit et
société, Revue internationale de théorie du droit
et de sociologie juridique 693-713; voir le
résumé à http://www.reds.msh-paris.fr/publications/revue/sommaire/55resu.htm#4,
vérifié
le 20 décembre 2007); copie à l'Université
d'Ottawa, FTX périodiques, K368 .D765; disponible à http://www.reds.msh-paris.fr/publications/revue/html/ds055/ds055-05%20.htm
(vérifié le 4 avril 2008);
BECCARIA, Cesare, marchese di,
1738-1794,
On crimes and punishments
/ Cesare
Beccaria ;
translated from the Italian in the author's original order, with notes
and introduction by David Young, Indianapolis : Hackett
Pub. Co., c1986, xxii, 105 p., and see "Attempted Crimes,
Accomplices and Impunity", at pp. 68-69, ISBN: 0915144999 and
0915145979 (pbk.), available at http://books.google.com/books?id=I_OWHbwVzcEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22some+tribunals+offer%22#PPA69,M1
and http://books.google.com/books?id=I_OWHbwVzcEC&dq=%22some+tribunals+offer%22
(accessed on 13 January 2008);
___________Traité des délits et des peines,
trad.
de l'italien par André Morellet d'après la
troisième
édition..., Philadelphie : [s.n.], 1766, xxxviii, 148 p., et
voir les pour et les contre de l'immunité accordée au
complice, aux pp. 54-55;
disponible
à http://gallica.bnf.fr/scripts/ConsultationTout.exe?E=0&O=N072268
(visionné le 9 avril 2003);
BELGIQUE, Code pénal belge;
disponible à http://www.juridat.be/cgi_loi/legislation.pl
et http://www.just.fgov.be/index_fr.htm
(vérifié le 14 janvier 2008);
Art. 136.
Seront exemptés des peines portées contre les complots
réprimés par le présent titre, et contre les
infractions prévues par l'article 111, ceux des coupables qui,
avant tout attentat et avant toutes poursuites commencées,
auront donné à l'autorité connaissance de ces
complots ou de ces infractions, et de leurs auteurs ou complices.
Art. 192
<L 12-07-1932, art. 1, 11°> Les personnes coupables des
infractions mentionnées aux articles 160 à 168, 169,
alinéa 2, 171 à 176, 177, alinéa 2, aux deux
derniers alinéas de l'article 180, aux articles 185bis, 186,
alinéas 2 à 4, 187bis, 497, alinéa 2, et à
l'article 497bis, alinéa 1, seront exemptes de peines si, avant
toute émission de monnaies contrefaites ou
altérées ou de papiers contrefaits ou falsifiés,
et avant toutes poursuites, elles en ont donné connaissance et
révélé les auteurs à l'autorité.
Art. 326
Seront exemptés des peines prononcées par le
présent chapitre, ceux des coupables qui, avant toute tentative
de crimes ou délits faisant l'objet de l'association et avant
toutes poursuites commencées auront révélé
à l'autorité l'existence de ces bandes et les noms de
leurs commandants en chef ou en sous-ordre. (Alinéa 2
abrogé) <L 09-04-1930, art. 32>
BENTHAM, Jérémie, Traité
des preuves judiciaires, ouvrage extrait des manuscrits de M.
Jérémie Bentham, juriconsulte anglais, par Ét.
Dumont, tome second, Paris, Bossange Frères, 1823, 460
p., voir le chapitre 4, "Application des récompenses et des
peines à l'obtention des preuves, aux pp. 285-294; disponible
à http://books.google.com/books?id=aJAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA453&dq=d%C3%A9lateurs+pardons&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=t5qSR5fxEoq-igHnpsC0Bw#PPA285,M1
et http://books.google.com/books?id=aJAIAAAAQAAJ&dq=d%C3%A9lateurs+pardons&lr=&as_brr=0
(vérifiés le 18 janvier 2008);
BOULOC, Berbard, "La tradition française relativement au
statut des repentis", [1986] Revue
de science criminelle et de droit pénal comparé
771-782; copie à l'Université d'Ottawa, FTX
périodiques, KJJ 0 .R489;
BRUNO, Francesco,
"Le phénomène des pentiti
dans la lutte contre la grande criminalité",
dans Secrétariat général du Conseil de l'Europe en
collaboration avec
l'Intercenter de Messine (Italie), sous la direction de, "La
grande criminalité et les exigences du respect des droits de
l'homme
dans les démocraties européennes -- Actes du
Séminaire organisé par le
Secrétariat Général du Conseil de l'Europe en
collaboration avec
l'Intercenter de Messine (Italie) Taormina, 14-16 novembre 1996", 185
p., et voir en particulier les pp. 121-131, disponible à http://www.coe.int/t/f/droits_de_l'homme/cddh/1._publications/actes/1Taormina_F.pdf
(vérifié le 3 janvier 2008);
BYRNE, Paul,
"Granting Immunity from Prosecution", in Ivan L. Potas, ed.,
Prosecutorial Discretion: Proceedings, 7-9 November 1984, Canberra, A.C.T.: Australian Institute of
Criminology, 1985, ii, 248 p., at pp. 155-172 (series; Proceedings / AIC Seminar,
ISSN 0813-7005; no. 6), ISBN: 0642074860 (pbk.); copy at
Sécurité publique Canada, Bibliothèque et Centre
d'information / Public Safety Canada, Library and Information Centre, KTA 30 P7 1984;
CESONI M.L, et C.N. Robert, "Du délateur au
collaborateur de la justice : un parcours de
légitimation?", (1998) 22(4) Déviance et
Société 415-419; copie à l'Université
d'Ottawa, MRT
Péridiques, HM 811 .D4925;
Caslon
Analytics guide
secrecy and accountability, and see part on "witness
protection", available at http://www.caslon.com.au/secrecyguide19.htm
(accessed on 19 December 2007); mostly Australian and American law;
COUNCIL OF EUROPE, Committee of Ministers, The protection of witnesses and
collaborators of justice -
recommendation Rec(2005)9 and explanatory memorandum (2005) adopted by
the Committee of Ministers of
the Council of Europe on 20 April 2005 and explanatory memorandum,
Strasbourg : Council of Europe Pub., c2005, 45 p.,
ISBN: 9287158207; notes: "Prepared by the Committee
of Experts on the Protection of Witnesses and Collaborators
of Justice (PC-PW), under the
authority of the European Committee
on Crime Problems (CDPC)--P.
[3], see https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?Ref=Rec(2005)9&Language=lanEnglish&Ver=original&Site=COE&BackColorInternet=9999CC&BackColorIntranet=FFBB55&BackColorLogged=FFAC75
(accessed on 16 December 2007); also available in French/aussi disponible en
français: La protection des témoins et des collaborateurs
de justice (Recommandation Rec(2005)9
et exposé des motifs), voir http://www.coe.int/t/f/affaires_juridiques/coop%C3%A9ration_juridique/lutte_contre_le_terrorisme/4_dossiers_th%C3%A9matiques/Protection_des_t%C3%A9moins/
(vérifié le 16 décembre 2007);
___________Terrorism: Protection of
Witnesses and Collaborators of Justice, Strasbourg: Council of
Europe, 2006, 403 p., ISBN: 9789287158116; title noted in my research
but book not consulted; no copy oif this book in the Ottawa area
libraries covered by the AMICUS catalogue of Library and Archives
Canada (verification of 13 January 2008);
ENIKÖ, Felföldi, "The Rising Importance of the Protection
of
Witnesses in the European Union", (2006) 77(1-2) Revue internationale de droit pénal
313-322;
FISHER, George, 1959, Plea
Bargaining's Triumph: A History of Plea Bargaining in America,
Stanford (Calfornia): Stanford University Press, 2003, xi, 397 p.,
ISBN: 0804744599; notes: Contents: "Liquor Laws, murder murder cases,
and the prosecutor's power to charge -- The prosecutor's motives in
plea bargaining -- On-file plea bargaining and the rise of
probation -- The defendant's power to plead -- Judges and the power to
sentence -- Social and political theories of plea bargaining's
rise -- Explaining plea bargaining's progress elsewhere -- The
power of plea bargaining -- The balance of power to plea bargain"
(AMICUS catalogue); copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of
Canada, KF9654 F57 2003;
FITZGERALD, Dennis G., Informants
and Undercover Investigations: A Practical guide to Law, Policy and
Procedure, CRC Press, 2007, 408 p., ISBN: 0849304121; see
Table of Contents at http://books.google.com/books?id=Gn8aLAClHXIC&pg=PA56&dq=informers+immunity+date:2004-2007&lr=&as_brr=0&sig=GF91Hjyv1kTy79HjetnWKfTDv2U#PPP1,M1
(accessed on 18 December 2007);
FRANCE, Assemblée nationale, Rapport
fait au nom de la
Commission des lois constitutionnlles, de la législation et de
l'administration générale de la République sur le
projet de loi (No 784), portant
adaptation de la justice aux évolutions de la criminalité
par M. Jean-Luc Warsman, député, document mis en
distribution le 20 mai 2003, numéro 856, disponible
à http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/rapports/r0856-t1.asp
et http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/rapports/r0856-t2.asp
(vérifiés le 20 décembre 2007);
___________Sénat, Études de législation
comparée, "Les repentis faces à la justice", Service des
études juridiques, juin 2003, 56 p. (Collection; série
législation comparée; no LC
124));
disponible à http://www.senat.fr/lc/lc124/lc124.html
(vérifié le 19 décembre 2007); contribution
importante;
FYFE, Nicholas and James
Sheptycki, Facilitating witness
co-operation in organised crime cases: an international review,
[London]: Home Office, Research Development and Statistics Directorate,
2005, v, 41 p. (series; online report 27/05), ISBN: 1844736504;
available at http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs05/rdsolr2705.pdf
(accessed on 9 January 2008); important
crontibution;
___________"International
Trends in the Facilitation of Witness Co-operation in Organized Crime",
(2006) 3(3) European Journal of Criminology
319-355; see summary at http://euc.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/3/3/319
(accessed on 19 December 2007);
GREER,
S.C.(Steven C.), "Supergrasses and the Legal System in Britain and
Northern Ireland", (1986) 102 The Law Quarterly Review 198-249;
[INTRODUCTION]...198
PART I THE LAW ON ACCOMPLICE EVIDENCE...200
A. The Accomplice Evidence Rule...200
(1) General
Principles...200
(2) The accomplice evidence rule and "Diplock"
courts...203
B. The Credibility
Requirement...205
(1) General principles...205
(2) The "suspect
evidence/intrinsically credible" controversy...211
C. Corroboration of
Accomplice Evidence...215
PART II SUPERGRASSES, THE COURTS AND THE EXECUTIVE...221
A. The English Supergrasses...222
(1) R. v. Turner...223
(2) R. v. Thorne...226
(3) The English
compromise...228
B. Supergrasses in
Northern Ireland...230
(1) The origins
of the Northern Ireland supergrass system...231
(2) The
Supergrasss System in the Ascendancy -- The Bennet, Black and McGrady
Cases...235
(a) R. v. Graham--The Bennett case...235
(b) R. v. Donnelly--The Black case...237
(c) R. v. Gibney--The McGrady case...238
CONCLUSION...244
I. The Law on Accomplice
Evidence...244
II. Supergrasses, the Courts and the
Executive...246
___________Supergrasses : a
study in anti-terrorist law enforcement in Northern Ireland,
Oxford :
Clarendon Press and New York: Oxford University Press, 1995,
xiii, 309
p., ISBN: 019825766X; according to my verification of the AMICUS
catalogue of Library Archives Canada, no copy of this book is found in
the Ottawa area libraries (12 January 2008); copy at McGill University,
Humanities and Social Sciences Libraries (McLennan/Redpath),
KDE550;G744;1995 mcl; see Google limited preview at http://books.google.com/books?id=6tpC-7A7y-cC&pg=PP1&dq=supergrasses&lr=&as_brr=0&ei=1niIR9-sC47-iAGGn6zDBQ&sig=yx4dEKfo6kHKLAJgP-S26mnndBA
and http://books.google.com/books?id=6tpC-7A7y-cC&dq=supergrasses&lr=&as_brr=0
(accessed on 12 January 2008);
___________"Where the grass is greener?; Supergrasses in comparative
perspective", in Teresa Nemitz, Roger Billingsley
and Philip Bean, eds., Informers:
Policing, Policy, Practice, Cullompton: Willan, 2001, xi,
179 p., chapter 8, ISBN 1903240077; according to my
verification of the AMICUS catalogue of Library Archives Canada, no
copy of this book is found in the Ottawa area libraries (12 January
2008); Google snippet preview at http://books.google.com/books?id=ZQtB_hH3YUwC&pg=PA123&lpg=PA123&dq=%22where+the+grass+is+greener+supergrasses+
in+comparative+perspective%22&source=web&ots=fAcazMSP_Y&sig=1Sm69CpkrjTNz0EsxLp8onNgTPk#PPA137,M1
and http://books.google.com/books?id=ZQtB_hH3YUwC&dq=%22where+the+grass+is+greener+supergrasses+in+comparative+perspective%22
(accessed on 12 January 2008);
HALE, Matthew, 1609-1676, Historia Placitorum
Coronae
- The History of the Pleas of the Crown, Savoy (in the): E.R. Nutt
and R. Gosling, 1736, 2 vol., [xx], [8], 710 p. for vol. 1 and [4],
414,
[198] p. for vol. 2; reprint in : Abingdon Oxon: Professional
Books,
1987 (series: Classical English Law Texts);
see American edition, Philadelphia: Robert H. Small, 1847, and see on
the ancient procedure of "approvement", vol. 2, at pp. 225-235,
available at http://books.google.com/books?id=QWo0AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=justice&as_brr=1
(accessed on 12 January 2008);
HAWKINS, William, 1673-1746,
A Treatise of the Pleas of the
Crown:
or a System of the Principal Matters relating to that subject,
digested
under their proper Heads in Two Books, 2nd ed., London: Printed by
E. Sayer for J. Walthoe, 1724-1726, and see on the ancient procedure of
"approvement", Book 2, chapter 24, at pp. 204-209, available at 123-280
(Chapters 18-26);
HUMPHREYS, Robert, "Immunity", (1991-92) 29 American Criminal
Law
Review 675-695; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court of Canada,
periodicals; article about "use" immunity and not immunity from
prosecution but article useful for distinguishing;
"The government's power to compel
testimony from a witness under a grant of immunity has proven to be a
useful investigatory tool in the prosecution of white collar
crime. By shielding a witness from the consequences of
self-incrimination, the governement may compel testimony before grand
juries, at trials and in other formal proceedings.
The governing federal immunity
statute, the Witness Immunity Act of 1970 []18 U.S.C. §§
6001-6005 (1988)] provides a witness with 'use' immunity. Under a
grant of this statutory immunity, a federal prosecutor may compel
testimony despite a valid Fifth Amendment claim of privilege. The
Act prohibits the use of the immunized testimony or its derivative
fruits in a later criminal proceeding against the witness before a
federal or state tribunal. Similarly, testimony given under a
state grant of immunity may not be introduced in a federal
proceeding. A prosecutor may introduce evidence at a subsequent
related prosecution of the witness only upon showing that the evidence
was 'derived from a legitimate source wholly independent of the
compelled testimony.'
The provisions of the Witness Immunity
Act are applicable to a wide range of proceedings. testimony may
be compelled through a grant of statutory immunity before judicial and
grand jury proceedings, administrative hearings, and congressional
proceedings." (pp. 675-677)
JAWORSKI, Véronique, "Le statut des repentis",
Journée d'étude du 15 mai 2004 sur la loi Perben II;
disponible à http://www-cdpf.u-strasbg.fr/Le%20statut%20du%20repenti.htm
(vérifié le 20 décembre 2007);
KOOPS, Bert-Jaap, The crypto
controversy : a key conflict in the Information Society,
Boston : Kluwer Law International, c1999, xvi, 285 p.
(series; Law and electronic commerce; v. 6 ), ISBN:
9041111433; see "Crown witnesses" at pp. 220-224, available at http://rechten.uvt.nl/koops/THESIS/cryptocontroversy-ch09.PDF
and http://rechten.uvt.nl/koops/THESIS/cryptocontroversy-ch00.PDF
(accessed on 9 January 2008);
KUTY, Franklin, Justice
pénale et procès équitable, Volume 2, Exigence de délai
raisonnable. Présomption d'innocence. Droits spécifiques
du prévenu, Bruxelles: Larcier, 2006, 635 p., et voir "Le
cas du repenti" aux pp. 435-436, ISBN: 2804423883; disponible
à http://books.google.com/books?id=Jff-KC3M4usC&pg=PP1&dq=%22repentis+et+collaborateurs
+de+justice%22&lr=&as_brr=0&sig=y18TOfzTEuEMjWqI9HcDOsWezwI#PPA435,M1
et http://books.google.com/books?id=Jff-KC3M4usC&dq
=%22repentis+et+collaborateurs+de+justice%22&lr=&as_brr=0
(vérifiés le 29 décembre 2007);
LASPITI, Vassiliki, "L'incitation pénale au repentir", 2007,
12 p.; résumé et table des matières disponibles
à http://www.oboulo.com/incitation+penale+repentir
(vérifié le 4 janvier 2008); article non consulté;
____________ "Les repentis en droit pénal comparé",
2007, 16 p., résumé et table des matières
disponibles à http://www.oboulo.com/incitation+penale+repentir
(vérifié le 4 janvier 2008); article non consulté;
MENZA, Alexander J., "Witness Immunity: Unconstitutional, Unfair,
Unconscionable", (1998-1999) 9 Seton
Hall Constitutional Law Journal 505-547, and see "Pardons
& Immunity"; copy at the
University of Ottawa, FRX Periodicals, KF 4546 .A3 C65; there is
authority in this article that a pardon can be given before a
conviction;
NEW ZEALAND, Law
Commission, Criminal
Prosecution, Wellington, N.Z. : The
Commission, [2000], xii, 140 p., ISBN: 1877187585 (series; report;
66);
"9. Witness Immunities
9.1 It is sometimes the case that the
Crown will need to rely upon the
evidence of a minor accomplice or participant in an offence in order to
proceed
against an accused considered to be of greater significance in the
offending.
9.2 Unless that potential witness has
already been charged and sentenced he
or she will be justified in declining to give evidence on the grounds
of
self-incrimination.
9.3 In such a case it will be necessary
for the Crown to consider giving the
witness an immunity from prosecution. An immunity takes the form of a
written
undertaking from the Solicitor-General to exercise the power of stay if
the
witness is prosecuted for nominated offences. It thus protects the
witness from
both Crown and private prosecutions.
9.4 It is to be noted that the only
person able to give such an undertaking
is the Solicitor-General.
9.5 The purpose of giving an immunity
must clearly be borne in mind. That
purpose is to enable the Crown to use otherwise unavailable evidence.
In
exchange for that it will, with reluctance and as a last resort, grant
immunity
on specified offences. In particular, the giving of an immunity is not
to be
seen as an opportunity for an informer to wipe the slate clean.
9.6 Immunities are given reluctantly and
only as a last resort in cases where
it would not otherwise be possible to prosecute an accused for a
serious
offence.
9.7 Before agreeing to give an immunity
the Solicitor-General will almost
invariably require to be satisfied of at least the following matters:
a that the offence in respect of which
the evidence is to be given is serious
both as to its nature and circumstances.
b that all avenues of gaining sufficient
evidence to prosecute, other than
relying upon the evidence to be given under immunity, have been
exhausted.
c that the evidence to be given under
immunity is admissible, relevant and
significantly strengthens the Crown’s case.
d that the witness, while having himself
or herself committed some
identifiable offence, was a minor participant only.
e that the evidence to be given under
immunity is apparently credible and,
preferably, corroborated by other admissible material.
f that no inducement, other than the
possibility of an immunity, has been
suggested to the witness.
g that admissible evidence exists,
sufficient to charge the witness with the
offences he or she is believed to have committed.
9.7 In order to preserve the integrity
of the evidence to be given under
immunity it will almost always be desirable for the witness to have
independent
legal advice. Preferably that advice should be obtained before the
witness signs
a brief of evidence or depositions statement. Counsel for the witness
should, if
the witness wishes to seek immunity, obtain instructions to write to
the officer
in charge of the case or, if the Solicitor-General is already involved,
to the
Solicitor-General direct. The letter should set out in full detail the
evidence
able to be given by the witness but without naming him or her. If
satisfied that
an immunity is justified the Solicitor-General can then advise the
witness’s counsel that an immunity will be given. Counsel will then be
able to name the witness in the knowledge that a formal immunity will
be
forthcoming." (Source: Appendix C, available at
http://www.austlii.com/nz/other/nzlc/report/R66/R66-Appendix-3.html,
accessed on 15 December 2007);
PALAZZO Francesco, "La législation italienne
contre
la criminalité organisée", [1995] Revue de
science criminelle et de droit pénal comparé 711-721
et voir "les normes sur les repentis" aux pp. 715-717; pour un
avant-goût de l'article, voir la p. 175;
___________"Le problème des repentis. La législation
italienne sur les repentis: discipline, problèmes et
perspectives", [1986] Revue de science criminelle et de droit
pénal comparé 757-769;
___________"Terrorisme et législation anti-terroriste en
Italie", [1987] Revue de science criminelle et de droit
pénal comparé 639-655;
PETTITI, Louis-Edmond, "Le problème des 'repentis' ", [1986] Revue de science criminelle et de droit
pénal comparé 751-752; copie à
l'Université d'Ottawa, FTX périodiques, KJJ 0 .R489;
PRADEL, Jean, "Les
infractions de terrorisme, un nouvel exemple de l'éclatement du
droit
pénal (Loi no 86-1020 du 5 sptembre
1986)", (12 février 1987), numéro 7, Receuil Dalloz
Sirey, Chronique IX,
aux pp. 39-50;
RADZINOWICZ, Leon, 1906-1999, A
History of English Criminal Law and Its
Administration from 1750, vol. 2, The clash between private initiative and
public interest in the
enforcement of the law, New York: MacMillan, 1957, xvii, 751 p.
and see Chapter 2, Impunity for Accomplices, at pp. 33-56, copy at the
Library of the Supreme Court of Canada, KF9219 R32;
"2. IMPUNITY FOR ACCOMPLICES...33
§ 1. Appeal to Honest Citizens and Rogues...33
§ 2. Pardons...40
As an
absolute right...40
As an
equitable claim to the mercy of the Crown...43
§ 3. Pardon Advertised by the Government...45
Cases
in which the Home Office refused to advertise a pardon...46
Circumstances
which might postpone the granting of a pardon...48
Pardon
as an encouragement to the public to offer rewards...49
§ 4. Pardon as 'a Regular System of Jurisprudence'...52" (p. ix)
RICHMAN Daniel C., "Cooperating clients", (1995) 56 Ohio State
Law
Journal 69-151; deals with sentencing reduction;
SMITH, A.T.H., "Immunity from Prosecution", (1983) 42(2) Cambridge Law Review 299-327;
SCHREIBER, Amanda J., "Dealing with the Devil: An Examination of the
FBI’s Troubled Relationship With its Confidential Informants",
(2000-2001) 34 Columbia Journal of
Law and Social Problems
301-368;
STANDEN Jeffrey, "Plea bargaining in the Shadow of the Guidelines",
(1993)
81(5) California Law Review1471-1538; copy at the University of
Ottawa, FTX periodicals, KFC 69 .C335;
Symposium, "The Granting of Witness Immunity", (1976) 67 Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology
131-180; American law, articles: Ronald L. Carlson, "Witness Immunity
in Modern Trials: Observations on the Uniform Rule of Criminal
Procedure", at pp. 131-142; William J. Bauer, "Reflections on the Role
of Statutory Immunity in the Criminal Justice System", at pp. 143-154;
Richard L. Thornburgh, "Reconciling Effective Federal Prosecution and
the Fifth Amendment: 'Criminal Codling,' 'The New Torture' or 'a
Rational Accomodation?'", at pp. 155-166; Warren D. Wolfson, "Immunity
-- How it Works in Real Life", at pp. 167-180;
TAK, Peter J.P., "Deals with Criminals: Supergrasses, Crown
witnesses
and Pentiti", (1997) 5 European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and
Criminal Justice 2-26; important
contribution;
[Introduction]...2
1. Past History...2
2.1 The Use of this Figure in Combatting Terrorism...4
2.2 Crown Witness Regulations in Drug Legislation...9
2.3 Crown Witness Regulations to Combat Organized Crime...12
2.4 The German Legislation...14
2.5 The Criminal Procedural Variant (s. 1)...14
2.6 The Sentencing Variant (s. 2)...15
3. The Italian Regulations...18
4. Conclusion....24
___________"Deals with Criminals in order to combat
Organised Crime", (1999) II b Direito e
Cidadania,, 85-119.
mentioned at http://oametisp.uci.ru.nl/metisprd/pk_apa_n.onderzoek?p_url_id=1602;
title noted in my research but article not consulted;.no copy in Canada
according to my verification of the AMICUS catalogue of 11 January 2008;
___________"Prosecutorial Powers in Relation to Policing: a European
Comparison", (2006) 19(1) Acta Criminologica I-VI; note:
published by the Criminological Society of South Africa; title
noted in my research but article not consulted;.no copy in Canada
according to my verification of the AMICUS catalogue of 11 January
2008;
___________, ed., Tasks and powers
of the prosecution services in the EU member states, Nijmegen :
Wolf Legal Publishers, c2004, xiii, 1166 p., ISBN: 905850087X and
9058501450; title noted in my research but article not
consulted;.no copy in Canada
according to my verification of the AMICUS catalogue of 11 January
2008;
TALBERT, David, and Frederick Swinne, "The Protection of, and
Assistance to, Witnesses at the ICTY", in Hirad Abtahi and Gideon Boas, eds.,
The Dynamics of International
Criminal Justice : Essays in Honour of
Sir Richard May, Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 2006,
xiii, 314 p., at pp. 193-229;
ISBN 9004145877; copy at the Library of the Supreme Court
of Canada, K5301 D96 2006;
"One sub-category of non-victim
witnesses that frequently requires protection measures is the 'insider'
witnesses. These witnesses are generally mid- or high-level
political or military leaders who provide testimony that links the
crime base evidence to the political and/or military leadership.
The evidence is critical to establishing the legal basis, such as
command responsibility, for the individual criminal responsibility of
the military and/or political leaders.22
Many of the most important prosecutions in the ICTY rely on this
testimony, and these witnesses may have legitimate concerns about their
safety after giving such evidence. Moreover, in some cases, these
witnesses are also suspects or even accused in that they are either
under investigation or have been indicted by the Prosecutor and are
cooperating withy her. In several cases, plea agreements have
noted the assistance that these accused/witnesses have played in other
trials; a factor that has been taken into account in determining their
sentences.23
......
------
22 Supra note 18.
23 "Among factors which the Chamber shall take into account, in
determining the sentence are 'any mitigating circumstances including
the substantial cooperation with the prosecutor by the convicted person
before or after conviction' (See Rule 101(B)(ii). Substantial
cooperation with the Prosecutor, including testimony in other trials,
was considered a mitigating circumstance in a number of cases in which
the accused plead guilty. See, e.g.,
The Prosecutor v. Draken Erdemovic,
sentencing Judgment, Case No. IT-96-22, 5 March 1998, paras. 247-253; The Prosecutor v. Momir Nikolic,
Sentencing Judgment, Case No. IT-02-60/1-5, 2 December 2003; The Prosecutor v. Miroslav Deronjic,
Sentencing Judgment, Case No. IT-02-62, 30 March 2004, para. 245; The Prosecutor v. Milan Babic,
Sentencing Judgment, Case No. It-03-72, 29 June 2004, (hereinafter
Babic Sentencing Judgment')paras. 72-75." (p. 198)
TEMBY, Ian, "Immunity from Prosecution and the Provision of Witness
Indemnities", (1985) 59 Australian
Law Journal 501-512;
THAMAN, Stephen C., "Plea-Bargaining, Negotiating Confessions and
Consensual Resolution of Criminal Cases", in International
Congress of
Comparative Law (17th: 2006: Utrecht, The Netherlands), Katharina
Boele-Woelki and Sjef van Erp, eds., General
reports of the XVIIth Congress of the International Academy of
Comparative Law = Rapports généraux du XVII
Congrès de l'Académie
internationale de droit comparé, Bruxelles : Bruylant
and
Utrecht (The Netherlands) : Eleven, c2007, xvi, 1037 p., at pp. 951 to
approx. 1012, see the Table
of Contents at http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0713/2007438589.html
and http://www2.law.uu.nl/priv/AIDC/VB.html
(accessed on 1 January 2008), ISBN: 9789077596197 (Eleven
International Publishing) and 9782802723943 (Éditions Juridiques
Bruylant); notes: other title: World
Congress of Comparative Law; Prof.
Stephen Thaman is from the Center for International and Comparative
Law, Saint Louis, USA.; article not consulted;
_____________"Plea-Bargaining, Negotiating Confessions and
Consensual Resolution of Criminal Cases", (December 2207) 11(3) Electronic Journal of Comparative Law
available at http://www.ejcl.org/113/article113-34.pdf
(accessed on 1 January 2008); important
contribution;
U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, FBI
Academy Library, "Subject Bibliography -- Informants 7/2003", available
at http://fbilibrary.fbiacademy.edu/bibliographies/informants.htm
(accessed on 12 January 2008);
US GOVERNMENT (FEDERAL), John Ashcroft, Attorney General, Memo to
Prosecutors, "Departmental Policy Concerning Charging Criminal
Offenses, Disposition of Charges, and Sentencing", 22 September 2003,
available at http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/doj/ashcroft92203chrgmem.pdf
(accessed on 16 December 2007);
___________Paul J. McNulty, Deputy Attorney General, "Incentives for
Subjects and Targets of Criminal Investigations and Defendants in
Criminal Cases to Provide Foreign Intelligence Information", 10 January
2007, available at http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/eousa/foia_reading_room/usam/title9/crm00792.htm
(accessed on 16 December 2007);
US LEGAL, "Plea Bargain Law & Legal Definition", available at http://definitions.uslegal.com/p/plea-bargain/
(accessed on 16 December 2007);
"A plea bargain is a negotiated agreement between a criminal defendant
and a prosecutor in which the defendant agrees to plead "guilty" or "no
contest" to some crimes, along with possible conditions, such as
attending anger management classes, in return for reduction of the
severity of the
charges, dismissal of some of the charges, or some other benefit to the
defendant. A defendant must uphold his or her end of the deal, such as
pleading guilty on a particular date, cooperating in the investigation
of another offense, or testifying against a co-defendant.or the plea
bargain
may be revoked."
VERCHER, Antonio,
Terrorism in Europe. An International Comparative Legal Analysis
, Oxford: Clarendon Press and New York: Oxford University Press, 1992,
xxiii, 454 p., and see Chapter 4, "Accomplice Evidence, Informers, and Agents Provocateurs", at pp. 86-119
and Chapter 9, "Accomplice Evidence in Civil-Law Systems", at pp.
258-296; ISBN: 0198254377;
note: based on the author's Ph. D. thesis at University of Cambridge;
copy at the University of Ottawa, KJC 8780 .V47 1992;
VERMEULEN, Gert, ed., EU standards
in witness protection and collaboration with justice, Antwerp
: Maklu, c2005, 280 p., ISBN: 9046600068; available
(partially), at http://books.google.com/
books?id=hxYhhMB_z38C&pg=PA32&dq=%22protection+of+witnesses+and+collaborators+of+justice%22&lr=&as_brr=0&sig=jeOf4yJ4JystQDO1wRXQaxdu6VM#PPP1,M1
(accessed on 10 December 2007);
WEIGEND Thomas, "Rapport général: Les systèmes
pénaux à
l’épreuve du crime organisé", (1997) 68(3-4) Revue
internationale de droit pénal 491-521, and see pp. 506-507
and 520; note: "Les systèmes pnaux à
l'épreuve du crime organisé / The Criminal Justice
Systems Facing the Challenge of Organised Crime, Colloque
préparatoire, Section 1 --Naples, 18-20 septembre 1997, Droit
pénal général/General Part" (p. 477);
ZIMMERMAN, Clifford S., "Toward a New Vision of informants: A
History of Abuses and Suggestions for Reform", (1994-1995) 22 Hastings
Constitutional Law Quarterly: 81-178; see the Table of Contents
at pp. 81-82;